Chapter 27: World War I and its Economic and Political Consequences
Chapter Outline
I. Prelude
II. World War I
III. The Allied Peace Settlement
IV. Economic Disasters
V. Politics in the Democracies
VI. The Western Tradition in
Transition
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present
Chapter 27: World War I and its Economic and Political Consequences
I. Prelude
A. The Balkan Crises
Russia v. Austria
Bosnia and Herzegovina
1912, Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria
v. Turks
First Balkan War, 1912
1913, Treaty of London
creation of Albania
Second Balkan War, 1913
Serbs v. Bulgarians
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 27: World War I and its Economic and Political Consequences
I. Prelude
B. Assassination at Sarajevo
June 28, 1914
Archduke Francis Ferdinand
Gavrilo Princip
Austrians mobilize
C. The Inevitable War
Russians mobilize, July 30
Germany
von Schlieffen plan
1914, Central Powers
Germany, Austria-Hungary,
Bulgaria, Turkey
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 27: World War I and its Economic and Political Consequences
II. Total War
27 countries
A. 1914-1916
September, 1914, First Battle of
The Marne
> war of attrition
1915, Dardanelles
Gallipoli
B. Stalemate
Verdun
Somme
Germans: 550,000 casualties
British, French: 650,000
Jutland (5/31-6/1/16)
C. The Home Front
rationing
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 27: World War I and its Economic and Political Consequences
II. Total War
D. The Home Front
Rationing
Propaganda
E. United States
1914, Americans neutral
German submarines v. British blockade
Lusitania
> 1917, America enters
F. Germany’s Last Drive
1917 — Eastern Front collapses
> 1918, Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Russia and Germany
July, 1918, Friedensturm
Field Marshall Foch
October, 1918, Kaiser abdicates
November 11, Compiègne
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 27: World War I and its Economic and Political Consequences
III. The Allied Peace Settlement
Germany, Weimar Republic
A. Idealism and Realities
France, Georges Clemenceau, Premier
Britain, David Lloyd George, Prime
Minister
Italy, Vittorio Orlando, Prime Minister
U.S., Woodrow Wilson, President
Fourteen Points, January, 1918
James Balfour, Great Britain
November, 1917
Israel, Palestine
B. League of Nations
April, 1919
World Court
International Labor Organization
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 27: World War I and its Economic and Political Consequences
III. The Allied Peace Settlement
C. Settlements
Saar Basin
Mandates
Treaty of Versailles
Germany and Russia excluded
Germany responsible
reparations
$32.5 billion
D. Treaties
Treaty of St. Germain, 1919
Austria
Czechs, Poles, Slavs
no anschluss
Treaty of Sèvres, 1920
Ottoman Empire divided
Mustafa Kemal
(D. Treaties)
Treaty of Lausanne, 1923
Turkey
Treaty of Trianon, 1920
Hungary
Treaty of Neuilly, 1919
Bulgaria
E. Costs of the War
Losses
Russians, 2-3 million
Germans, c. 2 million
French, 1.5 million
English, 1 million
Austro-Hungarians, 1.2 million
Turks, 325,000
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 27: World War I and its Economic and Political Consequences
IV. Economic Disasters
A. The Debt Problem
U.S.
1914, debtor, $3.75 billion
1919, creditor, $10 billion
B. Weimar Germany
1914, 4.2 Marks/Dollar
1922, 4000
1923, 4.2 trillion
1922, Germany defaults
C. Inflation
Franc, 1/10
Austria, prices up 14,000 times
Hungary, 23,000
Russia, 4 billion times
D. Consequences
autarky
Dawes Plan, 1924
Young Plan, 1929
E. The Great Crash
October 29, 1929
F. World Depression
> protective tariffs
devaluation
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 27: World War I and its Economic and Political Consequences
V. Politics in the Democracies
A. Western Society
Cinema
Automobiles
Ford, Model T
Franz Kafka (1883-1924)
The Metamorphosis
The Trial
Thomas Mann (1875-1955)
Magic Mountain
Oswald Spengler
Decline of the West
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 27: World War I and its Economic and Political Consequences
V. Politics in the Democracies
B. Britain, 1919-39
David Lloyd George, 1919-22
Ramsay MacDonald, Labour
Prime Minister, 1924
Zinoviev letter, 1924
> conservatives, Baldwin
1924-29, Baldwin
Irish Free State, 1921
Statute of Westminster, 1931
Dominions of Canada, Australia
New Zealand, South Africa
C. Interwar France
Maginot mentality, 1930s
1936 — Popular Front
Léon Blum (1872-1950)
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 27: World War I and its Economic and Political Consequences
V. Politics in the Democracies
D. Eastern Europe
Czechoslovakia
1918
Poland
Marshal Josef Pilsudski
from 1926-35
1935 — to fascism
Baltic States, 1918
Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia
E. Portugal and Spain
Portugal
Antonio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970)
Minister of Finance, 1928
> recovery
Spain
1931, king abdicates
1936, Franciso Franco
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 27: World War I and its Economic and Political Consequences
V. Politics in the Democracies
F. The United States
1928, Herbert Hoover
1932, Franklin Roosevelt
New Deal
G. Interwar Latin America
Good Neighbor Policy, from 1933
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins
Chapter 27: World War I and its Economic and Political Consequences
VI. The Western Tradition in Transition
A. Science and Society
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
conditioned reflexes
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
psychoanalysis
(B. Modernism)
Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951)
12-tone system
C. New Directions in the Arts
Pablo Picasso (1881-1974)
Cubism
Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907
Guernica
Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
1905 — photons
1906 — Relativity theory
Henri Matisse (1869-1954)
Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937)
1911 — nucleus
René Magritte (1898-1967)
Georgio de Chirico (1888-1978)
Salvador Dalí (1904-89)
B. Modernism
Stéphane Mallarmé (1842-98)
Man Ray (1890-1976)
Paul Verlaine (1844-96)
Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968)
Claude Debussy (1862-1918)
Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun
Architecture International style
Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971)
Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins