ESPAÑOL III
miércoles
Capítulo 1B
Realidades 2
Capítulo 1B
Español III
El primero de
octubre 2014
LA META
El examen de Capítulo 1A se acaba parte II
__________________________
Repaso se acaba
Realidades 2- Review and practice from Capítulo 1A
Examen Capítulo 1A tests to be completed tomorrow
Capítulo 1B Continues
LA TAREA
Mini lección
12 to 15 minutes
In home journal
(notebook at home)
TAREA
homework is
located at the bottom of this
site
Realidades 2
Capítulo 1B
¿Qué haces despúes de las
clases?
El Vocabulario
Animador
Animadora
La música
El músico
La banda
El equipo
Ensayos
Jugar
El ajedrez
Jugar a los bolos
Las prácticas
Hacer una búsqueda
Crear una página Web
Navegar en la red
La natación
Ramón está en línea
Las artes marciales
El hockey
Hacer gimnasia
Actividades
Realidades 2
Página 49 Actividad 3 ¿Comprendiste?
Página 50 Actividad 4 ¿Las Actividades de mis amigos?
Página 57 Actividad 16 ¡Qué emocionante!
Hace + time Expressions
"Hace ..." to mean "ago"
In a previous lesson, you learned to use the verb hacer with the
present tense form of a verb to indicate the length of time an
action has been taking place:
Hace + time + que + present tense form of
the verb
Hace un año que estudio español.
I have been studying Spanish for one
year.
When the verb is in the preterite tense, a different meaning is
conveyed:
Hace + time + que + preterite tense form of the verb
Hace un año que estudié español.
I studied Spanish one year ago.
There is another way to convey the same idea:
Preterite tense form of the verb + hace + time
Estudié español hace un año.
I studied Spanish one year ago.
Note the differences and similarities:
Hace un año que estudio español.
I have been studying Spanish for one year.
Hace un año que estudié español.
I studied Spanish one year ago.
Estudié español hace un año.
I studied Spanish one year ago.
Comparisons of Inequality
1.
If two things are not equal, they are unequal.
We are not the same height.
You are taller than I.
The two items do not cost the same.
The camera is more expensive than the television.
In Spanish, inequality is expressed by using one of the following
formulae:
más (menos) + adjective + que
más (menos) + adverb + que
más (menos) + noun + que
Here are some examples:
Tú eres más alto que yo.
You are taller than I.
Mónica habla más lentamente que Carmen.
Monica speaks more slowly than Carmen.
Tengo menos libros que Arsenio.
I have fewer books than Arsenio.
If the comparative is
followed by a number,
use de rather than que.
Hay menos de veinte alumnos en la clase.
There are less than twenty students in the class.
Él tiene más de noventa años.
He is more than ninety years old. (Literally: He has more than
ninety years.)
the sentence
is negative, que is used
Note that when
even with numbers, to convey the
meaning "only."
Tengo más de cinco dólares.
(I have more than five dollars.)
but
No tengo más que
cinco dólares.
(I only have five
dollars.)
Hay más de veinte estudiantes en la clase.
But
No hay más que veinte estudiantes en la
clase.
(There are only twenty students in the
class.)
Comparisons of Inequality
with Adjectives
In order to actually compare two objects in a
comparison of inequality (one object being more or
less ____ than the other), we use the following
construction:
subject + linking verb + más/menos + adjective +
que + noun

Marcos + es + más + alto + que + su hermana.
(Marcos is taller than his sister.)

Yo + soy + menos + inteligente + que + tú.
(I am less intelligent than you.)

Mi coche + es + más + rápido + que + el tuyo.
(My car is faster than yours.)

La puerta es más roja que una cereza.
(The door is redder than a cherry.)
Comparisons of Equality with Adjectives
While a comparison of inequality compares two
objects or people with different characteristics, a
comparison of equality means that the two objects
have equal characteristics.
In order to make these comparisons, we use the
adjective with the expression "tan ... como...", which
is like saying "as ... as... ". See the construction
below:
subject + linking verb + tan + adjective + como +
noun

Marcos + es + tan + alto + como + su hermana.
(Marcos is as tall as his sister).

Yo + soy + tan + inteligente + como + tú.
(I am as intelligent as you.)

Mi coche + es + tan + rápido + como + el tuyo.
(My car is as fast as yours.)

La puerta + es + tan + roja + como + una cereza.
(The door is as red as a cherry.)
Comparisons with
Superlatives
Superlatives are also used in comparisons. In
English, we create superlatives by placing a definite
article before the adjective, to which we add the
suffix "-est" (the strongest, the smartest, the nicest,
etc.).
To turn this into a comparison, we add the group to
which the object or person is being compared (She's
the prettiest in the class / at the party / of her
friends.).
To convey this same concept in Spanish, we use a
construction very similar to the other comparison
formulas we have reviewed, with the definite article
(el, la, los, las) preceding the comparison word
(más, menos) and using de instead of que.
subject + verb + definite article + más/menos +
adjective + de + rest of sentence

María + es + la + más + guapa + de + sus amigas.
(María is the prettiest of her friends.)



Mi coche es el más caro de todos.
(My car is the most expensive of them all.)
Sara es la menos alta de su clase.
(Sara is the least tall of her class.)
Pedro es el menos rápido de su equipo.
(Pedro is the least fast of his team.
__________________________________________
__fin el 29 de septiembre 2014 Hora II
Comparisons with Adverbs
The same formula is used in comparisons with
adverbs, the only difference being that you won't
have to worry about gender given that adverbs have
only one form. (Need a refresher on how to form the
superlative? Take a look at this page: Spanish
adverbs)
subject + verb + más/menos + adverb + que +
noun


Sara + estudia + menos + diligentemente + que +
Marcos.
(Sara studies less diligently than Marcos.)
Su casa + está + más + lejos + que + la mía.
(His/Her house is farther than mine.)
Irregular Comparisons
Both English and Spanish have several "irregular"
comparison words, meaning that the adjective
changes. Take, for example, the adjective "bad". If
we followed normal rules for forming comparisons,
we would say "badder" instead of the irregular
comparison word "worse". The same goes for
Spanish; the word for bad is "malo" but in
comparisons instead of saying "más malo" we say
"peor".
See a few examples below:
Normal adjective
Adjective in comparison
good = bueno
better = mejor
bad = malo
worse = peor
big = grande
bigger = mayor (referring to age)
old = viejo
older = mayor
young = joven
younger = menor
little = pequeño
littler = menor (referring to age)
Another look-
Possessive
Adjectives
Possessive adjectives are used to show ownership.
mi libro
my book
tu pluma
your pen
There are five possessive adjectives.
mi
tu
su
nuestro
vuestro
Three possessive adjectives (mi, tu, su) have only two
forms, singular and plural.
mi
mis
tu
tus
su
sus
Possessive adjectives agree with the nouns they modify.
That is, they agree with the thing possessed, not the
possessor.
mi libro
my book
mis libros
my books
tu pluma
your pen
tus plumas
your pens
Mi, tu and su do not have masculine and feminine forms.
They stay the same, regardless of the gender of the nouns
they modify.
mi amigo
mi amiga
tus hermanos
tus hermanas
su libro
sus plumas
Mi means "my" ; tu means "your."
Mi casa es tu casa.
My house is your house.
Su, like tu, can mean "your." The difference between
your (tu) and your (su) lies in the degree of formality the
speaker wishes to convey.
Mi casa es tu casa.
(speaking to someone you would address as "tú")
Mi casa es su casa.
(speaking to someone you would address as "usted")
Note: The two words "tu" and "tú" are pronounced the
same. Tú (with the written accent) is the subject pronoun
meaning "you" (informal). Tu (without the written accent)
is the possessive adjective meaning "your" (informal).
Su has four meanings: his, her, their and your (formal).
María busca a su hermana.
María is looking for her sister.
Juan busca a su hermana.
Juan is looking for his sister.
Ellos buscan a su hermana.
They are looking for their sister.
Su madre busca a su hermana.
Your mother is looking for your sister.
If the meaning of su is not clear from the context of the
sentence, a prepositional phrase is used in place of su.
María busca a la hermana de él.
María looks for his sister.
El hombre busca las llaves de ella.
The man looks for her keys.
María busca el cuaderno de Juan.
María looks for Juan's notebook.
El hombre busca las llaves de Samanta.
The man looks for Samanta's keys.
Two possessive adjectives (nuestro and vuestro) have four
forms.
nuestro
nuestra
nuestros
nuestras
vuestro
vuestra
vuestros
vuestras
Nuestro means "our."
nuestro hermano
our brother
nuestra hermana
our sister
nuestros hermanos
our brothers
nuestras hermanas
our sisters
Vuestro means "your" (familiar, plural). Like vosotros,
vuestro is primarily used in Spain.
vuestro libro
your book
vuestra pluma
your pen
vuestros libros
your books
vuestras plumas
your pens
Here are all of the possessive adjectives:
mi(s)
my
tu(s)
your (fam. sing.)
su(s)
his, her, your (formal), their
nuestro(-a, -os, -as)
our
vuestro(-a, -os, -as)
your (fam. pl.)
Note that these possessive adjectives are not used with
articles of clothing or body parts. Rather, the definite
article is used.
Me gusta el vestido nuevo.
I like my new dress
Me duele el brazo.
My arm hurts.

*Comparatives and
Superlatives: Talking
about what's Good,
Better and Best
Understanding Comparatives and Superlatives
Let’s talk about the best band of all time, who is the oldest person in your class,
and how your friend’s car compares with yours. You can compare things just as
easily in Spanish as you can in English.
You should already be familiar with the concept of good, better, and best.
When you’re talking about one thing, it’s good. When you’re comparing it to
something else, it’s better. When you say that it is better than anything else,
it’s the best.
If you understand this, you already know what a comparative and a superlative
are.
-Words that compare one thing to another (e.g., better, older) are called
comparatives.
- Words that put something at the top or bottom of the class, so to speak, (e.g.,
best, oldest) are called superlatives.
Below are some common comparatives and superlatives in Spanish. Look at the
table and follow each word from left to right.
bueno
good
mejor que
better than
malo
bad
peor que
worse than
worse
viejo
old
mayor que
older than
older
joven
young
menor que
younger than
bueno
good
el / la mejor
the best
malo
bad
el / la peor
the worst
viejo
old
el / la mayor
the oldest
joven
young
el / la menor
the youngest
EXAMPLES
(You should also know that bien and mal share the same
construction as bueno and malo.)
Let’s say that you want to talk about your favorite soccer
team.
Mi equipo de fútbol favorito es muy bueno.
My favorite soccer team is very good.
Say that you want to claim that your favorite soccer team is better than your
friend’s.
Mi equipo de fútbol favorito es mejor que el tuyo.
My favorite soccer team is better than yours.
Now, say that you want to boast that your soccer team is the best of all!
¡Mi equipo de fútbol es el mejor!
My soccer team is the best!
Possessive Pronouns Parte I
Possessive Pronouns
1.
We begin this lesson with a review of the difference
between an adjective and a pronoun.
adjective
describes a noun
pronoun
takes the place of a noun
Look at the following sentence pairs. One has an
adjective, while the other has a pronoun.
My book is large. (adjective, describes book)
Yours is small. (pronoun, takes the place of noun)
Your car is green. (Possessive adjective, describes car)
Mine is red. (pronoun, takes the place of noun)
Now, let's look at each sentence a little more closely.
My book is large.
My is an adjective because it modifies, or describes the
noun "book." Furthermore, it is a "possessive" adjective
because it tells who owns, or possesses, the book.
Yours is small.
Yours is a pronoun, because it replaces or takes the place
of a noun. In this case, the previous sentence tells us that
"yours" is replacing the noun "book." Furthermore, it is a
"possessive" pronoun because it tells who owns, or
possesses, the noun it is replacing.
Your car is green.
Your is an adjective because it modifies the noun "car."
Furthermore, it is a "possessive" adjective because it tells
who owns, or possesses, the car.
Mine is red.
Mine is a pronoun, because it replaces or takes the place
of a noun. In this case, the previous sentence tells us that
"mine" is replacing the noun "car." Furthermore, it is a
"possessive" pronoun because it tells who owns, or
possesses, the noun it is replacing.
So far, we have been talking about the difference between
the possessive adjective and the possessive pronoun. You
will recall that in a previous lesson, you already learned
about the
possessive adjectives.
mi(s)
my
mi libro
mis plumas
tu(s)
your (fam. sing.)
tu libro
tus plumas
su(s)
his, her, your (formal), their
su libro
sus plumas
nuestro(-a, -os, -as)
our
nuestro libro
nuestras plumas
vuestro(-a, -os, -as)
your (fam. pl.)
vuestro libro
vuestras plumas
SU Es su casa It is your house
It is the house of all of You
The possessive pronouns are similar to the possessive
adjectives, but they are normally used with the
definite article.
mine
el mío / la mía
los míos / las mías
yours (familiar)
el tuyo / la tuya
los tuyos / las tuyas
yours (formal), his, hers
el suyo / la suya
los suyos / las suyas
ours
el nuestro / la nuestra
los nuestros / las nuestras
yours (familiar)
el vuestro / la vuestra
los vuestros / las vuestras
yours (formal), theirs
el suyo / la suya
los suyos / las suyas
Now let's translate our model sentences:
Mi libro es grande.
My book is large.
El tuyo es pequeño.
Yours is small.
Tu carro es verde.
Your car is green.
El mío es rojo.
Mine is red.
The previous translations assume that you are talking to a
friend, or someone you know well, and are using the
informal "tú" form of speech. But remember, Spanish also
has a more formal form of speech. Notice how the same
sentences change if we assume that you are talking to
someone in a position of authority, using the more formal
"usted" form of speech.
Mi libro es grande. (no change)
My book is large.
El suyo es pequeño. (formal)
Yours (formal) is small.
Su carro es verde. (formal)
Your (formal) car is green.
El mío es rojo. (no change)
Mine is red.
The definite article is usually omitted when the
possessive pronoun comes after the verb ser:
El carro grande es mío.
The big car is mine.
El carro pequeño es suyo.
The small car is hers.
Notice the following ambiguity:
El carro grande es suyo.
The big car is his.
El carro grande es suyo.
The big car is hers.
El suyo, la suya, los suyos, las suyas can be clarified as follows:
El carro grande es suyo.
The big car is his. (unclarified)
El carro grande es de él.
The big car is his. (clarified)
La casa pequeña es suya.
The small house is hers. (unclarified)
La casa pequeña es de ella.
The small house is hers. (clarified)
Los carros grandes son suyos.
The big cars are theirs. (unclarified)
Los carros grandes son de ellas.
The big cars are theirs. (clarified)
Las casas pequeñas son suyas.
The small houses are theirs. (unclarified)
Las casas pequeñas son de ellos.
The small houses are theirs. (clarified)
Note: de + el are contracted to form "del," however, de + él are not contracted.

P
Possessive Pronouns
Learn Spanish: Possessive Pronouns in Spanish
In this learn Spanish grammar lesson, we go over
possessive pronouns in Spanish. Possessive
Pronouns also describe possession -- they are the
same as the long form of the Spanish possessive
adjective that you learned in the previous lesson.
But, Spanish possessive pronouns are always used
with a definite article (el, la, los, las).
Possessive Pronoun Forms
Poss.
Poss.
Pronoun Pronou
English
Subject Pronoun
(singular
n
Translation
)
(plural)
yo
los
el mío, la
míos,
mine
mía
las mías
tú
el tuyo,
la tuya
los
tuyos,
yours
las
tuyas
él/ella/usted
el suyo,
la suya
los
suyos,
las
suyas
nosotros
el
nuestro,
la
nuestra
los
nuestro
s, las
ours
nuestra
s
vosotros
el
vuestro,
la
vuestra
los
vuestros
yours
, las
vuestras
ellos/ellas/usted el suyo,
es
la suya
los
suyos,
las
suyas
Examples:
Mi auto y el tuyo.
My car and yours.
Tu casa es más grande que la mía.
Your house is bigger than mine.
his/hers/your
s
theirs/yours
Nuestra ciudad no es tan peligrosa como la suya.
Our city isn't as dangerous as theirs.
Mi computadora no funciona bien. ¿Puedo usar la
tuya?
My computer isn't working well. Can I use yours?
Note:
Basically, what you see is that we are avoiding not
repeating the noun by replacing the possessive
adjective + noun with the possessive pronoun. For
example:
Tu casa es más grande que mi casa. (the
possessive adj. + noun).
Tu casa es más grande que la mía. (the possessive
pronoun).
Note:
Because él/ella/usted/ellos/ellas/ustedes all use the
same poss. pronoun, when the context is not clear,
you may have to clarify your message.
Use the definite article + de + the pronoun
(él/ella/usted/ellos/ellas/ustedes) or the name of the
person (for even further clarification).
--Tengo dos estudiantes, Marco y Marcia. Su madre
está enferma.
I have two students, Marco and Marcia. His/Her
mother is sick.
-- ¿La de él o la de ella?
His or hers?
-- La de ella.
Hers.
For Better or for Worse: MEJOR QUE and
PEOR QUE
When you want to compare the age (older, younger) or quality (better, best) of
two things, you will use the comparative form of the adjective plus than. For
example:
mejor que
better than
peor que
worse than
mayor que
older than
menor que
younger than
If you want to say, for example, that your sister is older than you are, you will
say, “Mi hermana es mayor que yo.”
Por ejemplo:

El hermano de Juan es mayor que él.
Juan’s brother is older than him.
El sombrero negro es mejor que el sombrero blanco.
The black hat is better than the white hat.
La primera banda fue mejor que la segunda.
The first band was better than the second.
The Best of All: LA MEJOR
If you want to say that your sister is the oldest in your family, you will simply
add the article “the” to the comparative form of the adjective. The sentence
becomes: “Mi hermana es la mayor.”
Por ejemplo:

Él es el mejor cantante del mundo.
He is the best singer in the world.
Ella es la peor estudiante de la clase.
She is the worst student in the class.
La señora es la mayor del barrio.
The lady is the oldest in the neighborhood.
Margarita es la hija menor.
Margaret is the youngest daughter.
You will notice that the word de is often used with superlatives. When used
after a superlative, de can mean “in” or “of.”
Por ejemplo:
El jugador es el mejor de todos.
The player is the best of all.
Lupe es la mejor trabajadora del grupo.
Lupe is the best worker in the group.
Notice that in the second example, de has combined with el to form del. This is
identical to the formation of al from a and el. Anytime you see de and el
together, remember:
de + el = del
The Most of All: MÁS DE
You can also form superlatives by talking about the strongest, coolest, fastest
thing of all. Whereas you form these superlatives in English by adding an –est
to the end of the adjective or adverb, you form them in Spanish by using the
word más instead.
Más means more. If you wish to talk about “the hottest day of the summer” in
Spanish, you’ll have to say “the day most hot of the summer.” Sound strange?
Remember that in English, not all adjectives can be transformed with an –est
ending. You can’t say “beautifulest” or “expensivest”! In those cases, you form
the superlative just as it is done in Spanish: you talk about the “most beautiful”
or the “most expensive.”
That’s exactly how it’s done in Spanish. All other superlatives will be formed
using the sentence construction below.
noun + “más” + adjective or adverb + “de” +
noun
In Spanish, then, the phrase “the hottest day of the summer” will become:
el día + más + caluroso + del + verano
Por ejemplo:

Hoy es el día más caluroso del verano.
Today is the hottest day of the summer.
La primavera es la estación más lluviosa en mi región.
The spring is the wettest season in my region.
Los matadores profesionales solo usan los toros más fuertes de España.
Professional bullfighters only use the strongest bulls in Spain.
Estas son las flores más hermosas de mi jardín.
These are the most beautiful flowers of my garden.
Juan tiene la guitarra más cara del grupo.
John has the most expensive guitar in the group.
Super Cool: The Ending -ísimo
In Spanish, there’s another way of expressing how something is just the “mostest.” You can intensify the meaning of any adjective by adding the ending ísimo.
This is the English equivalent adding a “very” or “super” before the adjective.
Por ejemplo:

La comida está riquísima.
The food is super delicious.
Estás bellísima, mi hija.
You’re gorgeous, my daughter.
El atleta corrió rapidísimo en la competencia.
The athlete ran super fast in the competition.
La noche estuvo heladísima.
The night was super cold.
Some More Comparisons: MÁS QUE and
MENOS QUE
Other comparisons you will make will be of the greater and lesser sort. In other
words, you will say that something has more or less of a quality than the other
thing. For example,
• Julie has more pens than Matt.
• San Francisco has fewer people than Los Angeles.
• When it comes to shoes, Annette has more than her sister.
Notice that the words “more” and “less” are followed by a “than.” In Spanish,
it’s just the same, but instead of talking about “more than” you will talk
about más que.
más que = more (or greater) than
menos que = less (or fewer) than
Por ejemplo:

Ricardo es más inteligente que José.
Richard is more intelligent than Joe.
Elena tiene menos dinero que Nadia.
Ellen has less money than Nadia.
Javier es más fuerte que su hermano.
Javier is stronger than his brother.
Pedro come menos que Miguel.
Peter eats less than Michael.
El pasaje de tren cuesta menos que el de avion.
The train ticket costs less than the airplane ticket.
Expressing How Things are Alike: TAN
COMO and TANTO COMO
You can also use comparatives to describe how similar two things are. For
example, you might wish to say:
• You’re as nice as your sister.
• I have as many toys as you.
Expressions like tan … como and tanto … como help you do that.
When you compare two things that are similar in English, you often use as … as,
whether or not the word that the two things have in common is a noun,
adjective, or adverb. In Spanish, however, there is a distinction.
- Use tan … como for “as … as” when the characteristic in common is an
adjective or adverb.
- Use tanto … como for “as many … as” or “as much … as,” when the
characteristic in common is a noun.
Go back and look at the sample sentences in English above. Can you guess
which would use tan … como and which would use tanto … como?
• Eres tan amable como tu hermana. (“nice” is an adjective)
• Tengo tantos juguetes como tú. (“toys” is a noun)
Remember that the word tanto must reflect the gender and quantity of the
noun it describes.
• Tengo tanto dinero como él.
• Ella tiene tantos zapatos como su amiga.
• Nosotros tenemos tanta comida como los otros.
• Ustedes tienen tantas cosas como nosotros.

Tu auto es tan lento como un caracol.
Your car is as slow as a snail. ("slow" is an adjective)
Tenemos tantas vacas como ovejas.
We have as many cows as sheep. ("cows" is a noun)
Carlos es tan guapo como su hermano.
Charles is as handsome as his brother. ("handsome" is an adjective)
Tú tienes tantas ideas como yo.
You have as many ideas as I do. ("ideas" is a
TAREA
Realidades 2
TAREA
Capítulo 1B
THE MINI- LEZIONI required in the home
journal every night
Mini lezione
12 to 15 minutes
In home journal !