Public Acts
• 1976 Resource Conservation & Recovery Act
–
–
–
–
Required permits for hazardous waste facilities that disposed or burned waste
Prohibited opened dumping without permit
Authorize funding to study waste issues
Not an enforcement program
• 1980 Resource Conservation & Recovery Act
– Current Hazardous Waste laws
– Includes enforcement
“Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Parts 260-280
(40 CFR 260-280)
• Part 260 & 261
– Defines solid and hazardous waste
– Conditionally exempt SQG requirements
• Part 262
– LQG and SQG quantity generator
requirements
• Part 266
– Recyclable materials requirements
•
•
•
•
•
Used in a manner constituting disposal
Precious metals
Lead-acid battery reclamation
Industrial boilers and furnaces
Military munitions
• Part 268
– land disposal restrictions
• Part 263
– Transporter requirements
• Part 264, 265, 270
– Permit requirements (TSDF)
– Some LQG and SQG requirements
• Part 271 and 271
– state authorization
– list of authorized states (CT is subpart H)
• Part 273
– universal waste rule
• Part 279
– used oil rule
• Part 280
– underground storage tanks
The Regulations
Cradle to Grave
Preventative law
Love Canal, Niagara NY
–
–
–
–
15 acres with 60ft by 3000ft canal along Niagara River
1920, purchased by Hooker Chemical
1920 – 1953, used as a landfill by city and manufacturers.
1953, sold to the city’s board of education ($1.00)
• Deed stated not to dig within the area of the canal
– 1954, Board of Ed. built schools and housing (1000)
• Disregarded warning on deed
• Chemicals seeped into basements and storm drains
• Drums popping up in ball fields and yards
• Residents started complaining
– 1978, years of residents complaints forced evacuation of several city blocks
– 2010, a few city blocks still restricted
Times Beach, MI
Russell Bliss, waste oil company
1960s - 1970s collected waste from area businesses
Claimed that only waste oil was collected
Later determined other toxic waste mixed with oil
Oil used for dust control on roads and stables
•1971 – 1972, Sixty two horse die at area stables.
•1972 – 1976, Times Beach hires Russell Bliss to oil roads
•1977, EPA begins investigation into horse deaths
Some waste came from NE Pharmaceutical and Chemical Corp
2,4,5T and 2,4D (agent orange)
Contains dioxin
PCBs also found
•1983, EPA purchases the town and evacuates residents
constructed an on-site incinerator & incinerate 26,000 tons of contaminated soil
Current – Town park (still polluted)
Valley of the Drums, Brooks KY
13 acre gravel pit owned by A. L. Taylor
1967 – 1977, took in over 38,000 drums of waste from area paint
and coating manufacturers
11,000 drums buried and/or burned
27,000 drums stored on the ground
1979, EPA begins cleanup
Cleanup continues to this day
The Law
Penalties
• Civil (violation of the regulations)
• $25,00.00/day/violation
– “waste determinations” – most common violation
• Criminal (knowing your violating)
• Penalties ($50,000.00/day/violation)
• Prison – 5 years in CT
Civil Penalties
• Home Depot (9 stores)
• $425,000.00 & company wide compliance program in CT
• Over 40,000 pounds 2,4-D
• Light Sources, Milford & Orange
• $857,000.00 & clean up mercury releases
• Polluted both properties with mercury
Criminal Penalties
• Sound Mfg, Norwich (Taftville)
• 3 years, $100,000 fine & $1,000,000 cash bond for clean up
• Buried 50,000 pounds lead paint sandblasting waste
• Phoenix Products, Plymouth
• 3 years probation
• $250,000
• 1500-gallons waste acid to sewer
Who is Regulated
• Any business that –
– Generates hazardous waste, used oil, universal waste
– Transports hazardous waste, used oil, universal waste
– Stores, treats, disposes of hazardous waste, used oil, universal waste
• Must apply for an EPA Id. No.
– Address specific (not by business name)
– Denotes expected generator category
Home owners (and tenants) and home owner derived
waste is excluded
Who are the HW Generators
• Retail establishments
pharmacies
photo shops
hardware stores
garden centers
big & small box retailers
• Public service sector
hospitals & clinics prisons schools
navy coast guard air national guard
state parks town garage power plants
army national guard atomic energy lab
gun clubs
• Service sector
auto body ship/boat repair electroplating lead abatement bridge painting
vehicle repair furniture repair auto recyclers printers machine shop/metal forming
dry cleaners scrap metal exterminators tank truck washing waste recyclers
• Manufacturing
ship & boat aircraft ball bearings lighters fluorescent lamps hardware tools
guns paint & coatings chemicals lamp posts circuit boards electronic equipment
laminated fabrics /paper bakeries extruded aluminum structures foundry glass products
asphalt shoe inserts wire guitars racing engines surgical thread space suits
batteries cabinets filter elements furniture glides cosmetic containers
explosives
ant traps pharmaceuticals
galvanized guard rails metal boxes buckles Styrofoam
Generator Categories
• Treatment, storage, disposal facilities (TSDF)
•
Can also be LQG, SQG, CESQG
• Large quantity generator (LQG)
•
Greater than 1000 kilograms (or greater than 1 kilogram acute waste) per month
• Small quantity generators (SQG)
•
100 to 1000 kilograms (or 1 kilogram acute waste) per month
• Conditionally exempt small quantity generators (CESQG)
•
Less than 100 kilograms (or less than 1 kilogram acute waste) per month
LQG, SQG, CESQG is based on a month to month determination. Can be CESQG one month
and LQG the next depending on amount of waste generated and/or stored on-site during
each respective month
Generator Categories
• Waste transporters
• Permit exempt reclamation/recycling
•
Lead-acid batteries, precious metals, industrial boilers, recyclers (no storage, burning, disposal)
• Used oil handlers, burners, blenders
• Universal waste handlers
Treatment Storage Disposal Facilities (TSDF)
– RCRA Part B Permit
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
EPA Id. No. (example CTD116502534)
Type and volume of waste on-site
Storage, treatment, and handling methods
Waste tracking and analysis
Secondary containment systems
Emission controls (VOCs)
Employee training
Job descriptions
Weekly/daily inspections and logs
Emergency response plan
Shipping records
Annual reporting
Closure plan and cost estimate
Financial assurance and insurance
Groundwater monitoring (land disposal units)
Site wide corrective action
Large Quantity Generator (LQG)
• Greater than 1000 kilograms/month or at any one time (5 drums)
• Greater than 1 kilogram acute HW (1 quart)
• 90-day storage limit
• Exceed 90-days – considered TSDF without permit
• Substantial management requirements
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
EPA Id. No. (example CTD000502534)
Determining if waste is HW
Secondary containment/impervious base
Weekly/daily inspections and logs
Employee training
Job descriptions
Emergency response plan
Emission controls (VOCs)
Shipping records
Biennial reporting
Small Quantity Generator (SQG)
• 100 to 1000 kilograms/month
• Never exceed 1000 kilograms at any one time
• Never exceed l kilogram acute HW
• 180-day storage limit (270 days if over 200 miles)
• Exceed any above – considered TSDF without permit
• Less substantial management requirements
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
EPA Id. No. (example CTD000502534)
Determine if waste is HW
HW manifests
Weekly/daily inspections and logs
Secondary containment/impervious base
No open top tanks
Employee training (no records required)
Posting emergency information near phone
Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity
Generator (CESQG)
•
•
•
•
•
Less than 100 kilograms/month
Less than 1 kilogram acute HW
Never exceed 1000 kilograms (or 1 kilogram acute waste) at any one time
Exceed 1000 kilograms (or 1 kilogram of acute waste) – considered LQG
Even less substantial management requirements
– Determine if waste is HW
– Don’t dispose of HW in CT solid waste facilities (LF, CRRA, etc)
– Can use household hazardous waste collection
TSDF In CT
• Three active commercial TSDF
•Storage & treatment
• Six inactive commercial TSDF
•Disposal, storage & treatment
• Six active non-commercial TSDF
•Storage & treatment
• Dozens inactive non-commercial TSDF
•Disposal, storage & treatment
•Waste piles
•Landfills
•Surface impoundments
•Injection wells
•Treatment processes
•Tank & container storage
Generators in CT
• LQG 300
• SQG 1700
• CESQG unknown (don’t have to get EPA Id. No.)
Other “state” permitted facilities
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Treating contaminated soil (on & off-site)
Blend used oil fuel
Recover precious metals from HW
Lead-acid battery recycling
Used electronics recycling
Fluorescent lamp recycling
Bio diesel (from waste vegetable/animal oil)
Questions/Comments
Where it Begins
Determine if your waste is a solid waste
Solid wastes are –





Spent material
Sludge
By-product
Commercial chemical product
Scrap metal
when discarded by –




Burned (energy recovery)
Recycled/reclaimed
Accumulated speculatively
Used in a manner constituting disposal*
*placed on land or water or incinerated
Use
constituting
disposal
Energy
recovery
(fuel)
Reclaimed
Speculative
accumulati
on
Spent material
*
*
*
*
Sludge (listed in 262.31 or 32)
*
*
*
*
Sludge (exhibiting a characteristic
of hazardous waste)
*
*
By-products (listed in 262.31 or 32)
*
*
By-products (exhibiting a
characteristic of hazardous waste)
*
*
*
Commercial chemical products
(listed in 262.33)
*
*
*
Scrap metal
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Couple of exclusions to the definition
of solid waste
•
Waste fuel reused as a fuel
–
•
Water/gas mixtures sent for fuel blending
Waste is effective substitute for a commercial chemical product,
provided the product is not used in a manner constituting disposal
or burned.
–
–
Spent plastic bead blast media (paint removal)
–
Used in water resistant concrete block (Sealtech block)
–
Applied above ground – not solid waste
–
Applied on the ground – is solid waste
Fly ash used to make zinc powder (Exeter Energy)
–
Used in galvanizing – not solid waste (US Zinc)
–
Used in plant food – is solid waste (Bay Zinc)
The Hazardous Wastes
A solid waste that is:
LISTED AS HAZARDOUS WASTE
(Part 261.31 – 33)
and/or
EXHIBITS A CHARACTERISTIC
OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
(Part 261.21 – 24)
And 2 sub-categories…………
“Used Oil”
(part 279)
and
“Universal Waste”
(part 273)
Couple of exclusions from the definition
of hazardous waste
“lobbyist exclusions”
• Drilling fluids from oil and gas production
•heavy metals, volatile organic compounds, corrosives
•Cabot Oil, 2009, water supply well explode, 14 water supplies polluted
• Fly & bottom ash from burning coal or fossil fuel
•heavy metals and volatile organic compounds
•TVA Kingston Plant, 2008, 1,000,000-gallon coal ash slurry release
• Waste from extraction/processing of ore
•heavy metals and volatile organic compounds
•Asarco mine & ore sites (11 mid west) waste piles with heavy metals & radioactive materials
Waste Codes
Hazardous wastes are identified by “waste codes”
(except for used oil and universal waste)
The listed waste codes
F, K, U, P
(Example – F006 metal hydroxide sludge from electroplating)
The characteristic waste codes
D waste codes
(Example – D001 ignitable)
Reason for Waste Codes
National statistical information
Observe trends in waste generation
Pollution prevention programs
Eliminate/reduce large volume waste types
Hazard recognition
Waste codes represent specific hazards
“LISTED HAZARDOUS WASTE”
THREE TYPES:
• NON-SPECIFIC SOURCE “F” waste codes
(40 CFR 261.31)
• SPECIFIC SOURCE “K” waste codes
(40 CFR 261.32)
• COMMERCIAL CHEMICAL PRODUCTS U & P
waste codes
(40 CFR 261.33)
SOME FACTS ABOUT LISTED
HAZARDOUS WASTE
Reasons for Listing
Ignitable
Corrosive
Reactive
Acutely Hazardous
Toxic
(I)
(C)
(R)
(H)
(T)
SOME FACTS ABOUT LISTED
HAZARDOUS WASTE
Mixture Rule
– mixing a listed waste with any other solid waste makes the entire
mixture a listed waste!
– not dependent on amount (one drop, one gallon, etc).
– not dependent on the source (intentional mixing, accidental
mixing).
– Can cause an otherwise inexpensive waste to become more
expensive when shipped off-site
Listed Hazardous Waste
“Non-Specific Source”
“F” Waste Codes
(261.31)
Waste from generic sources:
F001 – F039
• Solvents (F001 – F005)
• Metal finishing (F006 – F019)
• Pesticides/wood preservative [dioxin] (F020 - F035)
Common “F” Waste in CT
• F001 (T)
• The following spent halogenated solvents used in
degreasing: tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene,
methylene chloride, 1,1,1 trichloroethane, carbon
tetrachloride, chlorinated fluorocarbons, still
bottoms from solvent recovery
• F002 (T)
• The following spent halogenated solvents:
tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, methylene
chloride, 1,1,1 trichloroethane, carbon
tetrachloride, chlorinated fluorocarbons, still
bottoms from solvent recovery
HALOGENS
Chemical with the word chloro or fluoro in its name
Perchloroethylene (1.6)
Trichloroethylene (1.46)
methylene chloride (1.33)
“HEAVIER THAN WATER”
IMPROPER TREATMENT = DIOXINS
Common “F” Waste in CT
• F003 (I)
• F005 (I,T)
The following spent non-halogenated solvents: xylene,
acetone, ethyl acetate, ethyl benzene, ethyl ether, methyl
isobutyl ketone, butyl alcohol, cyclohexanone, methanol,
still bottoms from solvent recovery.
The following spent non-halogenated solvents: toluene, methyl
ethyl ketone, carbon disulfide, isobutanol, pyridine,
benzene, 2-ethoxyethanol, 2-nitropropane ; still bottoms
from recovery of spent solvents
Common “F” Waste in CT
• F006 (T)
• F019 (T)
Wastewater treatment sludge from electroplating operations
except from the following processes: (1) sulfuric acid anodizing
of aluminum; (2) tin plating on carbon steel; (3) zinc plating on
carbon steel; (4) aluminum or zinc-aluminum plating on carbon
steel; (5) cleaning/stripping associated with tin, zinc, aluminum
plating on carbon steel; (6) chemical etching of aluminum.
Wastewater treatment sludge from chemical conversion coating
of aluminum except zirconium phosphating in aluminum can
washing (beer and soda exemption)
Listed Hazardous Waste
“Specific Source”
“K” Waste Codes
(261.32)
Waste from specifically identified industrial sources:
K001 – K160
•
•
•
•
Refineries (K048, K170)
Pharmaceutical (K084, K101)
Foundry (K061, K069)
Explosives (K044, K45)
Example
Industry and EPA
hazardous waste
No.
Hazardous waste
Hazard
code
Wood Preservation
K001
Bottom sediment sludge from treatment of wastewater
from wood preserving process that uses creosote and/or
pentachlorophenol
(T)
Inorganic Pigments
K002
Wastewater treatment sludge from the production of
chrome yellow and orange pigments
(T)
Organic Chemicals
K013
Bottom stream from the acetonitrile column in the
production of acrylonitrile
(T, R)
Explosives
K044
Wastewater treatment sludge from the manufacturing
and processing of explosives
(R)
Listed Hazardous Waste
“Commercial Chemical Product”
“U” & “P” Waste Codes
(261.33)
Waste that is a commercial product
solvents
pesticides
Pharmaceuticals
Chemical ingredients
Commercial Chemical Product,
continued
• Waste chemical product that is unused
• pure or technical grade of chemical
• sole active ingredient
• A waste because:
• no longer needed or wanted
• off-specification
• old/outdated
Commercial Chemical Product,
continued
• Spilled virgin chemical product
• discarded (spilled on non-soil)
• disposal (spilled on soil/water)
“P” Commercial Chemical Product
examples
“acutely hazardous”
P001 - P205(H)
– Empty containers of “P” listed materials (unless triple rinsed)
– Rinsate from rinsing empty containers
Hazardous
waste No.
Chemical
abstract No.
Substance
P006
20859-73-8
Aluminum phosphide (R)
P075
54-11-5
Nicotine
P110
78-00-2
Plumbane tetraethyl
P105
26628-22-8
Sodium azide
P001
81-81-2
Warfarin
“U” Commercial Chemical Product
examples
U001 – U411(T)
Hazardous
waste No.
Chemical
abstract No.
Substance
U002
67-64-1
Acetone (I)
U080
75-09-2
Methylene chloride
U210
127-18-4
Tetrachloroethylene
U220
108-88-3
Toluene
U240
94-75-7
2,4, Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
U023
98-07-7
Benzotrichloride (C, R)
U160
1338-23-4
2-butanone peroxide (R)
QUESTIONS
Discarded
Listed hazardous waste
Disposed
Mixture rule
Characteristic Hazardous Wastes
(261.21 – 24)
Four waste types
“D” waste codes
– Ignitable (D001)
– Corrosive (D002)
– Reactive (D003)
– Toxicity Characteristic (D004-D043)
Some Facts About Characteristic
Hazardous Waste
• All solid waste must be evaluated for the
characteristics
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Paper
Tires
Chemicals
Lamps
Electronic equipment
Paint
Scrap metal
Building debris
Some Facts About Characteristic
Hazardous Waste
• Some characteristics are based on physical
properties
• flash point
• pH
• compressed or pressurized gases
• oxidizer
Some More Facts
• Some characteristics are based on concentration
limits (toxic above the limits)
• milligrams per liter (mg/L)
• test method “Toxicity Characteristic Leachate
Procedure”
• limits range between 0.008 to 400 mg/L
note: one percent (1%) equals 10,000 ppm
Ignitable Characteristic
“D001”
(261.21)
• Liquid with a flashpoint less than 140 degrees
• Oxidizers (49 CFR 173.151)
• Ignitable compressed gas (49 CFR 173.300)
• Not a liquid – fire through friction, moisture,
spontaneous chemical change, & burns
vigorously and persistently
Ignitable Characteristic
Examples
Liquid – flash point less than 140
• Mineral spirits
• Contact cement
• Aerosol paint
Oxidizers
• Nitric acid
• Peroxides
• Fertilizer (sodium nitrate)
Ignitable compressed gas
• Aerosol products
• Propane
Not a liquid
• Metal fines and chips
aluminum, zirconium, magnesium
Corrosive Characteristic
“D002”
(261.22)
• Aqueous liquid, pH less than 2 or greater than
12.5.
• A liquid that corrodes steel at greater than
0.025 inches per year at 130 degrees F.
Corrosive Characteristic
examples
• pH less than 2
–
–
–
–
Nitric acid (etch)
Sulfuric acid (battery)
Muriatic acid (concrete)
Hydrofluoric (aluminum)
• pH greater than 12.5
–
–
–
–
Potassium hydroxide (oven)
Sodium hydroxide (drain)
Ammonium hydroxide (cleaner)
Sodium hypochlorite (bleach)
Reactive Characteristic
“D003”
(261.23)
• Normally unstable
• Reacts violently with water or forms toxic
fumes or vapors
• Capable of detonation or explosion when
heated under confinement or initiating force
Reactive Characteristic
Examples
Explosives
Fire works
Ammunition
Air bags
Old picric acid
Old ether
Compressed cylinders
Aerosol cans
Propane cylinders
Metal fines
Aluminum
Lithium
Batteries with a charge
Toxicity Characteristic
“D004 - D043”
(261.24)
• 39 elements and compounds
• cause damage to tissue, impair CNS, cause severe illness or
death when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed.
• based on concentration limits (mg/L).
• testing using Toxicity Characteristic Leachate Procedure.
List of Toxicity Characteristic Waste
Waste Code
D004
D005
D006
D007
D008
D009
D010
D011
D012
D013
D014
D015
D016
Contaminant
arsenic
barium
cadmium
chromium
lead
mercury
selenium
silver
endrin
lindan
methoxychlor
toxaphene
2,4-D
Limit mg/L
5.0
100.0
1.0
5.0
5.0
0.2
1.0
5.0
0.02
0.4
10.0
0.5
10.0
Waste code
D017
D018
D019
D020
D021
D022
D023
D024
D025
D026
Contaminant
2,4,5-TP
benzene
carbon tetrachloride
chlordane
chlorobenzene
chloroform
o-cresol
m-cresol
p-cresol
cresol
D027
1,4-dichlorobenzene
Limit mg/L
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.03
100.0
6.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
200.0
7.5
Waste code
D028
D029
D030
D031
D032
D033
D034
D035
D036
D037
D038
D039
D040
D041
D042
D043
Contaminant
1,2-dichloroethane
1,1-dichloroethylene
2,4-dinitrotoluene
heptachlor
hexachlorobenzene
hexachlorobutadiene
hexachloroethane
methyl ethyl ketone
nitrobenzene
pentachlorophenol
pyridine
tetrachloroethylene
trichloroethylene
2,4,5 trichlorophenol
2,4,6 trichlorophenol
vinyl chloride
Limit mg/L
0.5 mg/L
0.7 mg/L
0.13 mg/L
0.008 mg/L
0.13 mg/L
0.5 mg/L
3 mg/L
200 mg/L
2 mg/L
100 mg/L
5 mg/L
0.7 mg/L
0.7 mg/L
400 mg/L
2.0 mg/L
0.2 mg/L
Examples
• Lead
• Silver
• Mercury
• Chromium
•
•
•
•
2,4-D
Benzene
Tetrachloroethylene
Pentachlorophenol
• Paint, wire coating, electronics, gun range,
electroplating, fly ash, foundry, batteries
• X-ray & photo developing, electronics,
electroplating, batteries
• Batteries, lamps, switches, dental fillings
•
•
•
•
•
Electroplating, paint, fly ash, foundry
Weed & feed products
Gasoline, oil, labs
Aerosol degreasers, dry cleaners
Egg farms, wood preservers
Questions
ignitable
corrosive
reactive
test methods
toxicity characteristic
The Other RCRA Waste
Hazardous wastes that can be managed
under reduced requirements–
• Used Oil (40 CFR 279)
• Universal Waste (40 CFR 273)
Used Oil
“Any oil refined from crude oil or any synthetic oil, that has
been used and as a result of such use is contaminated by
physical or chemical impurities”
Lube oil (crank case, tub/wire drawing)
Heat transfer oil (machining, hot plate)
Hydraulic oil
Does not include animal or vegetable oil
Used Oil
(40 CFR 279)
•
•
•
•
•
Used oil includes filters & absorbents
Can exhibit a HW characteristic or be listed HW
Presumed to be recycled (disposed = full regulation)
Must test for total halogens
> 1000 ppm halogens - presumed mixed with hazardous waste.
- halogenated solvents (100 ppm = HW)
Used Oil Generators
(40 CFR 279)
–
–
–
–
Don’t have to get EPA Id. No.
Burn in an on-site space heater
Can take from residential DIY
No storage time or quantity limits
• 1340-gallons petroleum waste and/or product – SPCC Plan
– Can be sold as fuel
• Off-spec – industrial boilers/furnaces regulated under Part 266
• On-spec – to anyone
– non-residential in CT.
Used Oil Fuel Specifications
• On-specification used oil fuel
–
–
–
–
–
–
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Flash point
Total halogens
5 ppm
2 ppm
10 ppm
100 ppm
100 F
4000 ppm
• Off-specification used oil fuel
– Exceed any of the above
Universal Waste Rule
(40 CFR 273)
• Waste generated at any type of business
–
–
–
–
–
Manufacturers
Repair shops
Office buildings
Hotels
Casinos
• Are a listed or characteristic HW
– Except for some FIFRA recalled pesticides
Universal Waste
• The universal waste:
– Batteries (HW corrosive, heavy metals)
• Lead-acid, NiCad, Hg cell, Li cell, Ag cell
– Thermostats (HW mercury)
– Lamps (HW mercury)
– FIFRA recalled pesticides
–
Universal Waste
• States can add other HW
– Mercury containing equipment (HW mercury)
– All fluorescent lamps (HW & non-HW mercury)
– Used electronics (HW lead, silver, mercury)
Universal Waste
• EPA Id. No., only if handling <5000 kilograms
• Store for up to one year
• Handle in an environmentally safe manner
• Spilled/released becomes fully regulated HW
• Ship to other UW handler
• Still UW
• Ship to final destination facility
• TSDF or permit exempt recyclers
• Becomes fully regulated HW
In the works
• Many states are considering adding pharmaceuticals
• Being pushed by hospitals and pharmacies
– “P” and “U” listed waste
• Warfarin
• Nicotine
• Epinephrine
– Characteristic waste
• Heavy metal compounds
– Mercury, selenium, barium, chromium
• Pesticides
– Lindan
• Ignitable liquids
Questions
Used oil & handling requirements
Universal Waste & handling requirements
Some Statistics
Virgin (waste) Oil
29,000,000 gallons/year run-off into oceans
• 85% land run-off
(24,650,000 gallons)
• 8% pipeline and oil tanker (2,320,000 gallons)
• 3% oil exploration
(870,000 gallons)
Some Statistics
Used Oil
1,378,000,000 gallons/year generated
•
•
•
•
67% burned as fuel
13% illegally disposed
10% landfilled
4% rerefined
(928,000,000 gallons)
(185,000,000 gallons)
(140,000,000 gallons)
(56,000,000 gallons)
Some Statistics
Used Oil Filters
400,000,000 filters/year generated
• 90% illegally disposed
• 10% recycled
• 1 ton recycled filters equals
(360,000,000)
(40,000,000)
1,700 pounds of steel
60 gallons of oil
Some Statistics
Lead-acid Batteries
70,000,000 Batteries/year generated
• 20 pounds lead/2 gallons acid
• 80% are recycled
• 20% are disposed
– 280,000,000 pounds lead disposed
– 28,000,000 gallons acid disposed
(56,000,000)
(14,000,000)
Some Statistics
Mercury Containing Lights
600,000,000 Waste bulbs/year
• 14 to 80 milligrams mercury/bulb
• Pre 1996, most disposed
• Post 1996:
–80% recycled (480,000,000 bulbs)
–20% disposed (*120,000,000 bulbs)
* About 20,000 pounds of mercury disposed each year
Some Statistics
Mercury Switches
Car trunk/hood lights
• 200,000,000 car light switches since 1979
• Pre 2003 – most where crushed with the car
• Post 2003 – most recovered as universal waste
Some Statistics
Used Electronics
• 2,600,000 tons discarded per year
• Most goes to landfills and incinerators.
• 140,000,000 are cell phones
• Many end up in foreign countries
Sources of Assistance
• David Stokes, DEP Waste Management
– 860-424-3269
– E-mail – david.stokes@po.state.ct.us
• DEP Compliance Assistance Phone Line
– Toll free 888-424-4193
– RCRA main line 860-424-3023