Chapter 13
The Rise of
Totalitarianism
Section 1: Postwar Social Change
• Main Idea:
– In the last chapter, we learned about how
World War I brought death and destruction ot
Europe. In this section, we will learn about
the influence of the war on the intellectual life
of the west
Vocabulary
– Flapper
– Prohibition
– Speakeasies
– Harlem Renaissance
– Psychoanalysis
– Abstract
– Dada
– Surrealism
Changes in Society after the War
• Affordable cars, improved telephones, and
new forms of media such as motion
pictures and radio brought people together
The Roaring 20’s
• Also known as “The Jazz Age” because
black Americans created the musical form
known as Jazz
• Included artists Louis Armstrong and Duke
Ellington
New Roles for Women:
• In 1920 the 19th Amendment was ratified,
giving women the right to vote
• Result: Women also began to be elected
to state and local offices
– Nellie Ross became the 1st woman Governor
in Wyoming
– Miriam Ferguson was also elected Governor
of Texas
• Most women continued to vote consistent
with their husbands
• During the War, women had held the
same jobs as men
• Many women were in the workforce,
however most women worked in the
lowest paying jobs: teachers, nurses, and
housekeepers
• Women also began attending college in
greater numbers (most were from wealthy
families)
New Family Roles
• Rules for women’s behavior started to change
as they began working and voting
• Women were still primarily responsible for the
child rearing and home responsibilities
• Men were still the primary earners in the family
• “The Flapper”:Young women who
challenged the traditional ideas of dress
and behavior
– Cut their hair, wore short dresses & makeup, smoked, went dancing all night
– Suggested a lifestyle of independence &
freedom
• Most American women continued to
disapprove of the Flappers
Prohibition
• Throughout history, many groups had tried
to outlaw alcohol
• There were many reasons provided to
outlaw alcohol:
– It led to instability in families, during WW I the
grain was needed for the war effort,
stereotypes that immigrants abused alcohol
The Eighteenth Amendment
• By 1917 more than half of the states had
passed laws restricting alcohol use
• In that year Congress passed a law
making it illegal to manufacture, transport,
or sell alcohol
• In 1919 Congress ratified the Vostead Act
to enforce the amendment
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Prohibition
in
Action
Prohibition was successful in decreasing the
amount of alcohol consumed by Americans
Was virtually impossible to enforce
Drinking alcohol was not illegal
Prohibition led to huge smuggling operations
In Detroit MI, producing alcohol was the 2nd
largest industry next to car making
Bootleggers: nickname given to liquor
smugglers (smuggled it inside their boots)
Some made their own liquor
Others drank alcohol intended for medicinal or
other products
Eventually, doctors were permitted to prescribe
alcohol for medical reasons
• The Illegal liquor business was the
foundation of the great criminal empires
like Al Capone
• Earned tens of million dollars per year
• Frightened and paid off law enforcement
• Some Agents worked to enforce
prohibition
– shut down speakeasies
– Destroyed captured liquor
– Destroyed the equipment of gangsters
The Rise of Fundamentalism
• Because of the significant changes in culture,
many Americans turned to Religion
• Billy Sunday rose to prominence as a revivalist
preacher
– Targeted white rural Americans
– Condemned radicals
– Criticized the changing role of women
• Aimee Semple McPherson
– Also a fundamentalist preacher
– Became famous for healing the sick through prayer
The Scopes Trial
• Religion began to have conflicts with
scientific theories
• Evolution became controversial because it
holds that inherited characteristics of a
population change over time and as a
result of these changes, new species
evolve
• Also suggested that humans may have
evolved from apes
• What is the conflict with religion?
• Fundamentalists worked hard to prevent
evolution from being taught in schools.
• Were do you think they were most
successful in winning that battle?
• In 1925 Tennessee made it illegal to teach
evolution
• John Scopes, a teacher in TN agreed to
teach evolution and was arrested.
• Trial took place in Dayton TN, but the entire
country followed the events of the trial
• Clarence Darrow: represented Scopes
• William Jennings Bryan: Prosecutor, and
fundamentalist
• (Read the account of the trial out loud on pg.
299 column 1 of the text)
• Scopes was convicted and fined $100
• Attorney William Bryan died 5 days later in his
sleep
• Conviction was overturned due to a technical
violation of law
The New Literature
• F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote The Great Gatsby,
Bernice Bobs her Hair, and Tales of the Jazz
Age
• Earnest Hemingway wrote about his
experiences in WW I in A Farewell to Arms
• The Lost Generation was a group of American
writers who chose to relocate to Europe after
WW I
• George Gershwin wrote music including
Rhapsody in Blue
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jK_ShoOL2ao
Literature of the Inner Mind
• British Novelist Virginia Woolf used
“stream of consciousness to explore the
thoughts of people going through ordinary
actions of their everyday life.
The Great Migration
• Around 1910, black Americans began
migrating to Harlem, a nieghborhood in
New York City
– Why was life difficult for blacks in the south?
• Segregation, limited job opportunities, fear of
violence
Why did they choose to go north?
• During WW I, Northern Factories had
more jobs than they could fill.
• Employers looked to the south for
employees
• African American papers spread word of
the opportunities for jobs
• The Great Migration: major relocation of
African-Americans to northern towns.
Life in Harlem
• By 1920’s 200,000 African Americans
lived in Harlem
• It became the unofficial capital of AfricanAmerican Culture and activism
A Renaissance in Harlem
• Harlem exuded a strong sense of racial
pride and identity
• Before this time, there was very little African
American literature
• In 1924 the National Urban League
sponsored a dinner for publishers, editors,
and black authors
• Harlem renaissance believed in defiance &
resistance in the face of discrimination
Harlem Artists
• Black artists begin to win fame and
recognition
• Most artists focus on African American
experiences in their work
• Until this time, black actors, musicians,
and performers had not been given
leading roles.
Jazz
• Blended different musical styles from the
south
• Much of jazz was improvised (made up on
the spot.)
• Famous jazz musicians included Louis
Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Fats Waller,
and Bessie Smith
• Jazz was important because it helped
bridge the gap across races
New Scientific Theories
• Marie Curie and Radioactivity
– Polish born, French scientist found that atoms
of certain elements such as radium and
uranium released charged particles
– This proved that atoms were not solid and
indivisible
Einstein’s Theory of Relativity
• In 1905 and 1916
Einstein introduced
theories of relativity
• Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin, a
mold that kills bacteria
• Is used in medicines today to kill bacteria
Freud Probes the mind
• Suggested that the subconscious mind
struggles between what it wants to do and
that the societal norms says it must do
• This results in constant tension and
anxiety which can lead to physical and
mental disorders
New Directions in Painting
Henri Matisse
introduced fauvre
style of painting
with bold strokes,
wild colors, and
distortions
• French Artist Georges
Braque and Pablo
Picasso introduce
Cubism, a style of
painting using complex
patterns of angles
• Vasily
Kandinsky and
Paul Klee
created
abstract artwork
composed only
of lines, colors,
and shapes
with no
recognizable
subject
• Dadaism believed
there was no sense
or truth in the world.
Was intended to
shock and disturb
viewers
• Surrealism attempted
to portray the
workings of the inner
mind
New Styles of Architecture
• Architecture begins to blend science with
technology
• Buildings begin to feature glass, steel, and
concrete but have little decoration
• Frank Lloyd Wright is a famous architect of
the time
Review Questions for Section
#1
Section #2:Vocabulary
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Maginot Line
Kellogg-Briand Pact
Disarmament
General Strike
Overproduction
Finance
Federal reserve
Great Depression
Franklin D. Roosevelt
New Deal
Section #2: Western
Democracies Struggle
• Main Idea: In the last section, we learned
about the cultural affects of World War I.
In this section, we will learn how the war
affected the political life and economies of
Britain, France, and The United States.
We will also learn how the Great
Depression began, and how it affected
these nations.
Party Struggles in Britain
• During the 1920’s the Labour Party began to
grow in strength
• It supported a gradual move toward socialism
• Middle Class was represented by the Liberal
Party. Out of fear of the Labour Party, the
Liberal party merged with the Conservative
Party (upper class)
• Once Liberals joined with conservatives they
were more powerful than the Labour party
• In 1926 a massive strike of 3 million workers led
to legislation limiting power of workers to strike
Irish Independence at Last
• In 1914, England began legislation to grant
Ireland its independence, but it was
disregarded when World War I started
• In 1919 the law was again denied, members
of the Irish Republican Army began a
guerrilla war against England
• In 1922, Britain and Ireland reached an
agreement. Most of Ireland became a selfgoverning free state, Protestant Counties
remained under England’s control
France’s Troubled Peace
• After World War 1, several parties
competed for power in France
The Red Scare and Isolationism
in the United States
• The U.S. emerged from World War I in
good shape
– Had few casualties, and little loss of property
• Did have fear of Bolsheviks and radicals
leading to the “Red Scare”
– Led to people being rounded up if they were
suspected radicals and expelled from the U.S.
– Also resulted in limiting immigration from
Europe
Arguing Allies
• Britain, France, and the United States were
having difficult foreign relations
• France
– Main concern was protection from Germany, so
they build a massive fortress called the Maginot
Line
– Wanted to keep Germany’s economy weak and
demanded full reparations
– Also built alliances with Russia
• Britain
– Wanted to relax Treaty of Versaille
– Was afraid France was becoming too
powerful
The Search for Peace
• In 1925 Seven countries signed a peace
treaty in Switzerland settling border
disputes in Europe
• In 1928 The Kellogg-Briand Pact was
sponsored by the United States
• All the great powers pledged to renounce
war and pursue disarmament and limit
their militaries
• League of Nations encouraged
cooperation and tried to get countries to
cease aggression
The League’s Weakness
• League of Nations had no way to enforce
th e Kellogg-Briand Pact
Postwar Economics
• Britain faced debt after WWI , high levels
of unemployment, frequent worker strikes
• 1926 there was a general strike, a strike
by workers of different industries at the
same time, lasted 9 days
• French economy recovered rapidly
The United States Booms
• U.S. emerges as the world’s leading economic
power after WW I
• By the late 1920’s an economic crisis was
growing in the U.S.
• Falling demand for factory goods and farmed
goods
• Farmers and unskilled workers suffered
• As people earned less, they bought less,
leading to an overproduction of goods
• As demand for goods slowed, people lost jobs
Crash and Collapse
• A crisis in finance (the management of
money, loans, and investments) was
emerging
• Because the stock market had been so
successful, people were buying stock on
credit
• The Federal Reserve System tried to slow
the use of credit by raising interest rates.
• What is the Federal Reserve System?
• What was the effect of raising interest
rates?
• In October 1929, the stock market crashed
when people sold massive amounts of
stock at the same time
• The Great Depression began.
• What was the Great Depression?
The Depression Spreads
• American banks stopped making loans to
European nations and wanted repayment
of the loans they had previously made
• U.S. instituted high tariffs on imported
goods
• European nations responded with the
same
Britain and France Search for
Solutions
• Great Britain sets up some unemployment,
but 1 in 4 workers remained out of work
• In response to the depression, workers in
France began to back Socialist leader
Leon Blum
– Blum tried to pass laws to solve problems but
was unsuccessful
Roosevelt Offers the New Deal
• President Herbert Hoover did not believe
in direct aid to people suffering from the
depression
• In 1932, Franklin Roosevelt was elected
President.
– He introduced the “New Deal” a system of
economic and social reforms
– New laws regulated the market, and protected
bank deposits, created jobs, gave aid to
farmers, and created social security pensions
• The Dust Bowl results from an extreme
drought, carried away farming land,
destroyed crops, and caused damage to
homes and equipment
• Many farmers left and headed West to
California
Loss of Faith in Democracy
• As the depression wore on, many people
lost faith in the ability of democracy to
solve modern problems
Section 3 Vocabulary
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Benito Mussolini
Black Shirts
March on Rome
Totalitarian State
Fascism
Section #3 Facism in Italy
• Main Idea: In the last section, we learned
about the impact of world events on
Western Democracies. In this section, we
will learn that they reacted in different
ways to the events
Mussolini’s Rise to Power
• When Italy joined the Allies in WWI they
were promised land from Austrio-Hungary’s
territory
• After the Allies won, Italy was given some of
the land it was promised, but not all of the
land.
• Italians were furious that they were doublecrossed
• Inspired by the Socialist revolution in
Russia, workers in Italy revolted as well
A Leader Emerges
• Benito Mussolini was the son of a socialist
Blacksmith and a teacher
• Was a socialist as a teen, but became a
nationalist during WWI
• In 1919 he organized the Fascist party
• Name was taken
from fasces, a
bundle of sticks
wrapped around an
axe
• In ancient Rome, the
fasces symbolized
power and authority
• This
symbol is
also seen
elsewhere
• This same
symbol used to
be on our dime
as well!
• Mussolini was a charismatic speaker
• Promised to end corruption and restore
order
• Wanted to restore Roman greatness to the
country of Italy
Mussolini Gains Control
• Mussolini organized his supporters into
combat squads
• Squads wore black shirts to represent earlier
revolutions
• Favored violence instead of the democratic
process to bring about change
• They broke up rallies, destroyed property,
threatened officials, and forced them out of
power
• Most Italians supported the Black Shirts
• In 1922 Fascist announced their bid for
power
• Tens of Thousands of Fascists stormed
the capital in the “March of Rome”
• Fearing civil war, King Victor Emmanuel III
asks Mussolini to create a government
Mussolini’s Rule
• Mussolini slowly increased his power
• By 1925, assumed the title El Duce “the
leader”
• He supressed the press, rigged elections,
and replaced elected officials with Fascist
supporters
• Critics were thrown into prison, exiled, or
murdered
State Control of the Economy
• Mussolini brought the economy under
state control
• Wanted to preserve capitalism
• System favored the upper class
• Production was maximized, workers were
forbidden to strike, and wages were kept
very low
The Individual and the State
• Loyalty to the state was the priority over all
other loyalties
• The individual was unimportant except as
a contribution to the state
• There was ongoing propaganda to “Obey,
believe, fight”
• Men were encouraged to be ruthless
warriors fighting for Italy, women were
pushed out of paying jobs
• Women who had more than 14 children
were awarded a medal of honor
• Shaping the young was a major goal
– Youth groups toughened children and taught
them obedience
– Boys and girls learned about the ancient
glories of Italy
– Children marched in parades, sung patriotic
hymns and chanted “Mussolini is always right”
The Nature of Fascism
• Mussolini built the first totalitarian state
• What is a totalitarian state?
• What is Fascism?
– Centralized, totalitarian, authoritarian government
– Is not communist
– Puts the state over the individual/ extreme
nationalism
– Violates human rights
– Glorified violence, discipline, and total obedience
– Antidemocratic (democracy leads to weakness and
puts individual goals before the good of the whole
The Appeal of Fascism
• It promised a strong, stable government
and an end to political feuding
• Porjected a sense of power and
confidence during a time of despair
• Revived national pride
• At first, even foreign countries endorsed
Mussolini, because he got the country in
order
Fascism Compared to Communism
• Fascists were the sworn enemies of the
communists and socialists
• Why?
– Nationalism vs. global focus
– Class system vs. classless system
• Commonalities
– Blind devotion to the state
– Use of terror to maintain control
– Both flourished during economic crisis by
promoting extreme programs of social
change
Looking Ahead
• 3 Separate systems of Government were
emerging in Europe
– Democracy
– Communism
– Fascism
Section 4 Vocabulary
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Command economy
Collecitves
Kulaks
Gulag
Socialist Realism
Russification
Atheism
Comintern
Section 4:
The Soviet Union Under Stalin
• Main Idea: We have learned about
Mussolini’s totalitarian state in Italy. In this
section, we will learn how Stalin gained
and maintained control of the Soviet
Union-disregarding the human costs.
• In 1924 tens of thousands of people lined
the streets in Moscow’s red square to view
the body of Vladimir Lenin. His body
remained on display for 65 years. By
preserving Lenin’s body Joseph Stalin, his
successor wanted to show that he would
carry on the goals of the revolution.
A Totalitarian State
• Once in control, Stalin imposed control
over the economy, government owned all
businesses and distributed all resources
• In 1928 he imposed a 5 year plan with 3
goals
– Build heavy industry
– Improve transportation
– Increase farm output
• Developed a command economy
• What is a command economy?
• Mixed Results in industry
– Government gave bonuses to workers and
managers who met production goals and
punished those who did not
– Huge industrial complexes were built
– Oil, coal, steel production grew
• Overall standard of living for workers
remained low
• Central planning was inefficient causing
overproduction in some area and
shortages in others.
• Managers were so concerned with
producing large quantities of goods that
they produced low quality goods
• Consumer products such as cars, clothing,
and appliances were scarce
• Workers were forbidden to strike
Forced Collectivization in Agriculture
• Stalin took away peasants small plots of
land
• Wanted farmers to live on collectives
• What are collectives?
• Government would provide equipment,
fertilizer and feed, farmers would learn
better farming methods
• Peasants could keep their houses and
personal belongings but all animals and
tools were turned over to the state
• State set all the prices of what it would pay
for animals and equipment
• Do you think the prices were high or low?
• Some farmers resisted collective
agriculture by killing their animals,
destroying equipment, & burning crops
• Stalin believed it was the wealthy farmers
or kulaks, who were resisting
• He decided to liquidate this class by
sending them to labor camps.
• Poor farmers also resisted by growing only
enough to support their families
• Stalin responded by seizing all the crops
they grew and leaving peasants to starve
to death
• What was the result?
Stalin’s Terror Tactics
• Used the secret police to violate people’s
personal privacy
• Nothing was printed without approval of the
Government
• People who complained were sent to prison
camps
• In 1934 he launches the “Great Purge”
– Targets Bosheviks first, then military leaders, then
industrial managers, writers, and regular citizens
– Charges them with crimes against the state
• In 1937, Stalin conducts “Show Trials”
– Communist leaders were forced to publicly
confess to crimes after being tortured or
threatened.
– At least 4 million people were sent to hard
labor camps during this time
• Stalin’s tactics increase his power due to
fear, but also result in the loss of some of
Russia’s most talented thinkers and
leaders
Communist Attempts to Control Thought
• Stalin distributed propaganda
– Radios and loudspeakers continuously blared
– In movies and school, citizens repeatedly
heard about the success of communism
– Billboards and posters urged workers to boost
production
Long Live the Great Stalin,
1938
Trampled beneath the
feet of the Red Army
are the defeated White
generals and the idol
of Mammon, symbol of
capitalism.
Censorship & the Arts
• Government controlled what books were
written, what music was heard, and what
art was displayed
• Artists work was required to meet
Socialist Realism
– What was the goal of Socialist Realism?
– Art typically featured a positive hero beating
the odds to accomplish a goal
– Who do you think was a typical “hero”?
• If artists did not conform, they faced
prison, torture, exile, and death
• Some artists and writers did not create
anything, others had their works published
outside Russia
Russification
• Stalin promoted a policy of Russification.
• What is Russification?
• Russia was made up of 11 separate
republics
– Initially he encouraged them to speak theie
language and maintain their culture, but
eventually started appointing Russians to high
ranking positions in non Russian Republics
– Required Russian to be spoke in all
businesses and schools
War on Religion
• Atheism becomes the official state policy
on Religion
• Russian Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and
Jewish religions were targeted
• Named the writings of Marx and Lenin as
sacred texts and set up shrines to Stalin
Soviet Society Under Stalin
• Communists destroyed the old social class
system
• Replaced it with very few in elite upper
class
– This included industrial leaders, military
leaders, scientists, and some artists and
writers
– Lived in the best apartments, had vacation
homes, could shop in special stores
Benefits and Drawbacks
• All children were required to attend free school
• State supported technical schools and universities as
well
• State also set up outside activities for youth: sports,
cultural activities, and political youth groups to train for
party membership
• State also provided free daycare, housing, and public
recreation
• Although housing was provided, sometimes entire
families were in one room
• Food was provided, but meat, & fruit were scarce
Women in the Soviet Union
• Women were considered equal in the
USSR
• Had access to education and jobs
• Men and women earned the same salaries
Soviet Foreign Policy
• 2 different foreign policy goals
– Wanted to bring about the world wide communist
revolution of workers
• Lenin formed the Comintern to accomplish this
• What does Comintern stand for?
• Comintern encouraged communist revolutions around
the world
– Wanted to guarantee their nation’s security by
positive relationships with other countries
– How do you think other nations responded to
USSR’s encouragement of communist
revolutions?
Looking Ahead
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Stalin dies in 1953
USSR is a world military power
World Industrial Power
People were living in poverty
Stalin failed to deliver what Lenin had
promised.
CST Practice Question
“We are 50 or 100 years behind the advanced
countries. We must make good this distance
in 10 years. Either we do it, or we shall go
under.”
-Joseph Stalin
Which action was taken to address the problem
above?
a. The Great Purge
b. The Terror Famine
c. The Five Year Plan
d. The New Economic Policy
Answer
“We are 50 or 100 years behind the advanced
countries. We must make good this distance in
10 years. Either we do it, or we shall go under.”
-Joseph Stalin
Which action was taken to address the problem
above?
a. The Great Purge
b. The Terror Famine
c. The Five Year Plan
d. The New Economic Policy
Section 5: Vocabulary
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Chancellor
Ruhr Valley
Third Reich
Gestapo
Nuremburg Laws
Section 5:Hitler and the Rise of
Nazi Germany
• We have learned about the ruthless
dictators in Italy and the Soviet
Union. In this section, we will study the
rise of a third ruthless dictator, Adolf Hitler.
The Weimer Republic’s Rise and Fall
• As WWI came to a close, Germany was in
a state of chaos, the kaiser abdicated, and
the country was forced to sign the treaty of
Versailles.
• German leaders drafted a new constitution
creating a democratic government with a
parliament led by a chancellor
• What is a chancellor?
• Constitution gave women the right to vote
and guaranteed a Bill of Rights.
Political Struggles
• There were many small parties competing
for power
• Because the government was moderate, it
faced constant criticism from extremists
– Communists wanted more radical changes
– Conservatives claimed the government was
too liberal and weak
• All parties were highly upset with the treaty
of Versailles
Runaway Inflation
• In 1923, Germany fell behind in Reparations
payments
• France invaded the Rurh Valley where there
was coal mining
• German workers responded by refusing to work
• German government supported the workers by
continuing to pay them even though they
weren’t working
• Germany printed paper money that it could not
back
• What is the result?
• Inflation spirals out of control
• Item that cost 100 marks in July 1922 cost
944,000 marks in August 1923
Recovery and Collapse
• The Dawes Plan
– In 1924, the U.S. intervenes and loans
Germany the $$ to pay off its reparations
– In doing this, France withdraws from the Ruhr
Valley, and German miners return to work
• Then the Great Depression Hits
The Nazi Party’s Rise to Power
• Adolf Hitler was born in Austria in 1889
• When he was 18 he went to Vienna
• Vienna was a multi-ethnic city (GermanAustrians, Jews, Serbs, and Poles)
• Hitler begins to develop feelings of AntiSemitism
• What is Anti-Semitism?
• He goes onto Germany, and fights in the
Germany Army during WWI
• While in the army, Hitler joins a radical
extremist group that despised the current
Weimer government in Germany
• Within a year, Hilter is leading the National
Socialist German Workers party aka “Nazi”
Hitler’s Manifesto
• In 1923, Hitler attempts a coup to seize
power in Munich
• He was arrested and found guilty of treason
• While in prison he writes Mein Kampf (My
struggle) which later becomes the basic
book of Nazi ideology
– Extreme nationalism, racism, anti-semitism
– Believed in the superiority of the master race of light
skinned Europeans
– Viewed Jews as a separate race
– Blamed the loss of WWI on a conspiracy involving
Jews,Marxists, politicians, and businessmen
Hitler Comes to Power
• Hitler wanted Germans to unite into one
great nation
• Wanted Germany to expand to gain
Lebensraum
• What is Lebensraum?
• Expected other races to bow to the Aryan
needs
• Hitler believed to accomplish these things,
Germany needed him to become the
Fuhrer
• When Hitler was release from prison 1
year later, he resumed his public
speeches
• Membership in the Nazi party grew to 1
million
• Hitler promised to end reparations, create
jobs and defy the treaty of Versailles by rearming Germany
• Conservative party appointed Hitler
chancellor in 1933 through legal means of
the constitution.
• Within 1 year, Hitler was dictator of
Germany
• He suspended civil rights, destroyed
socialists and communists, and got rid of
other political parties
• Executed any Nazi’s that he suspected of
disloyalty
The Third Reich Controls Germany
• Hitler drew people into the Nazi party by
reliving past military glories and Reichs
(empires)
• He claimed that under the Third Reich, the
German master race would dominate
Europe for 1,000 years
• To combat the depression, Hitler launched
a large public works program building
roads, houses, or planting trees
• Hitler also began a plan to re-militarize
Germany becomes a totalitarian
state
• To achieve his goals, Hitler instituted totalitarian
rule, controlling all aspects of German life
– Religion, government, education, press, etc
• The SS, black uniformed elite troops enforced
Hitler’s will
• The Gestapo, or secret police rooted out
opposition
• German’s were thrilled with Hitler’s
accomplishments to revive Germany and end
unemployment
The Campaign against Jews Begins
• In 1935, Hitler passed the Nuremburg
Laws, which denied Jewish people
German citizenship and placed restrictions
on them
– Could not marry non-Jews, attend German
schools or universities, hold government jobs,
practice law or medicine, or publish books or
articles
– Jews were beaten and robbed, and Germans
were encouraged to participate in this
behavior
Night of Broke Glass
• On November 7, 1938, a young Jew
whose parents had been mistreated shot
and wounded a German diplomat in Paris
• Hitler used this incident to stage an attack
on all Jews
• Nov. 9-10 Nazi led mobs attacked Jews all
over Germany, Austria, and
Czechoslovakia
• Hitler also began making plans for his
“final solution”
Nazi Youth
• Hitler urged young Germans to destroy
their enemies without mercy
• Youth pledged absolute loyalty to
Germany and participated in physical
fitness to prepare for war
• Education was re-written to reflect Nazi
views
• Upper class women were dismissed from
jobs and prohibited from universities
• Hitler wanted women to raise the birthrate
to produce more “pure blooded Aryans”
• Women were offered rewards for
producing children
• Working class women continued to work in
factories to support the war effort
Purging German Culture
• Hitler also wanted to purify German
Culture
– Denounced modern art (corrupted by Jewish
influence) and jazz( because of the African
American influence)
• Also replaced Christianity with racial creed
– Closed Catholic churches and schools
– Combined all Protestant Churches into one
state church
Authoritarian Rule in Eastern Europe
• In 1919, the Ottoman, Russian, German,
and Austrio-Hungary empires were split
into many small countries
– All were based on agricultural economy
– All lacked the money to industrialize
– All had huge class differences
• These countries were artificially created,
and there were ethnic tensions
(Czechoslovakia: czechs and slovaks)
• These small countries were also taken
over by anti-semetic dictators
CST Practice Question
“Fists are hammering at the door.The shutters are
broken open. We can hear the heavy cupboards
crashing to the floor. Two storm troopers come
running upstairs shouting at the top of their voices.”
These actions are a description of Hitler’s
willingness to:
a. Enslave the Russian people
b. Acquire Polish lands for German settlement
c. Act upon his hatred of Jews
d. End the power of organized labor
Answer
“Fists are hammering at the door.The shutters are
broken open. We can hear the heavy
cupboards crashing to the floor. Two storm
troopers come running upstairs shouting at the
top of their voices.”
These actions are a description of Hitler’s
willingness to:
a. Enslave the Russian people
b. Acquire Polish lands for German settlement
c. Act upon his hatred of Jews
d. End the power of organized labor