Readings
Introduction to Civil-Military Relations and Democracy by Larry
Diamond & Marc Plattner
“Reforming Civil-Military Relations” by Sam Huntington
“How Democracies Control the Military” by Richard Kohn
Questions
1) How does a society and its government realize what Sam
Huntingtoncalled "objective civilian control of the military"?
2) How is military advice best incorporated into a comprehensive
national security strategy?
3) How does a nation allow sufficient autonomy to its armed forces
while preventing its isolation from society?
“What, Sir, is the use of a militia? It is to prevent
the establishment of a standing army, the bane
of liberty. Whenever governments mean to
invade the rights and liberties of the people, they
always attempt to destroy the militia, in order to
raise an army upon their ruins.”
- Elbridge Gerry, speech delivered in the US
Congress, August 17, 1789
Article I, Section 8 of The United State Constitution
The Power of Congress
To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and
Offenses against the Law of Nations;
To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules
concerning Captures on Land and Water;
To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be
for a longer Term than two Years;
To provide and maintain a Navy;
To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces;
To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress
Insurrections and repel Invasions;
To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing
such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States,
reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the
Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress
Article II, Section 2 of The United State Constitution
The Power of the President
The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and
Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several
States, when called into the actual Service of the United
States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal
Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any
subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices.
American Military Casualties in Major Wars
National Command Authority
National Security
Council
President
______________
____
Secretary of Defense
Military Departments
__________________
Unified Command
__
l
l
l
Joint Chiefs of Staff
Army Navy Air Force
* Trains and equips
* Conducts operations
* Plans and coordinates
Organization of the
Department of Defense (DoD)
Department of Defense
Secretary of Defense
Office of the Inspector General
of the Department of Defense
Office of the
Secretary of Defense
Department of
the Army
Department of
the Navy
Department of
the Air Force
Joint Chiefs
of Staff
Deputy Secretary of
Defense, Under
Secretaries of
Defense, Assistant
Secretaries of
Defense, and other
specified officials
Secretary of the Army
Secretary of the Navy
Secretary of the Air Force
Chairman of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff
Office
of the
Secretary
of the
Army
The
Army Staff
Office
of the
Chief of
Naval
Operations
The
Army
The
Navy
Defense Agencies (17)
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
Defense Commissary Agency
Defense Contract Audit Agency
Defense Contract Management Agency *
Defense Finance and Accounting Service
Defense Information Systems Agency *
Defense Intelligence Agency *
Defense Legal Services Agency
Defense Logistics Agency *
Defense Security Cooperation Agency
Defense Security Service
Defense Threat Reduction Agency *
Missile Defense Agency
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency *
National Reconnaissance Office *
National Security Agency/Central Security Service *
Pentagon Force Protection Agency
Office
of the
Secretary
of the
Navy
Headquarters
Marine
Corps
Office
of the
Secretary
of the
Air Force
The
Marine
Corps
The
Joint Chiefs
The
Air Staff
The
Joint Staff
The
Air Force
DoD Field Activities (10)
Defense Media Activity
Defense POW/Missing Personnel Office
Defense Technical Information Center
Defense Technology Security Administration
DoD Education Activity
DoD Human Resources Activity
DoD Test Resource Management Center
Office of Economic Adjustment
TRICARE Management Activity
Washington Headquarters Services
DoD Component
Combatant Commands (9)
Africa Command
Central Command
European Command
Northern Command
Pacific Command
Southern Command
Special Operations Command
Strategic Command
Transportation Command
Military Service
Senior Leader
* Identified as a Combat Support Agency (CSA)
Prepared by: Directorate for Organizational and Management Planning/
Office of the Director of Administration and Management/Office of the
Secretary of Defense – March 2012
United States Armed Forces
Combatant Commands
U.S. NATIONAL INTERESTS
The security of the U.S., its citizens, and allies and
partners;
A strong, innovative and growing U.S. economy in
an open international economic system that
promotes opportunity and prosperity;
Respect for universal values at home and around
the world;
An international order advanced by U.S.
leadership that promotes peace, security, and
opportunity through stronger cooperation to meet
global challenges.
U.S. NATIONAL MILITARY OBJECTIVES
• Counter Violent Extremism;
• Deter and Defeat Aggression;
• Strengthen International and Regional
Security;
• Shape the Future Force
New U.S. Defense Strategy
• Emphasis on economic renewal;
• The bolstering of cyberwarfare capabilities and intelligencegathering capabilities, special operations forces, and
potentially high payoff technologies such as unmanned
systems;
•
And Army and Marines Corps that will no longer need to be
sized to support the kind of large-scale, long-term military
operations that have dominated military priorities and force
generation over the past decade; and
• Focus on the Asia-Pacific and Middle East regions of the
world.
Countries by Size of Armed Forces
US Military Bases Overseas