Industrial
Revolution
Please have the headphones
ready and packet with pen to take
notes.
At the end of this unit you will be
asked to write an essay that
answers the following question:
1. Getting Started…
Think: What was
life like before
these
inventions? How
has life changed
because of it?
2. Read and Summarize
Until the late 1700s most people were farmers,
producing everything they needed for
themselves, such as clothing, shoes, tools,
furniture and most other items were all made
by hand. Usually one person made an item
from start to finish. After the mid1700s,
machines began to do the work of the
individual. This change first occurred in the
textile industry. The change from making
goods by hand to making goods by machine is
called industrialization. This revolution in
production changed how people lived. We are
still experiencing its effects.
3. Use your headphones
4
Entrepreneur
5. Population Shift: The new jobs for the working
class were in the cities. Thus, the Industrial Revolution began the
transition of the United States from a rural to an urban society. Young
people raised on farms saw greater opportunities in the cities and
moved there, as did millions of immigrants from Europe.
6. Changing Life in America
1870-1910
Which generalization about population
7 growth is supported by information in this
chart?
1. For every census listed, rural population exceeded urban
population.
2. By 1920, more people lived in cities than in rural areas.
3. The Civil War significantly slowed the rate of population growth.
4. Most urban population growth was due to people migrating from
rural areas
8. Horrors of the Workplace
Click here to
read the first
article “Horrors
of the
Workplace”
9. Click on
the link
below to
watch a
video
http://www.montereyinstitute.org/co
urses/AP%20US%20History%20II/
course%20files/multimedia/lesson4
7/lessonp.html?showTopic=1
10. Spinning Jenny
James Hargreaves was a weaver living in the village of Stanhill in
Lancashire. It is claimed that one day his daughter Jenny,
accidentally knocked over the family spinning wheel. The spindle
continued to revolve and it gave Hargreaves the idea that a whole
line of spindles could be worked off of one wheel.
In 1764 Hargreaves built what became known as the Spinning
Jenny. The machine used eight spindles onto which one thread was
spun from a corresponding set of rovings. By turning a single wheel,
the operator could now spin eight threads at once. Later,
improvements were made that enabled the number to be increased
to eighty. The thread that the machine produced was coarse and
laced strength, making it suitable only for the filling of weft, the
threads woven across the warp.
Hargreaves did not apply for a patent for his Spinning Jenny until
1770 and therefore others copied his ideas without paying him any
money. It is estimated that by the time James Hargreaves died in
1778, over 20,000 Spinning Jenny machines were used in Britain.
www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk
Before the invention of the flying shuttle by John Kay in 1733, it was only
possible for cloth to be woven up to a maximum of the width of a man's
body, across his arms. This was because he had to pass the shuttle
backwards and forwards, from hand to hand. John Kay's invention allowed
the shuttle, containing the thread, to be shot backwards and forwards
Didflying
youshuttle
see the
movie the thread to be
across a much wider bed. The
also allowed
woven at a faster rate, thus
enabling the
processAngelina
of weaving to become
“Wanted”
starring
faster.
Jolie? Remember the scene
where
the new
has ittowith a driver.
Kay's invention put the shuttle
on wheels
and guy
controlled
The weaver operated the
shuttle
by shuttle
pulling a cord
to the driver.
catch
the
andattached
he gets
When this cord was pulled to the left, the driver caused the shuttle to
cut because it’s moving so
shoot ("fly") through the warp in the same direction. Pulling the cord to the
fast he misses? That’s the
right sent the shuttle back.
flying shuttle.
The Flying Shuttle was able to do the work of two people even more
quickly. In 1753, an angry mob of weavers, afraid of the competition,
wrecked Kay's house and destroyed his looms. However, since it halved
labor costs, the textile industry was quick to adopt Kay's invention, but it
was not so keen to pay him anything for it. The manufacturers formed an
association which refused to pay Kay any royalties.
http://www.saburchill.com/history/chapters/IR/009.html
The introduction of a new source of power, the steam engine, was one of
the most important factors in the development of power driven machines
and the Industrial Revolution. Early steam engines were machines that
acted like a vacuum to pump water out of coal mines.
In the 1760s and 1770s, English inventor James Watt created a more
usable engine. Using Thomas Newcomen’s design as a foundation, he
made it possible to power the upstroke and downstroke of the piston.
Capable of rotary movement, Watt’s machine could run machinery,
carriage wheels, or riverboat paddles. By the mid 19th century, improved
versions of the steam engine were running machines in mines and
factories and providing power for locomotives and steamships. The steam
engine had become the heart of the Industrial Revolution.
http://www.womeninhistory.com/textile.html
10. Steam
Engine
11. New Conveniences
12. Headphones on
13. Tenement Housing
Click on the Primary Source to Read more about Tenement Housing.
Please scroll to the 2nd page after Horrors of the Workplace.
Click on the picture to
watch “Ghosts of
Slater Mill” you may
ignore the ghost part
and stop watching
after 1min 30sec.
14
Some of today’s companies have been accused of profiting from abused labor:
15
Nike
Disney
Hyundai
Guess
Victoria Secret/Limited
Wal-Mart
Kmart
J.C.Penny
Espirit
Click on the Picture for
more info
The problem of child labor is, in fact, nothing new. Early in this century, the
extensive use of child labor was a fact of life here in the United States as
Americans continued to convert from an agricultural to an industrial economy.
However, the exploitation of children as workers exists as a major problem in
many parts of the world. Estimates by human rights experts reveal that as
many as 400 million children under the age of 15 are performing forced labor.
Because these children are paid little and do not receive an education, they
have little chance of breaking the cycle of poverty.
The child labor problem is predominantly confined to under-developed
countries. The economic reality is that children are typically paid one-half to
one-third what is paid to adults doing comparable work. In addition to low
pay, the children are often exposed to significant health hazards and
subjected to extreme physical, verbal and even sexual abuse. While many
children work to add to their family’s income, others are literally sold into
bondage by their parents in return for cash or some form of credit.
Capitalism: Different Views
Capitalism is an economic and
social system that features private
ownership of property and the
means of production, in which
markets driven by supply and
demand and business is operated
for profit.
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17
18. Adam Smith Advocated for Capitalism
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (1776)
“The Wealth of Nations
carries the important
message of laissez faire,
which means that the
government should intervene
as little as possible in
economic affairs and leave
the market to its own devices.
It advocates the liberation of
economic production from all
limiting regulation in order
to benefit the people…”
“I have seen a small
manufactory [factory] of this
kind where ten men only were
employed, and where some
of them performed two or
three distinct operations. . . .
They could . . . make among
them . . .upwards of 48,000
pins in a day. . . . But if they
had all wrought [worked]
separately and independently
… they certainly could not
each of them have made
twenty . . . in a day.”
Ralph Waldo Emerson
(adapted)
“Wealth brings with it its own checks
and balances. The basis of (a
capitalism) economy is
noninterference (by the government).
The only safe rule is found in the selfadjusting meter of demand and
supply. Open the doors of opportunity
to talent and virtue and they will do
themselves justice, and property will
not be in bad hands. In a free and just
commonwealth, property rushes from
the idle and imbecile to the
industrious, brave and persevering.”
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$ Capitalism $
• Monopoly: only one seller of certain good
(no competition)
• Eventually monopolies would be declared
unconstitutional
• Trusts: (loophole) combined corporations
and shareholders gave shares to a board
who made decisions.
Why were
• Sherman Anti-trust Act 1890trusts and
prohibited trusts to allow competition
monopolies
declared
illegal?
20. Andrew Carnegie
Click on Carnegie to answer
the questions
Define key
words outlined
in red.
http://www.yourdictionary.com/
http://dictionary.reference.com/
21.
The Warren Buffet Pledge
Click on the Picture to Learn
More
22. John D Rockefeller
Click Above to Watch a Video
on Rockefeller
How is Standard
Oil Shown?
23. Social Darwinism
Many entrepreneurs like Carnegie and
Rockefeller defended their accumulation of
wealth with the idea of Social Darwinism; the
belief that individuals can achieve
advantages over others as a result of their
social superiority; roughly, “survival of the
fittest”
1. Economic system in which all goods are
shared
2. Third party of farmers for silver coinage
3. Society in which a group makes decisions
and allocates resources to the many
4. Belief that only the strongest businesses
survive
Many feared that the industrialists were in control of government. How does
this political cartoon support that statement idea?
24. Robber Baron or Captain of
Industry?
• Negative View of
Industrialists “Robber”:
• Exploited Workers
• Engaged in unscrupulous
business practices
• Linked to political
corruption
• Discouraged competition
through monopolies and
trusts
• Positive View of
Industrialists
“Captain”:
• Created new products
• Created highly
efficient industries
• Donated millions to
charities
25. Triangle Shirtwaist 1911:
Click on the picture at right to read the article, or borrow
one from the teacher.
Triangle Shirtwaist
The Rise of Organized Labor
The factories of 1800 drew workers from
many different backgrounds. Millions of
immigrants coming to the United States
from Europe and Asia in the late 1800's
also found job and factories. During the
1870's to 1880's, the friendly relationship
between the worker and boss declined. In
giant factories workers did not chat with
their employers.
African American, immigrants, women, and children
were paid less than native-born white men were.
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Factories were filled with dangerous conditions. Owners spent
little time to improve the safety and comfort of workers. Some
workers were killed or seriously injured on their jobs in
factories. Here are some of the problems workers faced:
•Textile workers inhaled dangerous lung-damaging dust and
fibers.
•Coal miners had “cave ins” that buried workers.
•Steelworkers were injured by red-hot vats of steel.
I would
rather
be in
school
49
26. A union was a voluntary
association of labor
Major Unions of 1800s
Knights of Labor:
Terrence Powderly
• Membership was open to
all workers, skilled or
unskilled, men and
women, black or white
• Peaked in 1880s
• Downfall was the
Haymarket Riot where
several were left dead
after a bombing at a
protest, including police
officers.
American Federation of
Labor: Samuel Gompers
• Membership limited to
skilled workers
• Used collective
bargaining against
employers (group of
members meet with
employer to negotiate
deals)
• Also used strikes (refusal
to work)
Many industry owners felt
threatened by the growth of unions
in the late 1800's. They rightly
feared that union growth could
force them into conceding higher
wages, improved conditions and
shorter work hours, thus many
outlawed union activity.