Participles
First, read
pages 184-186
in your text
Now
look at the chart
on page 185 as you
read the following slides
Present active participles are based on the infinitive,
the second principal part. Since infinitives differ
by conjugation, present active participles will, too.
First conj.-are
remove the “re”
add “ns”
translate -_____ing”
thus “amare” to love
= ama + “ns”
amans= loving
Second conj.
Long -ere
remove the “re”
add “ns”
translate -_____ing”
thus “habere”
to have
habe + “ns”
habens
having
Third conj.-ere
(if verb is third “io”, apply
4th conj. rules instead!!!)
remove the “re”
add “ns”
translate -_____ing”
thus “edere” to eat
= ede + “ns”
edens= eating
Fourth conj.-ire
remove the “ire”
add “iens”
translate -_____ing”
thus “dormire” to sleep
= dorm + “iens”
dormiens = sleeping
Third “io” verbs are treated like
fourth conjugation!!
remove the “ere”
add “iens”
translate -_____ing”
thus
capio, capere to take
remove “ere”
cap + “iens”
capiens= taking
Remember, these participles are
ADJECTIVES.
They can modify nouns.
Therefore, we need to be able to change their forms
in terms of gender, case and number.
That is why the chart on page 185
has a second form for each of
the present active participles. Note that this second form
ends in “ntis”. That is the genitive singular ending.
We use it as the base for any form other
than the nominative singular.
For instance, if I wanted to say that
Publius has an eating problem:
“Publius” is my subject-no change needed.
“Has” is my verb-habet (he has)
“Eating problem” is going to be my direct object.
The word for “problem” is “aerumna, -ae f.”
As I make it my D.O., I change it to
“aerumnam” accusative, fem, sing.
So, I now need to make
“edens” agree with it. I use the present active part. chart
on page 325. I look under acc. fem. sing.
“edens” has the genitive “edentis”.
I take off “is” and from the chart I add “em”.
“edentem” is my final form.
Now, please note that there is no
present PASSIVE participle listed in the chart on 185.
If you are using a deponent verb, it will look just like a regular verb of
its conjugation. Look at the deponent chart at the top of
page 186.
Also, notice that regular verbs do not have perfect ACTIVE
participles, but deponent verbs do.
Again, look at the charts on pages
185 and 186.
Most verbs (regular verbs)
have a perfect passive participle.
This is simply the fourth principal part of the verb and
it translates “having been __________ed”
amatus-having been loved
visus-having been seen
obstructus-having been blocked up
etc.
Now, if you have a deponent verb,
you use the third part minus the “sum”.
Notice that it looks like the fourth part of a regular verb.
Since it needs to translate as active, leave out the “been”
and translate it “having _________ed”
This is the only way to have a perfect active participle.
Example: conatus=having tried
If you need to change the form
of a perfect participle, whether it is regular and passive or
deponent and active, you will do it in the same way.
Notice all the perfect participles end in “us” and
the charts on 185 and 186 have “ -a, -um” after each “us” form.
This means that you treat it like any “us, -a, -um”
adjective, just using the “magnus, -a, -um” chart
on page 324.
So
If you wanted to say
“ I saw the arrested Publius.”, here is what you would do.
I saw the arrested Publius.
Vidi = I saw
Publius is the direct object,
so “Publium” is the form.
That would be acc. and masc. and sing.
(having been) arrested= captus
I look at my chart on 324 and I see
“um” so
“captum”
Vidi Publium captum.
Now, here is the new form:
the Future Active Participle
We make all of these the same way,
whether the verb is regular or deponent
We take the perfect participle which you
will note always ends in “us”
We put “ur” right in front of the “us”.
That gives us “urus” which can also be
“ura” and “urum” if we need
feminine or neuter
This translates as
“about to _________”
or
“going to ________”
The very word “future”
is made from the future active participle of “sum” which is
“futurus” which means “going to be”
so the “urus” should make you think of “futurus”
which means “future”!
Pretty handy dandy, huh?
Now, in English, we usually express this future idea
with a relative clause or some dependent clause,
but in Latin, we can very elegantly express a future
intention in just one word.
For example, let’s take the sentence
“I saw Publius who was about to jump”
or
“I saw Publius just when he was going jump”
Okay, we already know that “vidi” = “I saw”
and we know that “Publius” as a D.O.
will be “Publium” which is accusative and
masculine and singular.
So now, let’s make our word for “going to jump”.
Jump-salio, salire, salui, salitus
I take the fourth form, “salitus”remember, this is usually called the
perfect passive participleand I put “ur” in front of the “us”.
That gives me “saliturus”.
Now, it ends with “us” and it can be
“urus” or “ura” or “urum”, so guess which chart I use?
Page 324 ‘magnus, -a, um” , exactly!
You are so smart!
Now, once again, I see that the masc. acc. sing.
is “um” , so my final form is “saliturum”
My sentence becomes
“Vidi Publium saliturum.”
I have reduced the longer English versions to just
three Latin words without losing the meaning!
One more thing,
look up the word “venio” in your Latin to English
Vocabulary in the back of your Ecce II book.
What is the fourth form?
What kind of form is this?
Notice that “venturus”
looks like a future active participle
instead of a perfect passive one.
And it is.
Think about it.
Would it make sense to say
“having been ‘comed’”?
Of course not!
For this reason, some non-deponent verbs
won’t have a traditional fourth part.
Instead, they cut right to the future active participle.
These verbs tend to be verbs that weren’t used passively,
or at least not by the Romans.
Now that you are ‘participial experts’,
do the assignment on page 186, 45b.
Please note that the book wants the
feminine singular form.
For present active participles, that is still “ns”.
For perfects and futures, that would be “a”.
I’ll help you with the first one.
Amo
principal parts are
amo amare amavi amatus
It is first conjugation-remember, that only matters
for present active participles.
I take the infinitive, mark off “re” and add “ns”.
Amans (loving)
perf pass = 4th principal part, which I’ll change from “us” to “a”
Amata (having been loved)
Now for the future active participle, I’ll add in “ur”
Amatura (going/about to love)
NOTICE THAT I PROVIDED THE TRANSLATION
FOR EACH FORM JUST AS THE INSTRUCTION
REQUESTED!!!!!!!!!
I’ll do one of the deponents for you as well.
“sequor”
principal parts are
sequor, sequi, secutus sum (follow)
“sequi’ tells me that it is 3rd conjugation (“i” is the
deponent equivalent of “ere”-review is on page 99!)
so I do it like I did “edere”
sequens (following)
I make a perfect ACTIVE participle for a deponent by
taking the THIRD form with out the “sum”
and I’ll change it to feminine-secuta(having followed)
I didn’t use “been” -it’s a DEPONENT!!!!!
Now, for the future active, I add in the “ur”
secutura (going/about to follow)
That’s it!!
Now, you do 2-5 and 7-10.
You will have 3 Latin forms
and 3 translations for each answer.
That means 6 points for each of 8
items=48 points for this assignment.
Sounds like a lot, but you’re still
better off than miser Publius!!!
Valete!
Magistra