Rhetoric: art of communicating ideas
Methods: Speech, Writing, Art, Music,
Advertising, and basically any way ideas can be shared

Subject
Rhetorical
Situation
Speaker
Purpose
Audience
Invention
Arrangement
Style

• Logos (Logical Appeals)
• Pathos (Emotional Appeals)
• Ethos (Ethical Appeals)

Subject
Rhetorical
Situation
Speaker
Invention
Ethos
(Credibility)
Purpose
Logos
(Logic)
Arrangement
Audience
Pathos
(Emotion)
Style

• convince audience using rational arguments supported with objective evidence or reasonable assumptions
Example:
Slavery should be abolished because “all men are created equal” (reasonable assumption) and African people have the same brain capacity as European people (evidence).

• convince audience using specific examples of emotions such as happiness or suffering, or potential threats that cause fear
– fear, pity, lust, happiness, worth, belonging, patriotism
Example:
Slavery should be abolished because no man should have to feel the fear that he is ruled entirely by another man — whipped at a whim or seeing his children ripped from his eyes and sold like cattle. (pity/outrage/disgust)

• Convince the audience by the authority of a person or a group (credibility); relies on shared moral values and call forth the audience’s sense of right, justice, and virtue
Example:
Slavery should be abolished because all of the great men of our time (authority) realize the moral irresponsibility of attempting to justify that it is acceptable to treat another human being in a fashion different from how we would treat our brother (moral value).

Subject
Rhetorical
Situation
Invention
Arrangement
Speaker
Audience
Purpose
Logos
(Logic)
Ethos
(Credibility)
Organization / Structure / Form
Pathos
(Emotion)
Diction
(Word Choice)
Style

• refers to the writer's or the speaker's distinctive vocabulary choices and style of expression

Subject
Rhetorical
Situation
Invention
Arrangement
Speaker
Audience
Purpose
Logos
(Logic)
Ethos
(Credibility)
Organization / Structure / Form
Pathos
(Emotion)
Diction
(Word Choice)
Syntax
(Sentence Structure)
Style

• Refers to the principles and rules for constructing sentences in natural languages
(i.e. following grammatical rules!  )

Subject
Rhetorical
Situation
Invention
Arrangement
Speaker
Audience
Purpose
Logos
(Logic)
Ethos
(Credibility)
Organization / Structure / Form
Pathos
(Emotion)
Diction
(Word Choice)
Syntax
(Sentence Structure)
Style
Imagery
(Senses)

• Used in literature to refer to descriptive language that evokes sensory experiences

Subject
Rhetorical
Situation
Invention
Arrangement
Speaker
Audience
Purpose
Logos
(Logic)
Ethos
(Credibility)
Organization / Structure / Form
Pathos
(Emotion)
Diction
(Word Choice)
Syntax
(Sentence Structure)
Style
Imagery
(Senses)
Figurative
Language
(Englishy Terms)

• Language that communicates ideas beyond the literal meaning of words
(Think Beauty and the Beast!)
Jumping for joy!
"Mama said life was
LIKE a box of chocolate, you never know what you're gonna get!"
I’m so hungry, I could eat a horse!

• Elevated Language —develop serious tone and help ethical appeals (credibility)
• Rhetorical Question —question where no answer is expected; posed to show arguments make the answer obvious

• Repetition —repeating a point tells the audience what is important
• Parallelism —ideas expressed in the same way to emphasize importance
• Allusion: indirect reference to a person, place, event, or literary work with which the author believes the reader will be familiar so that a point can be made