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Area of Focus: What does it mean to be
living?
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Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Video! Introduction to the Characteristics of
Life…Maybe.
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=juxLuo-sH6M
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Organism: Any living thing
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Characteristics of living things
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Made of SPONCH ingredients.
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• 25 of the 92 naturally occurring elements
are essential for life.
– SPONCH elements are the most biologically
important.
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• Organic Chemistry: The chemistry of
carbon compounds.
– Carbon is the duct tape of life. It holds
everything together.
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• Percentage of SPONCH elements in living things.
•
•
•
•
•
•
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S. Sulfur
P. Phosphorus
O. Oxygen
N. Nitrogen
C. Carbon
H. Hydrogen
Other (Trace)
•
Sulfur, Sodium, Magnesium, Copper, Zinc, Selenium, Molybdenum, Fluorine,
Chlorine, Iodine, Manganese, Cobalt, Iron Lithium, Strontium, Aluminum,
Silicon, Lead, Vanadium, Arsenic, Bromine
Trace
1.0%
65.0%
3.3%
18.5%
9.56%
3.0%
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Characteristics of living things
 Made
of SPONCH ingredients.
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Made of cells.
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Moves.
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• Plants have limited movement but they
can move.
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Responds to a stimulus.
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Uses Energy.
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Adjusts to Changes.
 Maintains
steady body conditions.
 Maintains homeostasis.
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Reproduces.
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Has a life span.
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Grows and Develops.
 Grow-To
increase in size.
 Develop-To change in ability.
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Adapts to Change.
 Evolves
/ Inherits traits that promote survival.
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• Do turtles spontaneously emerge from the
sand as new life?
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• Answer. No, turtles lay eggs in the sand
that hatch into baby turtles.
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• Spontaneous origin (abiogenesis): Life came
from non-living materials.
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• Francesco Redi – (1668)
– People believed flies spontaneously came
from meat.
– Redi covered one flask, left one open to air.
– Observed flies laying eggs on meat.
– Flies come from flies. Life comes from life.
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• Life only comes from pre-existing life. Except of
course for the first form of life. Science has
disproven but also suggests abiogenesis.
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• Pasteur' s experiments (1860' s) showed
that micro-organisms are even carried in
the air.
• Both flasks boiled to sterilize
Micro-organisms trapped in swan
• Open to air (broth spoils).
and broth does not spoil.
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• As a result (Pasteur) – Sterilization of tools
– Helped save millions.
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Needs of Living Things
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Energy: Supplied by the sun
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Oxygen: To burn the food in cells.
(Respiration)
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Oxygen: To burn the food in cells.
(Respiration)
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Water: To keep things moving in and out
of cells. (Universal Solvent)
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Minerals- For proper chemical balance.
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New Area of Focus: Cellular Biology
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• Activity! Looking at animal cells.
• Procedure
– Use a tooth pick to scratch along the inside of
your cheek.
– Smear the tip of the toothpick on glass slide.
– Add one drop of water to the smear.
– Gently place cover slip on top of drop.
– Observe and make a sketch of what you see
using a Petri dish to make a circle.
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• Which is a cheek cell, and which is an onion
cell? What is the difference?
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• Which is a cheek cell, and which is an onion
cell? What is the difference?
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• Which is a cheek cell, and which is an onion
cell? What is the difference?
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Animal Cell
(Cheek)
Plant Cell
(Onion)
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• Questions? Plant Cell and Animal Cell
– What are differences you noticed between a
plant cell and an animal cell – Study these
pictures and the next two slides.
– What are the similarities?
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Large
Central
Vacuole
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• Is this a plant cell or animal cell?
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• Answer! Plant Cell.
• Plant cells have cell walls that perform a variety
of functions.
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• Is this a plant or animal cell?
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• Answer! A plant cell
– Plants cell have photosynthetic chloroplasts that
are usually green. (They have their own DNA)
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• Is this a plant cell, or animal cell?
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• Answer! Plant Cell.
– Plant cell have a large central vacuole to hold
food, water, nutrients, and waste.
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• Is this a plant cell, or animal cell? Why?
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• Answer! Animal Cell.
– Irregular shape, no cell wall, no central
vacuole, no chloroplasts.
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• Plant and animal cells both have…
– Nucleus
– Cytoplasm
– Cell Membrane.
– Other similar organelles.
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• Plant and animal cells both have…
– Nucleus
– Cytoplasm
– Cell Membrane.
– Other similar organelles.
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• Plant and animal cells both have…
– Nucleus
– Cytoplasm
– Cell Membrane.
– Other similar organelles.
– Many of the same processes.
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• Plant and animal cells both have…
– Many of the same processes.
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•
•
•
Cellular Respiration
Protein synthesis
Cell transport
Many more
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• Try and name some the cells in the next
few pictures.
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Sex Cells
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Nerve Cell
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Bone
Cell
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Animation of Skin Cells
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Muscle Cells
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Human Embryo at 8 Cells.
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Bacteria (Bacilli)
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orm
ollows
unction
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Form Follows Function: Parts of the cell
are shaped to perform a particular job.
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• Rate this toothbrush on a scale of 1-10 for
its ability to clean your teeth and gums.
Why?
• 1 is the lowest, 10 is the highest.
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• The modern toothbrush has…
– Cross action bristles
– Angled bristles
– Gum massagers
– Rubber grips
– Angled head
– Tapered
– Self powered?
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“Whenever we see the
FFF (Form Follows
Function)
We can say it loud.
orm
ollows
-Not unruly however
incase it interferes
with other classes.
unction
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• Activity! Find a structure in the room and
describe how its form help it perform a job.
– Stand by it and be ready to tell the class all
about how its Form Follows Function.
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Cells are the structural and functional
units of all living organisms.
 Humans
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have some 50-75 Trillion
Multi-cellular (More than one cell)
 Some
Protista have 1 - Unicellular
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• Activity! Visit a virtual cell to get an idea of
what we will be studying.
• http://www.wisconline.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP11403
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• Different cells include…
– Absorbing Cells such as those in your
intestines aid in digestion.
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• Different cells include…
– Assembly Cells: Cells that put chemical
substances together. –Break down food,
produce hormones.
Pancreas
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• Different cells include…
– Movement Cells: Cells that can contract and
shorten. Muscle Cells.
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• Other Cells in the human body include…
Nerve Cells
Fat Cells
Sex Cells
Egg- female
Sperm - Male
Skin Cells
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• Other Cells in the human body include…
Nerve Cells
Liver Cell
Fat Cells
Sex Cells
Egg- female
Sperm - Male
Skin Cells
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• Other Cells in the human body include…
Nerve Cells
Liver Cell
Fat Cells
100’s of more cell types
Sex Cells
Egg- female
Sperm - Male
Skin Cells
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• Many cells make a tissue.
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• Tissue: A group of similar cells that
perform the same function.
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• Some common muscle tissue in the
human body include…
• Muscle Tissue: Can contract / shorten.
Smooth
Muscle
Tissue
Skeletal
Muscle
Cardiac
Muscle
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• Some common connective tissues in the
human body include…
Bone
Tissue
Cartilage
Fibrous
Connective
Tissue
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• Some common connective tissues in the
human body include…
Bone
Tissue
Adipose –
Fat Tissue
Fibrous
Blood
Connective
Tissue
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• Some common nervous tissues in the
human body include…
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• Some common epithelial tissues in the
human body include…
Simple
Stratified
Intestines Blue Whale
Skin
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• Video Link! (Optional) Specialized Cells
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I8uXewS9dJU
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• A group of tissue makes an organ.
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• Organ: A group of different tissues with a
specific job
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• Organ: A group of different tissues with a
specific job
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• Organ: A group of different tissues with a
specific job
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• Picture of early microscope and first
drawings of cells by Robert Hooke.
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• Why do you think Robert Hooke called
them cells? Named after monastery cells.
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• 1600’s.
– Anton van Leeuwenhoek first described
living cells as seen through a simple
microscope.
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• Anton van Leeuwenhoek
– Investigated…
– Bacteria.
– Protists.
– Sperm Cells.
– Blood Cells.
– Nematodes
(roundworms)
– His research, which was widely circulated,
opened up an entire world of microscopic life
to the awareness of scientists.
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• Activity! Putting an egg into vinegar to sit for
2 days.
– We will observe the eggs later in the week.
– Weigh the eggs before immersing them.
“What are
you doing
with my
eggs?”
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• The Cell Theory
• Translate the Latin “Omnis cellula e
cellula”
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Rudolf Virchow
“All cells come
from preexisting cells.”
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Robert Hooke
First Cells
Robert Hooke
First Cells
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• Robert Hooke
– First Cells
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
- First living cells
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• Rudolf Virchow
(photograph)
Anton van
Leeuwenhoek
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• Schleiden and Schwann used the work of
Virchow and improved the cell theory.
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Modern Cell Theory
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The cell is the basic unit of structure and
function.
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Living things are made of cells.
Not made
of Cells
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All cells come from pre-existing cells.
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Cells contain genetic information.
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All cells are similar in composition
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Energy flow of life occurs in cells.
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• Humans are very similar to all other
eukaryotic organisms as our cellular
composition is closely related.
– We are made of the same cells.
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• Humans are very similar to all other
eukaryotic organisms as our cellular
composition is closely related.
– We are made of the same cells.
Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cells
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Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
• Human Cell
Frog Cell
Similar in composition.
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• Human Cell
Eukaryotic –
Nucleus and
membrane
bound
organelles.
Bacteria Cell
Prokaryotic Cell
– Nucleoid,
DNA free floats
in cytoplasm,
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There are two main groups of cells.
 Prokaryotic
 Eukaryotic
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• What are some of the similarities between
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells?
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• Answer: They both have all of these.
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• What are some of the differences between
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells?
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• Answer: Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus,
and are much larger and have more
organelles. (More complex)
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Prokaryotic cells
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No nuclear membrane
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Genetic material is free in cytoplasm.
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No membrane-bound organelles
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Most primitive type of cell
 appeared
about 3.8 billion years ago.
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• Eukaryotic Cells. We have eukaryotic cells.
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Eukaryotic Cells
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Nuclear membrane surrounding genetic
material
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Numerous membrane-bound organelles
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Complex internal structure.
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Appeared approximately 2.2 billion years
ago.
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• Activity: Each student will pick a cellular
organelle and create a poster in the shape
of that organelle. (Requirement sheet)
Requirements on Poster.
– ● Name of the Organelle
– ● Shape (Structure Function )
– ● Function of the Organelle / Job
– ● How it performs this function
– ● Anything related to SPONCH elements
– ● Where it is located in the cell?
– ● Other cool things not mentioned.
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• Example – Without text requirements.
Put name on it.
Lots of informative text
about the mitochondria will
go around the organelle.
Lots of informative text
about the mitochondria
will go around the
organelle.
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Name
Name
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