PUBLIC AWARENESS OF
VICTIMS OF NAZISM ISSUES IN UKRAINE
Report on survey results
prepared by
Kiev International Institute of Sociology (KIIS)
for The
Foundation “Remembrance, Responsibility and Future” (Stiftung EVZ)
Kyiv, October 2014
INFORMATION ON
SURVEY METHODOLOGY
2
Methodology
•
The current survey on public awareness of victims of Nazism issues in Ukraine was carried out by the Kyiv International
Institute of Sociology on request of the Ukrainian not-for-profit non-governmental voluntary organization “Age Concern
Ukraine” (“Турбота про літніх в Україні”), which, within the framework of realization of the programme “Meeting Point:
Dialogue” sponsored by Stiftung “Erinnerung, Verantwortung, Zukuft” , supports projects, aimed to promote social and
psychological improvement for the Nazi victims in Ukraine.
•
The purpose of the study is to measure the opinions, attitudes and behaviour of Ukrainians towards the victims of Nazism
and elderly people in general. The survey including following themes: importance of victims’ experience for modern
Ukrainian society, social status of former victims of Nazism and other elderly people in Ukraine, generation link, readiness to
help elderly people and intention to be involved.
•
To meet the project objectives, this study included the following stages:
– Public opinion survey of adult population of Ukraine. Overall 2035 respondents aged 18 and above (286 of them
aged 70 and above) were interviewed face-to-face at their homes in 110 settlements in all regions of Ukraine (except
Luhansk and Crimea). The face-to-face survey was carried out between the 12th and 21 of September 2014. Statistical
sample error for total adult population with probability of 0.95 and design-effect of 1.5 does not exceed 3.3%.
– Computer assisted telephone interview (CATI) of people aged 70 and above. In order to obtain more precise
information on size of target group, and to identify their needs and living conditions, a special-purpose telephone
survey of people aged 70 and above was conducted. The telephone survey was carried out between 24 th and 26th of
September 2014. Overall 616 respondents aged 70 and above were interviewed by telephone. So the total number of
respondents aged 70 and above is 902. Statistical sample error for people aged 70+ with probability of 0.95 and
design-effect of 1.5 does not exceed 4.8%.
3
Public awareness of victims of National
Socialism and the estimates of the
number of victims who currently live in
Ukraine
SECTION 1
4
PERSONAL ACQUAINTANCE
WITH VICTIMS OF NAZISM
• About 11% of people in Ukraine personally
know someone who can be called a victim of
Nazism. In this survey we defined victims of
Nazism as all people who suffered from National
Socialism injustice at the time of World War II
(prisoners at concentration camps and ghettos,
forced labourers, prisoners of war and others).
•Victims of Nazism can be found among relatives
and friends of people in any age group. The rate
of people who reported that they know
somebody who can be called a victim of Nazism
varies from 8% among people aged 18-29 to 10%12% among people of middle age groups and
14% among people aged over 70.
Among your acquaintances (either
relatives or friends), who live in Ukraine,
do you have somebody who can be
defined as a "victim of Nazism"?
Difficult
to say
4%
Yes
11%
•In Western, Southern and Central oblasts of
Ukraine there are slightly more people who
knows someone who suffered from Nazism
during WW II. Among residents of those regions
11%-13% reported they know some people who
are victims of Nazism, while only 6% do this in
Eastern oblasts .
•Victims of Nazism often know each other.
According to survey results, about a half (53%) of
victims of Nazism knows someone else with a
similar life experience.
No
85%
5
AMOUNT OF VICTIMS OF
NAZISM AMONG PEOPLE’S
ACQUAINTANCES
•Three quarters (76%) of people, who knows
someone who suffered from National Socialism
injustice during WW II, mentioned that they
know from one to three such victims. About 11%
answered they personally know from 4 to 20
victims of Nazism.
•Average number of victims , known by a person,
do not depend on person’s age and region, but is
higher among people who are victims of Nazism
themselves: people who suffered from National
Socialism in average tend to know three other
victims, while others in average knows less than
2 victims.
•If we extrapolate these results on general
population, we can estimate how strongly
victims of Nazism are involved in the network of
social relationships - it is clear that one victim
could be known by many other people, so the
more contacts we observe, the larger
involvement is.
•According to the data provided by State
Statistics Service of Ukraine, there are about 37
million of adults living in Ukraine. According to
our estimates, 3.8 million (11%) know somebody
who is a victim of Nazism, and an average
number of such acquaintances is 2.29. Our data
suggests that there are 486.7 thousand of
victims of Nazism who at this time live in Ukraine.
So we can state, that on average one victim has
about 18 acquaintances among people living in
Ukraine.
How many such people do you know? It
means that you know them by sight and
by name, and that there has been some
contact (either in person, by telephone or
mail) in the past 2 years.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
15
20
Difficult to say
43%
19%
14%
2%
3%
2%
0%
1%
1%
1%
0%
13%
6
AMOUNT OF VICTIMS OF
NAZISM LIVING IN UKRAINE
(AS SELF-DEFINED)
•According to joined data of face-toface and telephone surveys, about
9.5% of people now aged over 70 was
victims of Nazism at the time of World
War II. Among elderly people living in
Ukraine 2% were forced laborers, 0.9%
were prisoners of war, 0.8% are Jews
who survived the Holocaust, 0.8%
were prisoners at concentration camps
or ghettos, 0.2% are Roma who
survived the Holocaust, 5.7% defined
themselves as other kind of victims of
Nazism.
•According to State Statistics Service of
Ukraine, at the beginning of this year
the total number of people aged 70
years and over was 5 105 089. If we
assume that 9.5% of them were
victims of Nazism, we can state, that
there are about 486.7 thousand
people living in Ukraine who suffered
from National Socialism injustice at
the time of World War II.
Please look at this card and tell me
whether you can be ascribed to any of
these groups?
(PEOPLE AGED 70 YEARS AND OVER)
Forced labourers
(Ostarbeiters)
Roma (Gypsy) who
survived the Holocaust
Jews who survived the
Holocaust
Prisoners at concentration
camps or ghetto
Prisoners of war
Other category of victims
2.0%
0.2%
0.8%
0.8%
0.9%
5.7%
Not a victim
Difficult to say / Don't
know
85.3%
5.2%
*Multiple answers allowed so sum is larger than 100%.
7
AGE AND GENDER
DISTRIBUTION OF VICTIMS
•Females constitute a major part of
all victims of Nazism living in Ukraine,
as well as a major part of all elderly
people in Ukraine. According to survey
results, 75% of people reported
themselves as victims of Nazism are
female, 25% - male.
•Almost a half (48%) of people who
suffered form Nazism are now aged
between 75 and 79 (born in 19351939). More than a quarter (27%) are
people aged under 75, and 26% are
aged over 79.
Age and gender distribution of victims of
Nazism living in Ukraine
90 and over
1% 3%
Female
85-89 years
80-84 years
75-79 years
70-74 years
Male
8%
2%
11%
15%
33%
7%
20%
8
PLACE OF CURRENT
RESIDENCE
Distribution of victims of Nazism by
region of current residence
•According to survey results, victims of
Nazism live all over Ukraine: 37% of
them live in Central oblasts, 22% - in
Western oblasts, 21% - in Southern
oblasts and 20% - in Eastern part of
Ukraine.
•About 40% of victims live in rural
area, and 60% are urban residents.
Eastern
20%
Western
22%
Southern
21%
Central
37%
*Western region: Volynska, Zakarpatska, Ivano-Frankivska, Lvivska, Rivnenska, Ternopilska, Khmelnytska, Chernivetska oblast; Central region: Kyiv, Kyivska,
Vinnytska, Zhytomyrska, Kirovogradska, Poltavska, Sumska, Cherkaska, Chernigivska oblast; Southern region: Dnipropetrovska, Zaporizka, Mykolaivska, Odeska,
Khersonska oblast; Eastern region: Kharkivska, Donetska oblast.
9
Importance of victims’ experience for
modern Ukrainian society
SECTION 2
10
IS THE EXPERIENCE OF
VICTIMS OF NAZISM
IMPORTANT FOR MODERN
UKRAINIAN SOCIETY?
•An absolute majority (78%) of
Ukrainians think that it is important
for modern Ukrainian society to
remember and properly understand
the experience of victims of Nazism.
•Victims of Nazism and people who
knows someone who suffered from
National Socialism are generally
express higher levels of concern about
memory retention and proper
understanding of the lessons of the
past.
•In addition, people from Western
region and elderly people tend to
attach more importance to this issue
than people from Eastern oblasts and
young people.
Do you believe it is important or not
important for modern Ukrainian society
to remember and properly understand
the experience of victims of Nazism?
Don't
know
Not at all
15%
Very
important
important
2%
35%
Not very
important
6%
Somewha
t
important
42%
11
IS THE VICTIMS OF NAZISM
RECEIVING ENOUGH PUBLIC
ATTENTION?
•A majority of 56% of the respondents
feel that nowadays in Ukraine the
victims of Nazism receiving too little
public attention.
•The idea that victims of Nazism
nowadays do not receive enough
public attention prevails in all age
groups and in all regions.
•People from Western oblasts and
elderly people are slightly higher
concerned with this issue.
•People who suffered from National
Socialism and their acquaintances
demonstrate the highest level of
dissatisfaction with the current level of
public attention towards needs and
problems of victims of Nazism.
In your opinion, is nowadays in Ukraine
the victims of Nazism receiving enough or
not enough public attention?
Don't
know
26%
Not
enough
24%
Quite
enough
4%
Rather
enough
than not
enough
14%
Rather not
enough
than
enough
32%
12
IS THE EXPERIENCE OF
FORMER VICTIMS OF NAZISM
WAS TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT
AND PROPERLY PERCEIVED IN
UKRAINE?
•A major part of Ukrainian citizens
hold an opinion that the
experience of former victims of
Nazism was not properly
perceived and recognized in our
state: 50% of the respondents
disagreed with the statement that
“the experience of former victims
of Nazism was taken into account
and properly perceived in our
state”, 26% hold an opposite
opinion, and the quarter of
respondents had no certain
opinion on that question.
Please tell me whether you agree or
disagree with the following statement:
"The experience of former victims of
Nazism was taken into account and
properly perceived in our state".
Strongly
Agree
Disagree
Don't
know
6%
Somewhat
21%
20%
30%
25%
13
NEED FOR INFORMATION
ABOUT WORLD WAR II FROM
EYEWITNESSES
•Absolute majority (58%) of Ukrainian
people would like to get more information
about World War II and National Socialist
crimes from the eyewitnesses of these
events.
•The highest need for such information was
observed in Western region: almost 73% of
respondents from Western oblasts noted that
they would like to get more information
about WW II from the people who knows
about war from their own experience.
• People in other regions also feel a strong
need for information about World War II: in
Central region 56% would like to get more
information, in Southern region – 55%, in
Eastern region – 49%.
•Information about World War II attract
interest of people at any age, except people
aged over 70 where the level of information
need go down to 50%. The possible reason
why elderly people are less interested in
receiving more information about WW II is
that they themselves were witnesses of that
events , and that’s why they do not feel a
strong need for such information.
Please tell me whether you agree or
disagree with the following statement:
"I'd like to get more information about
World War II and National Socialist crimes
from the eyewitnesses of these events".
Strongly
Agree
16%
Somewhat
43%
Disagree 3%17%
Don't know
22%
14
NEED FOR STRENGTHENING
SOCIAL WORK FOR
THE ELDERLY
•Absolute majority (84%) of
survey respondents agreed that
there should be more social work
programs for the elderly people
in Ukraine to meet their needs
and increase their social
integration in society. Only 6% of
respondents told that for now
there is no such need.
•People aged over 40 are in
general more often agreed that
there is a strong need for
strengthening social work for the
elderly, but young people also for
the most part agreed that elderly
people need more help and
support.
Please tell me whether you agree or
disagree with the following statement:
"There should be more social work
programs for the elderly people in
Ukraine".
Strongly
Agree
38%
Somewhat
46%
Disagree 1% 5%
Don't know 11%
15
ATTITUDE TOWARDS
GERMANY
•People in Ukraine tend to respect
FRG for the help for victims of
Nazism provided by this country:
65% of survey respondents agreed,
that regardless of the past, they
have respect for FRG because of
their help to victims of Nazism in
Ukraine.
•Victims of Nazism and their
acquaintances greatly appreciate
the FRG efforts towards helping
people which suffered from
National Socialism persecutions.
According to survey results, 71% of
victims and 78% of their
acquaintances respect FRG for the
help. That means that receiving
help, or awareness of FRG efforts to
help victims, make people forgive
and come to terms with the past.
Please tell me whether you agree or
disagree with the following statement:
"Regardless of the past, I have respect for
Federal Republic of Germany because of
their help to victims of Nazism in
Ukraine".
Strongly
Agree
20%
Somewhat
45%
Disagree 2% 9%
Don't know
24%
16
ATTITUDE TOWARDS
COUNTRIES THAT WERE
UKRAINE’S ENEMIES IN
WORLD WAR II
•Absolute majority (74%) of
Ukrainian people do not feel hatred
and passion for revenge towards
people from the counties that were
Ukraine’s enemies in World War II.
•About 9% of respondents reported
that they have a hostile attitude
towards people from Germany and
it’s allies during the Second World
War.
•The part of people who still tend to
retain negative attitude towards
people from the countries that were
our enemies in WW II is slightly
higher among victims of Nazism
(21% feel negative) and people
from Southern oblasts (17%). There
were no significant age differences
in this question.
Please tell me whether you agree or
disagree with the following statement:
“I feel hatred and passion for revenge
towards people from the countries that
were our enemies in World War II “
Strongly
Somewhat
Agree 3% 6%
Disagree
Don't know
40%
34%
17%
17
Help for victims of Nazism and the
needs of the elderly
SECTION 3
18
WHO SHOULD BE
RESPONSIBLE FOR
HELPING THE VICTIMS?
•Major part (53%) of people in Ukraine
lay the responsibility for helping the
victims of Nazism on Ukrainian central
authorities.
•About 15% think that it is FRG who
should primarily provide help for the
victims of Nazism in Ukraine. Besides,
about 12% lay the prime responsibility
for helping victims on local authorities,
7% - on NGO’s, 2% - on their relatives
and friends.
•Victims of Nazism and their
acquaintances tend to lay more
responsibility for providing help on
local authorities. The other differences
in answers are not significant.
Who do you think should primarily
provide help for the victims of Nazism in
Ukraine?
53%
Central authorities
Local authorities
Family, relatives
Federal Republic of
Germany
Non-governmental
organizations
Don't know
12%
2%
15%
7%
12%
19
LIVING STANDARDS OF
OLDER PEOPLE
•Living standards of older people are
significantly worse as compared with
the whole population.
•Absolute majority of elderly people
live below the poverty level: 20% of all
people aged over 70 years do not
have enough money even for food,
and 62% barely have enough money
to buy food, but rarely buy clothes.
•Only 14% of elderly people reported
that they have some savings and can
buy something beyond basic needs
(like food and clothes).
Please look at this card and tell me, which statement
best describes the current financial situation of you
and your family living there with you?
We do not have enough money even for food
We barely have enough money to buy food, we rarely buy clothes
We have enough to eat and to buy clothes, and we have some savings, but we do not
have enough money to buy expensive goods (TV-set, fridge)
We have enough money to buy expensive goods (TV-set, fridge), but can't afford a lot
We can afford a lot
Don't know
70 and
over
20%
60-69
years
8%
50-59
years
8%
40-49
6%
years
30-39
years
7%
18-29
3%
years
62%
13% 1%3%
54%
35%
39%
39%
31%
33%
43%
44%
53%
47%
1%2%
7% 2%
9% 3%
8% 1%
13%
4%
20
NEED FOR HELP AMONG
ELDERLY PEOPLE
•Elderly people, and especially victims of
Nazism, often need help and support.
According to survey results, more than a
half (52%) of elderly people and 65% of
victims of Nazism noted, that they need
some help.
•The most common need of elderly
individuals is a monetary support: about
32% of all people aged over 70 and 42%
victims of Nazism indicated that they
need financial aid.
•Elderly people often need help buying
medicines (8%), help with housework
(5%), and so on.
•Victims of Nazism more often than
other elderly people feel a need for
communication: 10% of surveyed victims
and 5% of all elderly people noted, that
they need someone to talk with. Besides,
victims of Nazism more often need help
repairing their homes (10% as compared
to 3%), need help to look after
themselves (8% as compared to 3%),
need help shopping (7% as compared to
4%).
Do you personally need some help? If yes,
what kind of help do you need? (PEOPLE
AGED 70 YEARS AND OVER)
Do not need help
35%
32%
Monetary support
Need help buying medicines
Need help with housework
Communication need
Need help shopping
Need help repairing their homes
Need help to look after themselves
Need help cooking
Need help with transportation
Need to find good healer
Other
Don't know
8%
6%
5%
5%
5%
10%
4%
7%
3%
10%
3%
8%
1%
1%
1%
4%
0%
0%
1%
4%
3%
3%
48%
42%
All people aged 70
and over
Victims of Nazism
21
READINESS TO HELP
ELDERLY PEOPLE
•Adult citizens of Ukraine
demonstrated a high level of
readiness to help elderly people: 77%
of respondents aged under 70
expressed their willingness to help
people aged over 70 (not relatives),
who needs such help.
•People are mostly ready to
communicate with elderly (28%), help
with housework (24%), do shopping
(22%), buy medicines (22%).
•About 10% of adults agreed to
support elderly with money.
•A large number of people are ready
to help elderly regardless of their
gender, age or place of residence – a
part of those who is wiling to help in
all demographic cohorts is greater
than 73%.
Are you personally ready to provide help for
people aged over the age of 70 (not relatives),
who needs such help? (RESPONDENTS AGED
UNDER 70 YEARS)
No
23%
28%
Communicate
24%
Help with housework
Do shopping
22%
Buy medicines
22%
10%
Help with money
8%
Cook food
7%
Look after elderly
5%
Help with transportation
3%
Help with repairing homes
Help to find good healer
Other
Don't know
0%
1%
16%
22
HOW OFTEN ELDERLY PEOPLE GET HELP THEY NEED?
When you had to deal with a difficult
situation and someone could help, how
often did you actually get help in such
situation? (Victims of Nazism)
Don't
Always know
6%
2%
Often
15%
From
time to
time
26%
Never
31%
When you had to deal with a difficult
situation and someone could help, how
often did you actually get help in such
situation? (All people aged 70+)
Always
8%
Don't
know
4%
Never
20%
Often
18%
Seldom
20%
From
time to
time
28%
Seldom
22%
According to the respondents’ answers, 42% of all elderly people and 51% victims of Nazism never or seldom got help when
they had to deal with a difficult situation and someone could help. About 24% of all elderly people and 21% of victims answered,
that they often or always get help they need.
So we can see that there is a large number of elderly people who needs help but do not get it from their acquaintances. In
consideration of a generally high willingness to help elderly among population, there should be more efforts towards involving
people in a different kinds of activities like communication, support and help for elderly - especially for victims of Nazism, who
have a strong need in personal contacts, communication and understanding.
23
HOW OFTEN PEOPLE HELP OTHERS?
When somebody had to deal with
a difficult situation and you knew,
that other people could help, how
often did they really help in such
situation?
(Victims of Nazism)
Always
7%
Don't
know
10%
Often
19%
Never
13%
Always
5%
Seldom
25%
From
time to
time
26%
When somebody had to deal with
a difficult situation and you knew,
that other people could help, how
often did they really help in such
situation?
(All people aged 70+)
Don't
know
10%
Never
12%
Often
21%
Seldom
23%
From
time to
time
29%
Surveyed elderly people tend to think, that “others” get help more frequently than themselves,
but, nevertheless, people do not often help others: about 35% of elderly people answered, that
24
other people never or seldom get help, 29% - from time to time, 21% - often and 5% - always.
GENERATION LINK
18-29 years
30-39 years
40-49 years
50-59 years
60-69 years
70 and over
% of those who have
friends aged 70 and
over
35.7%
39.6%
52.8%
67.5%
87.1%
95.1%
% of those who have
friends aged under 30
96.4%
92.2%
80.9%
71.9%
62.4%
34.6%
Average number of
friends aged 70 and
over (if have)
3
3
4
4
5
8
Average number of
friends aged under 30
(if have)
17
11
8
8
5
6
•
•
•
•
To estimate a link between people of different age, we asked respondents if they have friends (not relatives) aged
over 70 and under 30, and if yes, how many friends of such age they have.
It is easy to notice, that people mainly have friends of their age, but age differences is not a barrier for a
friendship: 36% of young people (18-29 years old) have friends aged over 70, and 35% of people aged over 70
have friends aged under 30.
Among young people number of friends aged over 70 varies from 1 to 50 (3 in average), and among elderly the
number of friends aged under 30 varies from 1 to 48 (6 in average).
So the friendly ties between young and elderly do exist, but this connections need to be broaden and strengthen.
25
OVERVIEW OF MAIN RESEARCH
FINDINGS
26
OVERVIEW
Acquaintanceship with victims of Nazism
• About 11% of people in Ukraine personally know someone
who can be called a victim of Nazism. A part of people who
knows someone who suffered from Nazism is practically the
same in all age groups, but slightly less in Eastern oblasts of
Ukraine.
Number of victims of Nazism living in Ukraineі
• About 9.5% of people now aged over 70 was victims of
Nazism at the time of Second World War. In consideration of
total number of people aged 70 we may estimate that there
are about 486.700 victims of Nazism now living in Ukraine.
27
Importance of victims’ experience for modern Ukrainian society
• An absolute majority of Ukrainians think that it is important for modern
Ukrainian society to remember and properly understand the experience
of victims of Nazism.
– 78% think it is important to remember the experience of victims of
Nazism;
– 56% feel that nowadays in Ukraine the victims of Nazism receiving too
little public attention;
– 50% hold an opinion that the experience of former victims of Nazism
was not properly perceived and recognized in our state;
– 58% would like to get more information about World War II and
National Socialist crimes from the eyewitnesses of these events;
– 84% agreed that there should be more social work programs for the
elderly people in Ukraine to meet their needs and increase their social
integration in society.
28
Historical memory and attitude towards Germany (FRG) and it’s allies during
Second World War
• People in Ukraine tend to respect FRG for the help for victims of Nazism
provided by this country: 65% of survey respondents agreed, that
regardless of the past, they have respect for FRG because of their help
to victims of Nazism in Ukraine. That means that Germany’s efforts to
help victims make people in Ukraine forgive the past.
• Absolute majority (74%) of Ukrainian people do not feel hatred and
passion for revenge towards people from the counties that were Ukraine’s
enemies in World War II.
29
Needs of elderly people
• A lot of elderly people in Ukraine are living in poverty: 20% of all people
aged over 70 years do not have enough money even for food, and 62%
barely have enough money to buy food, but rarely buy clothes.
• Elderly people, and especially victims of Nazism, often need help and
support. According to survey results, more than a half (52%) of elderly
people and 65% of victims of Nazism noted, that they need some help.
• The most common need of elderly individuals is a monetary support.
Besides money, victims of Nazism often need communication, need help
repairing their homes, need help to look after themselves and need help
shopping.
30
Help for elderly
• Major part (53%) of people in Ukraine lay the responsibility for helping
the victims of Nazism on Ukrainian central authorities. About 15% think
that it is FRG who should primarily provide help for the victims of Nazism
in Ukraine. Besides, about 12% lay the prime responsibility for helping
victims on local authorities, 7% - on NGO’s, 2% - on their relatives and
friends.
• At the same time, 77% of adults expressed their willingness to help
people aged over 70 (not relatives), who needs such help. People are
mostly ready to communicate with elderly, help them with housework, do
shopping, buy medicines. That means that there is a nice possibility to
involve more people to help elderly, to construct a generation dialogue
and improve the quality of life for elderly people in Ukraine.
31
Contacts
Public opinion survey was conducted on request of:
Foundation “Remembrance, Responsibility and Future“
Elke Braun, Referentin / Senior Programme Manager
Tel. +49 (0)30 25 92 97-72
Fax +49 (0)30 25 92 97-11
braun@stiftung-evz.de, www.stiftung-evz.de
Lesya Kharchenko, PR-Coordinator,
Conducted by:
DIALOGUE FORUM Program
treffpunktdialog@gmail.com
Tel.:+38(050) 334 87 90
www.mestovstrechi.info
wwu@i.ua
KYIV INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE of SOCIOLOGY (KIIS)
8/5 Voloska str., build. 4, Kyiv, Ukraine, 04070.
Project Team:
Coordinator: Eugene Ilenko (ugin@kiis.com.ua)
Authors of the Report: Julia Sakhno (j.sakhno@kiis.com.ua),
Volodymyr Paniotto (paniotto@kmis.kiev.ua)
Overall project supervision and expert survey management:
Volodymyr Paniotto (paniotto@kmis.kiev.ua)
Natalya Kharchenko (nkh@kiis.com.ua)
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