POLS 306 Public Policy Spring 14 Foreign and Defense Policy Part 2 Chapter 15 Tom Dye How does God teach Americans geography? Pt 1: Background and Reminders of Things We Know Some Budget Background - Remember These? Follow the Money; It Tells the Story. PRESIDENT HARRY S. TRUMAN'S ADDRESS BEFORE A JOINT SESSION OF CONGRESS, MARCH 12, 1947 At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. The choice is too often not a free one. One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is distinguished by free institutions, representative government, free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and freedom from political oppression. The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio; fixed elections, and the suppression of personal freedoms. I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes. Begin by refreshing our memory: Power The ability to influence another’s behavior. Getting people to do what they wouldn’t do otherwise. (Wasserman) Chairman Mao: “Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun.” Authority Legitimate Power Legal basis Accepted as right “should” Deserves obedience An efficient form of power (no need for force if you should obey) “Anyone can clear a street with a gun. Only an accepted authority can do it with just a word.” (Wasserman) “Because I said so, that’s why.” (My mom, and probably yours too.) Government A political association that Makes rules determining who will get the valued things of society Singularly regulates the use of legitimate force in society Just War Thomas Aquinas When is it morally acceptable to go to war? Must have public authority, just cause, and right motive. What forms of war are morally permissible? No intentional targeting of civilians. No excessive force, only appropriate and necessary force. Deterrence Known punishments will prevent certain actions by fear of consequences M.A.D. A New Start http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=utGP4HPgT9M&feature=player_embedded# Note: It was quickly ratified, and it went into effect Feb. 2011. “We cannot wait for the smoking gun to become a mushroom cloud.” Then National Security Advisor, later Secretary of State, Dr. Condoleezza Rice Pt 2: Realism vs. Idealism Realism vs. Idealism Realism The philosophy of many names: Realpolitik (Political Realism) “Classical” Diplomacy Might not Right “No universal self evident principles of justice, right or wrong, or truth, THUS … national interest is the only legitimate goal, the only defensible goal.” (Description from Clarke Cochran) Realism Concepts Balance of Powers “Foreign policy adopted by rival states to prevent any one state or alliance from gaining a preponderance of power.” (Shafritz p. 302) Domestic version of Balance of Powers – Countervailing Theory – pluralist group competition Unilateralism – Acting alone and in your own best interest. Idealism Hugo Grotius (Hugo De Groot) – Common law among Nations Nuremberg Principle – Universal Sense of Justice Woodrow Wilson - Wilsonian Idealism “There are knowable and universal principles of justice over and above the laws and policies of any particular state, THUS…governments and people can be held accountable for the protection and pursuit of those principles.” (Description from Clarke Cochran) Idealism Concepts Containment “Soviet pressure against free institutions of the western world is something that can be contained by the adroit and vigilant application of counter force.” George F. Kennan (X) – before he became a realist Multilateralism – Acting together with other nations and in support of a consensus. A Helpful Hint: Reagan – Evil Empire G. W. Bush – Iraq, Iran, N. Korea were “Axis of Evil”. Which One is This? At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. The choice is too often not a free one. One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is distinguished by free institutions, representative government, free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and freedom from political oppression. The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio; fixed elections, and the suppression of personal freedoms. I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes. PRESIDENT HARRY S. TRUMAN'S ADDRESS BEFORE A JOINT SESSION OF CONGRESS, MARCH 12, 1947 Pt 3: War Powers Who Cares What Truman Thinks, Congress Declares War, Right? 1,2, 3,4, I declare a… Article I Section 8 Congress shall have the power… To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years; To provide and maintain a Navy; To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces; To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions; To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress; Article II, Section 2 The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; Take a look at the table of wars The War Powers Act Congress has not used its constitutional power to declare war since 1941 Criticism of the President’s role in Vietnam led to the War Powers Act of 1973 The President may only commit troops abroad for a period of 60 days, (90 if including withdrawal) Congress must approve a longer period Nixon vetoed it, they over-rode the veto Presidents don’t like it, but tend to go for some sort of authorizing resolution from Congress Remember, no matter what, Congress still funds things! Thursday: Handout on recent military history and foreign policy doctrines Countries - 60 seconds of current events Suggested Sources: CIA Factbook https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ BBC http://www.bbc.com/news/ Foreign Affairs http://www.foreignaffairs.com/regions Janes http://www.janes.com/ Well Informed Insurers and Businessmen: http://www.propertycasualty360.com/2012/02/08/top-15-global-hot-spots-forpolitical-risk?page=3 http://usa.marsh.com/NewsInsights/MarshRiskManagementResearch/ID/34070/P olitical-Risk-Trends-and-Hotspots-for-2014.aspx (Free registration)