Pre-Test/Post Test AP Biology Trimester 2 POST TEST SCAFFOLD
Each of these questions will be worth 4 points on the final exam. In order to earn all 4 points you will need to address all of the bullet points
beneath each question correctly and completely. You will have access to this scaffold on the exam.
1.
Throughout the history of Earth, why have some species of organisms died-off and new ones have developed?

Define evolution and explain how HIV illustrates evolution.

Define natural selection and explain the difference between stabilizing, disruptive, and directional selection.

Explain three lines of evidence that suggest evolution occurs.

Explain and provide an example of genetic drift, the bottleneck effect, and the founder effect.

Define Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, clearly stating and explaining both equations. Also, describe how these equations would
be used to determine if a population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Draw a “mock” phylogenetic tree and explain how it the organisms on this tree are related to each other.

Define “species” and explain the process of speciation. Also, explain the types of barriers that exist when two different species
try to reproduce.

Explain how and why extinction occurs.
2.
How do organisms exchange matter and energy with the environment in order to grow, reproduce, and maintain homeostasis?

Describe, in detail, the cell membrane. Explain why it is referred to as ‘selectively permeable’ and the ‘fluid mosaic model’.

Explain what occurs in plant and animal cells in the following environments: isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic.

Explain how negative feedback loops help an organism maintain homeostasis. As part of this, site a specific example of a
feedback loop.

Discuss how the body heals when a sliver causes bacteria to invade the body. As part of this description, you need to explain all
of the cells and membranes involved in the innate, humoral, and cell-mediated response.

Define a hormone and select a pair of antagonist hormones to explain how these help an organism maintain homeostasis. As
part of this description, you need to describe the endocrine gland where the hormones are produced, the target cells, and the
response.

Describe, in detail, an action potential and how action potentials lead to an effect. You should focus your description from a
presynaptic cell receiving a signal, how the action potential occurs, and how the postsynaptic cell is stimulated to continue the
message.

Describe, in detail, the light dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis. You need to explain the inputs and
outputs of both of these parts of photosynthesis. Also, address how photosynthesis allows autotrophs to use light energy to
grow.

Describe, in detail, glycolysis and the citric acid cycle of cell respiration. You need to explain the inputs and outputs of both of
these parts of cell respiration. Also, address what occurs in fermentation.
AP Biology Final Exam Review (67 multiple choice questions)
Cell structure, cell membrane, and cell communication (chapters 6, 7 and 11)
 Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
 Explain the functions of all eukaryotic organelles, especially focusing on the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, ribosomes, microtubules, and the
nucleus
 Explain the location(s) of DNA in plant and animal cells
 Explain the different types of junctions (gap, tight, desmosomes, and plasmodesmata) in plant and animal cells, focusing on their function
 Draw a phylogenetic tree to explain the degrees of relatedness between domains Archea, Eubacteria, and Eukarya
 Explain the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane
 Explain the role of polysaccharides on glycoproteins in the cell membrane
 Give examples of molecules that would diffuse across the cell membrane (both with and without a carrier/channel) and those which would
require active transport
 Explain what will happen to both animal and plant cells if places in isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions (know how the presence of
the cell wall makes plant cells different from animal cells in this response)
 Explain the sodium-potassium pump
 Given a diagram of a U-tube with different molarities of solute on both sides, explain the movement of water and solute that would occur to
reach equilibrium
 Explain the following terms of a signal transduction pathway: target cell, signal molecule, reception, transduction, and response
 Explain how the following signal transduction pathways work: G protein-coupled, receptor tyrosine kinase, ion channel
 Explain and give examples of second messengers
 Explain the following types of signaling: autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, juxtracrine
 Explain the difference and provide examples of water soluble and water insoluble signaling molecules
Cell respiration and photosynthesis (chapters 9 and 10)
 Explain how the attachment and removal of a hydrogen ion shows oxidation and reduction
 Explain how an electron carrier, such as NAD+, becomes reduced
 Explain where glycolysis takes place
 Explain the inputs and outputs of glycolysis
 Explain the inputs and outputs of the citric acid cycle
 Explain the general steps of the citric acid cycle
 Explain the outputs of cell respiration
 Explain why autotrophic organisms are key to the success of an ecosystem
 Explain the steps of the light-dependent reactions and Calvin cycle, paying close attention to inputs and outputs
 Explain the differences and similarities of C3, C4, and CAM plants
Evolution (chapters 23, 24 and 26)
 Explain how the following terms are related: allele frequency, mutation, natural selection and evolution
 Explain and provide examples of how genetic drift can occur
 Explain what variation means and how natural section can act on that variation
 Define and use the two formulas for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium to solve problems involving allele and genotypic frequency
 Define and explain how speciation occurs
 Use a phylogenetic tree to explain the degrees of relatedness between organisms
 Define species
 Explain the different types of barriers (types of reproductive isolation) that exist between different species – temporal isolation, behavioral
isolation, etc.
 Explain the endosymbiotic theory and it explains the development of plant and animal cells
Immune, Endocrine, and Nervous System (chapters 43, 45 and 48)

Define adaptive immunity

Define antigens

Explain the role of T-cells in immunity

Explain the function of humoral immunity

Define hormones

Define target cells

Explain the interrelationship between the nervous and endocrine system

Explain the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system

Explain which gland produces oxycotin and antidiuretic hormone

Explain what antagonist hormones are and provide an example