Unit 4, Genetics: Part 2
DNA / RNA /
PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
Journal Week: 17, Tuesday, January 6th
 Monday: J: No School!
 J: Reflect on the first semester of Biology.
 What was your semester grade?
 What grade did you get on your final?
 Are you happy with your performance?
 What topics do you still have questions about?
 What topics did you master?
 Did you have a different teacher?
 What did you/did you not like?
 How do you fit into the data on the board?
 CW: Policy Discussion / Class Expectations / Set up
Protein synthesis section
 HW: None
Class Expectations
 In your seat, ready at the bell.
 Notebook Out / Working on Journal Question / Homework
turned into basket/ Writing down HW for Day
 Actively participating in class activities.
 Maintain notebook / take notes/ complete class activities/
participate in class
 Respect for all.
 Do your absolute best.
 Participating / Completing all homework / staying organized /
STUDYING.
Class Policies
 Phones

NONE. Unless I tell you it’s okay. Out during a test/quiz = 0
 Homework

Stamps



Due on the due date (posted on back wall & front board)
You will receive the appropriate amount of stamps or an INC (it is either incomplete or
incorrect; you have until the end of the stamp collection to fix it and turn it back in)
One day late rule applies Will not be accepted after that
 Bathroom

Potty passes
 will be issued to each of you. DON’T LOSE IT! NO PASS = NO LEAVING THE
ROOM. Passes will be collected at the end of the marking period. Each unused
box= 2.5pts EC
 Supplies


BE RESPECTFUL or they GO AWAY!
All supplies are numbered and belong in their appropriate basket. Do NOT
remove any supply from this room. Return always to correct place.
Where?
 Keep My Binder?
 Bin in the back of the
room…your period #. KEEP
NEAT PLEASE!!!
 Supplies?
 In the Bin….or at the student
resource center. Please
return supplies to correct
locations
 Kleenex?
Front counter and my
desk
 Extra Copies
 Band-aids?
 Ask me
 Turn in Journals?

 Turn in other HW?

Student resource center
Bin Labeled Honors on my desk
 Pick up Graded Work?

Black tiers with class #
 Missing folder info?



Bin Labeled Honors on my desk
Large blue binder by my desk (ask to
use it)
 DATE?

Power Point
I have a “0”…and I did it.
 Look in the “No Name” Bin
 Found it? Put your name on it and put it in the bin up front!
 Look in the Graded work Bin
 Found it? Put it in the bin up front…sorry I missed it.
 Talk with me about it.
 Make sure you know what the assignment was, please don’t say
“I have a zero for something”. Talk at the beginning/end or
when we have a free minute.
Resources
 Website
 www.myteacherpages.com/webpages/channa
 Remind 101
 Text: @HannaBioH/ To: (754) 201-2505
 Email
 Hannac@pcsb.org
 INTERACTIVE Notebook
 Internet
 Tutoring
 Any time…just request it!
Journal Week: 17. Wednesday, January 7th
 J: Brain Dump of 1st semester topics!
 CW: Review of Semester 1 Topics
 HW: None
Protein SynthesisTitle AND Number EACH Page
Left Side, Pg #
Right Side, Pg #
Codon chart, 13
RNA Notes, 14
Transcription
Reinforcement, 15
Translation
Reinforcement, 17
Protein Synthesis
Overview, 19
Gene Expression
Reinforcement, 21
Transcription Notes, 16
Translation Notes, 18
Transcription Lab
Activity, 20
Mutations Notes, 22
Journal Week: 17, Thursday, January 8th
 J: Bozeman- 10 fact- DNA & RNA
 TI- none
 CW: RNA Structure Notes (pg 14)
 HW: Interactive Reader (Read, highlight, answer q’s)
pgs 134-142 DUE T 1/13
Structures of DNA / RNA
DNA
 Double Stranded
 Sugar = Deoxyribose

5 carbon sugar
 Phosphate group
 Bases: Adenine,
Guanine, Cytosine, &
Thymine
A=T
 C=G

RNA
 Single stranded
 Sugar=Ribose

5 carbon sugar
 Phosphate group
 Bases: Adenine,
Uracil, Cytosine,
Guanine
 A=U
 C=G
Types of RNA
Three main types:
1.
2.
3.
Messenger RNA
2.Transfer RNA
Ribosomal RNA
 Messenger RNA (mRNA) – carries DNA
code (message) to ribosomes for
translation
 Transfer RNA(tRNA)
– brings
amino acids
to ribosomes
for protein
synthesis
(making)
 Ribosomal RNA(rRNA) – Ribosomes
are made of rRNA and protein
Journal Week: 17, Friday, January 9th
 J: What are the bases of RNA? What are the base
pair combinations?
 TI: None
 CW: Transcription Notes (pg 16), Reinforecment (pg
15)
 HW: Reader Pages

Pgs. 134- 142 -> Read, Highlight, and Answer Questions DUE
T 1/13
DNA -> RNA
Step 1: Transcription
 Transcription: RNA molecules are made by
copying part of DNA nucleotide sequence
into complementary mRNA sequence
 Occurs in
the Nucleus
 1) RNA polymerase binds to DNA and
separates strands
 2) RNA polymerase uses one strand of
DNA as a template ,then assembles
nucleotides into a strand of mRNA
Note:
Remember
the change
of the T base
to URACIL!
How Does it Work?
 RNA Polymerase binds and starts at a region on
the DNA known as a promoter
 RNA strands are then edited
 Some parts are removed, called introns, which are
not expressed
 Parts that are left are called exons or expressed
genes
Journal Week: 18, Monday, January 12th
 J: Copy the following DNA strand and transcribe. (DNA
mRNA)
TAT TGG CAT GCG
 TI: none
 CW: Translation Notes (pg 18), Reinforcement (pg
17)
 HW: Interactive reader pgs 134-142 DUE T 1/13,
Transcription and Translation Coloring Wkst DUE
W 1/14
RNA  Protein
Step 2: Translation
The cell uses mRNA to produce proteins
1.mRNA moves to the cytoplasm -> to
ribosomes
2.tRNA “read” the mRNA codons and obtain
the amino acid its coded for (using
anticodon)
3.Ribosomes (rRNA) attach amino acids
together forming a polypeptide chain
(protein)
4.Polypeptide chain keeps growing until a
stop codon is reached
The Genetic Code
 The language of mRNA
 Based on the 4 bases of
mRNA
 A, U, G, C
 Codons: “Words” -3 mRNA
nitrogen base sequences
 Example: aaacguucgccc
aaa-cgu-ucg-ccc
 The amino acids would then
be Lysine – Arginine – Serine
- Proline
The Genetic Code
 Ultimately, DNA & RNA provide the
information for synthesizing proteins
 There are 20 different amino acids ( the
building blocks/ monomers of proteins)
 To determine which amino acid the
RNA strand codes for, We use Codon
Charts (pg 13).
Codon Charts
3 RNA bases=
Codon
Journal Week: 18, Tuesday, January 13th
 J: Where does transcription take place? What is the
outcome? Where does translation take place? What
is the outcome?
 TI- Interactive Reader pgs 134- 142
 CW: Protein Synthesis Overview (pg 19),
Transcription & Translation Lab Activity (pg 20)
 HW: Finish Lab Activity DUE W 1/14, Transcription
and Translation Coloring Wkst DUE W 1/14, RNA &
Protein Synthesis Quiz F 1/13
Sketch
this
picture
onto pg
19
- Include
lables!
Journal Week: 18, Wednesday, January 14th
 J: What is the amino acid sequence for this DNA
sequence?

TTA GCG ATG GCA AAC
 TI- Check Transcription Lab Activity (10 pts),
Transcription and Translation Coloring Wkst
 CW: Transcription and Translation Work Day
 HW: Finish Worksheet DUE Th 1/15, Protein
Synthesis Quiz FRI 1/16
Journal Week: 18, Thursday, January 15th
 J: Are all mutations harmful? Why, or why not?
What are the potentially harmful effects of
mutations?
 TI- Transcription and Translation worksheet
 CW: Mutation Notes (pg 22), Gene Expression
reinforcement (pg 21)
 HW: Quiz on DNA & RNA Tomorrow!!
Mutation
 Now and then cells make an oops when copying their own
DNA
 These mistakes are called mutations
 Mutations are changes in the
genetic material
 On average a mutation occurs once
every 1000 bases
Mutations
 Gene mutations result from changes in a single gene
 Chromosomal mutations involve changes in the whole
chromosomes
Gene Mutation
 Point Mutation – Affect one nucleotide,
occurs at a single point on the gene
Substitutions-
1 base changed to another
Gene Mutation
 Frameshift Mutation – Inserting an extra nucleotide or
deleting a nucleotide causes the entire code to “shift”
Addition- a base is inserted
 Deletion- a base is removed

What’s the difference you ask???
 Start with substitution
DNA:
mRNA:
A.A’s:
TAC
AUG
GCA
CGU
TGG
ACC
Substitution
TAC GTA
AAT
UUA
DNA:
TGG
AAT
mRNA:
A.A’s:
What happened!?! What type of gene mutation is this?
Point or frame shift?
How about another example
DNA:
mRNA:
A.A’S:
DNA:
mRNA:
A.A’s:
 This is a
TAC
CGA
TGG
AAT
AUG CGU ACC
UUA
Met - Arg - Thr - Leu
Insertion
TAT
CCG
ATG
GAA
type of mutation?
T
Do You Remember….?
 What was the second kind of gene
mutation?
Chromosomal
Chromosomal
mutations involve
changes in the whole chromosomes
 There are four types of chromosomal
mutation
Deletion,
Duplication, Insertion, and
Translocation
Chromosomal Mutation- DRAW THIS
 Deletion- Loss of all or
part of chromosome
• ORIGINAL CHROMOSOME
A
B
C
D
E
F
A
C
D
E
F
Chromosomal Mutation- DRAW THIS
 Duplication- produce extra
copies of segment
• ORIGINAL CHROMOSOME
A
A
B
C
D
E
F
B
B
C
D
E
F
Chromosomal Mutations- DRAW THIS
Inversion- Reverse the
direction of parts of
chromosomes
A
B
C
D
E
F
A
E
D
C
B
F
Chromosomal Mutation- DRAW THIS
Translocation- Part of one
chromosome breaks off and
attaches to another
A
B
C
D
E
F
A
B
C
J
K
L
G
H
I
D
E
F
Chromosomal Mutation
So… Which type would you Rather Have Now?
Point or
Frameshift?
Gene Regulation
 In simple cells (prokaryotic) lac genes
which are controlled by stimuli, turn
genes on and off
 In complex cells (eukaryotic) this
process is not as simple
 Promoter
sequences regulate gene operation
So… Which type would you Rather Have Now?
Point or
Frameshift?
Examples
Albinism-
One person in
17,000 in the
U.S.A. has
some type of
albinism.
unable to produce pigment
Hypertrichosis(Werewolf Syndrome)- excessive
growth of hair
Progeria- premature aging
1 in 4 to
8
million
children
Marfans Syndrome- disorder of the connective
tissues
Polymelia- extra limbs
 Aren't you lucky?
Journal Week: 18, Friday, January 16th
 J: Quiz reflection- 3 sentences
 TI- none
 CW: Quiz On DNA & RNA & Protein Synthesis
 HW: Mutations Wkst due Tues 1/20 (No School
Monday)