
There is no universally agreed, legally binding, criminal law definition of terrorism.
Common definitions of terrorism refer only to those violent acts which are
intended to create fear (terror), are perpetrated for a religious, political or
ideological goal, deliberately target or disregard the safety of non-combatants
(civilians), and are committed by non-government agencies.

"Terror" comes from the Latin verb terrere meaning "to frighten". The terror
cimbricus was a panic and state of emergency in Rome in response to the
approach of warriors of the Cimbri tribe in 105 BC. The Jacobins cited this
precedent when imposing a Reign of Terror during the French Revolution. After
the Jacobins lost power, the word "terrorist" became a term of abuse. Although
the Reign of Terror was imposed by a government, in modern times "terrorism"
usually refers to the killing of innocent people by a private group in such a way as
to create a media spectacle. This meaning can be traced back to Sergey
Nechayev, who described himself as a "terrorist". Nechayev founded the Russian
terrorist group "People's Retribution" in 1869.

In November 2004, a United Nations Secretary General report described terrorism
as any act "intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or noncombatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a
government or an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act"

Civil disorder – A form of collective violence interfering with the peace, security, and normal
functioning of the community.

Political terrorism – Violent criminal behavior designed primarily to generate fear in the community,
or substantial segment of it, for political purposes.

Non-Political terrorism – Terrorism that is not aimed at political purposes but which exhibits
“conscious design to create and maintain a high degree of fear for coercive purposes, but the end is
individual or collective gain rather than the achievement of a political objective.”

Quasi-terrorism – The activities incidental to the commission of crimes of violence that are similar in
form and method to genuine terrorism but which nevertheless lack its essential ingredient. It is not the
main purpose of the quasi-terrorists to induce terror in the immediate victim as in the case of genuine
terrorism, but the quasi-terrorist uses the modalities and techniques of the genuine terrorist and
produces similar consequences and reaction. For example, the fleeing felon who takes hostages is a
quasi-terrorist, whose methods are similar to those of the genuine terrorist but whose purposes are
quite different.

Limited political terrorism – Genuine political terrorism is characterized by a revolutionary approach;
limited political terrorism refers to “acts of terrorism which are committed for ideological or political
motives but which are not part of a concerted campaign to capture control of the state .

Official or state terrorism –"referring to nations whose rule is based upon fear and oppression that
reach similar to terrorism or such proportions.” It may also be referred to as Structural Terrorism
defined broadly as terrorist acts carried out by governments in pursuit of political objectives, often as
part of their foreign policy.

The history of terrorism goes back to Sicarii Zealots — Jewish extremist group
active in Iudaea Province at the beginning of the first century AD. After Zealotry
rebellion in the 1st century AD, when some prominent collaborators with Roman
rule were killed, according to contemporary historian Josephus, in 6 AD Judas of
Galilee formed a small and more extreme offshoot of the Zealots, the Sicarii.
Their terror also was directed against Jewish "collaborators", including temple
priests, Sadducees, Herodians, and other wealthy elites.

The term "terrorism" itself was originally used to describe the actions of the
Jacobin Club during the "Reign of Terror" in the French Revolution. "Terror is
nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible," said Jacobin leader
Maximilien Robespierre. In 1795, Edmund Burke denounced the Jacobins for
letting "thousands of those hell-hounds called Terrorists...loose on the people" of
France.

In January 1858, Italian patriot Felice Orsini threw three bombs in an attempt to
assassinate French Emperor Napoleon III.Eight bystanders were killed and 142
injured. The incident played a crucial role as an inspiration for the development of
the early Russian terrorist groups. Russian Sergey Nechayev, who founded
People's Retribution in 1869, described himself as a "terrorist", an early example
of the term being employed in its modern meaning.

Attacks by date 1800-99
 November 7, 1837: A pro-slavery mob kills abolitionist Elijah P. Lovejoy, editor of the
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
"Alton Observer".
May 21, 1856: Sacking of Lawrence—Pro-Slavery forces enter Lawrence, Kansas to
disarm residents and destroy the town's presses and the Free State Hotel.
May 24, 1856 – May 25, 1856: Pottawatomie Massacre—In response to the sacking of
Lawrence, John Brown leads a group of abolitionists in the murders of five pro-slavery
Kansas settlers.
April 14, 1865: Abraham Lincoln assassination — Part of a conspiracy by confederate
supporters John Wilkes Booth, Lewis Powell and George Atzerodt to assassinate
President Abraham Lincoln, Vice President Andrew Johnson and Secretary of State
William Seward in Washington, DC to create chaos for the purpose of overthrowing the
Federal Government. Booth succeeded in assassinating Lincoln at Ford's Theater,
Seward survived numerous stabbings by Powell who stabbed others as he was chased
out of Seward's home, Atzerodt failed to carry out the planned murder of Johnson.
Booth was killed by soldiers when he failed to surrender. Eight conspirators were tried
and convicted for their role in the conspiracy by a military tribunal. Four defendants
were executed for their roles including Mary Surratt the first women ever to be hanged
by the U.S. government.
May 4, 1886: Haymarket affair—Anarchists at Haymarket Square in Chicago detonate a
bomb during a labor rally, the police respond with gunfire killing twelve people.

1901 September 6: President William McKinley
assassinated by Michigan born Russian-Polish
anarchist, Leon Czolgosz, in Buffalo, New York.

1917, November 24: A bomb explodes in a Milwaukee police
station, killing nine officers and a civilian. Anarchists were
suspected.

1910 October 1: Los Angeles Times bombing. The
Los Angeles Times building in Los Angeles is
destroyed by dynamite, killing 21 workers. The
bomb was apparently placed due to the paper's
opposition to unionization of its employees

1919 1919 United States anarchist bombings

1920 Wall Street bombing

`1921 May 31: During the Tulsa Race Riot there were reports that
whites dropped dynamite from airplanes onto a black ghetto in
Tulsa. The riot killed 39–300 people and destroyed more than 1,100
homes. This account is heavily disputed, however.

1915, July 2: Frank Holt (also known as Eric
Muenter), a German professor who wanted to stop
American support of the Allies in World War I,
exploded a bomb in the reception room of the U.S.
Senate. The next morning he tried to assassinate J.P.
Morgan, Jr. the son of the financier whose company 
served as Great Britain’s principal U.S. purchasing
agent for munitions and other war supplies. Muenter
was overpowered by Morgan in Morgan's Long
Island home before committing suicide in prison on
July 7.

1916 July 22: The Preparedness Day bombing kills
ten people and injures 40 in San Francisco. The
identity of the bombers has never been proven.
Radical union leaders were suspected.

1916 July 30: The Black Tom explosion in Jersey City,
New Jersey was an act of sabotage on American
ammunition supplies by German agents to prevent
the materiel from being used by the Allies in World
War I.
1927 May 18: The Bath School Disaster (bombings) killed 45 people
and injured 58. Most of the victims were children in the second to
sixth grades (7–12 years of age) attending the Bath Consolidated
School. Their deaths constitute the deadliest act of mass murder in
a school in U.S. history.

1933, October 10, A Boeing 247 is destroyed in midflight over
Indiana by a nitroglycerin bomb. All seven people aboard are killed.
This incident is the first proven case of air sabotage in the history of
aviation.

1940 4 July: Two New York City policemen killed and two critically
wounded examining a bomb they had found at the British Pavilion
at the World's Fair
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1960: The Sunday Bomber sets off a series of
bombs in New York City subways and ferries during
Sundays and Holidays, killing one woman and
injuring 51 other commuters.

1969 March: Student critically injured while
attempting to bomb a San Francisco State
College classroom.

1969 August 7: Twenty were injured by radical
leftist Sam Melville in a bombing of the Marine
Midland Building in New York City.

1969 August 8: United States Department of
Commerce Offices in New York City damaged by
bombing

1969 September 18: The Federal Building in New
York City is bombed by radical leftist Jane Alpert.

1969 October 7: Fifth floor of the Armed Forces
Induction Center in New York City devastated by
explosion attributed to radical leftist Jane Alpert.

1969 November 12: A bomb is detonated in the
Manhattan Criminal Court building in New York
City. Jane Alpert, Sam Melville, and 3 other
militant radical leftists are arrested hours later
1968 April: Students at Trinity College hold the
board of trustees captive until their demands were
met.
April 23, 1968 – April 30, 1968: During a student
rebellion at New York's Columbia University
members of the New Left organization Students
for a Democratic Society and Student AfroAmerican Society held a dean hostage demanding
an end to both military research on campus and
construction of a gymnasium in nearby Harlem.
1968 November: Officials of San Fernando State
College held at knife point by students.

1969 January 1 – 1970 April 15: 8200 Bombings,
attempted bombings and bomb threats attributed
to "campus disturbances and student unrest“

1969 February: Secretary at Pomona College
severely injured by bomb.

1970 April: At Stanford University over a period of several nights
bands of student radicals systematically set fires, break
windows and throw rocks.

1970 May: In reaction to the U.S. Invasion of Cambodia, Kent
State Shootings, and Jackson State Shootings a Fresno State
College computer center is destroyed by a firebomb.

1970 August 24: Sterling Hall bombing at the University of
Wisconsin–Madison in protest of the Army Mathematics
Research Center and the Vietnam War, killing one.

1970 November 21: Bombing of the City Hall of Portland,
Oregon in an attempt to destroy the state's bronze Liberty Bell
replica.

1970: Jewish Defense League linked with a bomb explosion
outside of Aeroflot's New York City office in protest of treatment
of Soviet Jews

1971: Jewish Defense League linked to a detonation outside of
Soviet cultural offices in Washington and rifle fire into the Soviet
mission to the United Nations

1971 March 1: The radical leftist group Weatherman explode a
bomb in the United States Capitol to protest the U.S. invasion of
Laos.

1973 March 4: A failed terrorist attack by Palestinian group
Black September, with car bombings in New York City while
Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir was visiting the city.

1973 June 1: Yosef Alon, the Israeli Air Force attache in
Washington, D.C., was shot and killed outside his home in
Chevy Chase, Maryland.

1974 June 13: The 29th floor of the Gulf Tower in Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, was bombed with dynamite at 9:41 p.m.
resulting in no injuries. The radical leftist group Weatherman
took credit, but no suspects have ever been identified.

1974 Summer: "Alphabet Bomber" Muharem Kurbegovich
bombs the Pan Am Terminal at Los Angeles International
Airport killing three and injuring eight.

1975 December 29: The LaGuardia Airport Christmas Bomb
kills 11 and injures 75. The bombing remains unsolved.

1976 September 11: Croatian terrorists hijack a TWA airliner
diverting it to Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador, and then
Paris demanding a manifesto be printed. One police officer
was killed and three injured during an attempt to defuse a
bomb that contained their communiqués in a New York City
train station locker.
1976 September 21: Orlando Letelier, a former member of the
Chilean
government, was killed by a car bomb in Washington, D.C.
along with his assistant Ronni Moffitt. The killing was carried
out by members of the Chilean DINA.
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
1980 June 3: Bombing of the Statue of Liberty. At 7:30 p.m.,
a time delayed explosive device detonated in the Statue of
Liberty's Story Room. FBI investigators believed the
perpetrators were Croatian terrorists seeking
independence for Croatia from Yugoslavia, though no
arrests were made.

1980 July 22: Ali Akbar Tabatabai, an Iranian exile and critic
of Ayatollah Khomeni, was shot in his Bethesda, Maryland
home. Dawud Salahuddin, an American Muslim convert,
was apparently paid by Iranians to kill Tabatabai.

1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack: In what is believed to
be the first incident of bioterrorism in the United States
the Rajneeshee cult spreads salmonella in salad bars at 10
restaurants in Oregon, to influence a local election which
backfired as suspicious residents came out in droves to
prevent the election of Rajneeshee candidates.. Health
officials say that 751 people were sickened and more than
40 hospitalized.

1984 July 18: Alan Berg, Jewish lawyer-talk show host was
shot and killed in the driveway of his home on Capitol Hill,
Denver, Colorado, by members of a White Nationalist
group called The Order. Berg had stridently argued with a
member of the group on the show earlier who was
convicted in his murder.

1985 October 11: Alex Odeh, a prominent Arab-American,
was killed by a bomb in his office in Santa Ana, California.
The case is unsolved, but it is thought the Jewish Defense
League was responsible.

1981 December 7: James W. von Brunn served 6 years in
prison for attempting to kidnap members of the Federal
Reserve at their headquarters in Washington, D.C.

1982 January 28: Kemal Arikan, the Turkish Consul-General
in Los Angeles, is killed by members of the Justice
Commandos Against Armenian Genocide.

1982 May 4: Turkish Honorary Consul Orhan Gunduz was
assassinated in his car in Somerville, Massachusetts by the
Justice Commandos Against Armenian Genocide.

1983 November 7: U.S. Senate bombing. The Armed
Resistance Unit, a militant leftist group, bombs the United
States Capitol in response to the U.S. invasion of Grenada.
1985 December 11: computer rental store owner, Hugh
Scrutton, is the first fatality of the Unabomber's neoluddite campaign.

1989 March 1: 1989 firebombing of the Riverdale Press.
The Riverdale Press, a weekly newspaper in the Bronx,
New York, is firebombed one week after publishing an
editorial defending author Salman Rushdie's right to
publish The Satanic Verses, which questioned the
founding myth of Islam.
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1993 January 25: CIA Shooting: Mir Aimal Kasi
opened fire to cars waiting at the stop light in front
of CIA Headquarters in Langley, VA killing two and
injuring three others.

1993 February 26: First World Trade Center bombing
killed six and injured 1,000. The attack was carried
out by radical Islamist RamziYousef, a member of Al
Qaeda.

1994 December 10: Advertising executive, Thomas J.
Mosser, is killed after opening a mail package from
the Unabomber, being the second fatality of the mail
bomb campaign.

1995 April 19: Oklahoma City bombing: A truck bomb
shattered the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in
downtown Oklahoma City, killing 168 peopleincluding children playing in the building's day care
center. Right-wing terrorists Timothy McVeigh and
Terry Nichols were convicted in the bombing.

1995 April 24: Timber industry lobbyist, Gilbert P.
Murray, is the third and final fatal victim of the
Unabomber's mail bomb campaign.

1996 July 27: Centennial Olympic Park bombing by
Eric Robert Rudolph occurred in Atlanta, Georgia,
during the Atlanta Olympics. One person was killed
and 111 injured. In a statement released in 2005
Rudolph said the motive was to protest abortion and
the "global socialist" Olympic Movement.

1997 February 24: 69-year-old Palestinian Ali Hassan
Abu Kamal opens fire on tourists at an observation
deck atop the Empire State Building killing a Danish
national and wounding visitors from the United
States, Argentina, Switzerland and France before
turning the gun on himself. A handwritten note
carried by the gunman claims this was a punishment
attack against the "enemies of Palestine". His widow
claimed he became suicidal after losing $300,000 in a
business venture. In a 2007 interview with the New
York Daily News his daughter said her mother's story
was a cover crafted by the Palestinian Authority and
that her father wanted to punish the United States
for its support of Israel.

1999 December 31 An arson fire causes one million
dollars in damage and destroys the fourth floor of
Michigan State University's Agriculture Hall. In 2008
four people that the government claimed were Earth
Liberation Front members were indicted for that
incident

2000 October 13, Firebombing of Temple Beth El (Syracuse)


2000: 2000 New York terror attack Three young men of Arab
descent hurled crude Molotov cocktails at a synagogue in The
Bronx, New York to "strike a blow in the Middle East conflict
between Israel and Palestine".
2002 July 4: 2002 Los Angeles Airport shooting Hesham
Mohamed Hadayet, a 41-year-old Egyptian national, kills two
Israelis and wounds four others at the El Al ticket counter at
Los Angeles International Airport.

October 2002 Beltway Sniper Attacks: During three weeks in
October 2002, John Allen Muhammad and Lee Boyd Malvo
killed 10 people and critically injured 3 others in Washington
D.C, Baltimore, and Virginia. The pair were also suspected of
earlier shootings in Maryland, Alabama, Arizona, Georgia,
Louisiana, and Washington state. No motivation was given at
the trial, but evidence presented showed an affinity to the
cause of the Islamic jihad.

2006 July 28: Seattle Jewish Federation shooting, Naveed
Afzal Haq, an American citizen of Pakistani descent, kills one
woman and shoots five others at the Jewish Federation
building in Seattle.

2007 October 26: A pair of improvised explosive devices were
thrown at the Mexican Consulate in New York City. The fake
grenades were filled with black powder, and detonated by
fuses, causing very minor damage. Police were investigating
the connection between this and a similar attack against the
British Consulate in New York in 2005.

2008 February: In the first reported incident of animal-rights
extremists physically assaulting the family members of animal
researchers, six masked activists attempted to force their way
into the home of a University of California, Santa Cruz,
researcher and injured the researcher's husband.

2008 March 3: Four multimillion-dollar show homes place in
Woodinville, Washington are torched. The Earth Liberation
Front is suspected.

2001 May 21 The Center for Urban Horticulture at the University
of Washington burned. Replacement building cost $7 million
($8,686,000 in current dollar terms). Earth Liberation Front
members pleads guilty.

2001 September 11: September 11, 2001 attacks carried out by
Al-Qaeda. The attacks killed nearly 3,000 civilians, and were
carried out by Islamic fundamentalists using hijacked
commercial airplanes to damage the Twin Towers of the World
Trade Center, ultimately destroying both 110-story skyscrapers.
The Pentagon near Washington, D.C., was also severely
damaged. Building 7 of the World Trade Center was also
destroyed in the attack. A fourth plane crashed in Pennsylvania
before it could reach its target.

2001 September 18: November – 2001 anthrax attacks. Letters
tainted with anthrax kill five across the U.S., with politicians and
media officials as the apparent targets. On July 31, 2008 Bruce E.
Ivins a top biodefense researcher committed suicide.

May 2002 Mailbox Pipe Bomber: Lucas John Helder rigged pipe
bombs in private mailboxes to explode when the boxes were
opened. He injured 6 people in Nebraska, Colorado, Texas,
Illinois, and Iowa. His motivation was to garner media attention
so that he could spread a message denouncing government
control over daily lives and the illegality of marijuana, as well as
promote astral projection.

2008 March 6: A homemade bomb damaged a Recruiting Office in
Times Square

2008 May 4 Multiple nail-laden pipe bombs exploded at a Federal
Courthouse in San Diego causing "considerable damage" to the
entrance and lobby and sending shrapnel two blocks away. The
F.B.I. is investigating links between this attack and an April 25
explosion at the FedEx building also in San Diego.

2008 July 27 Jim D. Adkisson opened fire in the Tennessee Valley
Unitarian Universalist Church in Knoxville, Tennessee, killing two
and injuring seven before being tackled to the ground by
congregation members. A note found in his SUV indicated this was
intended as a suicide attack, and said the church was apparently
targeted because of its support of liberal social policies.

2008 August 2, August 3 University of California-Santa Cruz
molecular biologist David Feldheim's home was firebombed. FBI is
investigating incidents as domestic terrorism related to animal
rights groups.
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2009 April 8: According to a report in the Wall Street Journal,
intruders left malware in power grids, water, and sewage systems
that could be activated at a later date. While the attacks which have
occurred over a period of time seem to have originated in China and
Russia, it is unknown if they are state-sponsored
2009 May 31: Assassination of George Tiller. Dr. George Tiller, a
doctor who provided late-term abortions was shot to death in a
Wichita, Kansas church. Tiller was shot previously in 1993, and his
abortion clinic had been bombed in 1985.

2009 May 25: Crude bomb explodes in a Starbucks in
Manhattan's Upper East Side. On July 14, Kyle Shaw age
17 was arrested and plead not guilty. Police said his
motive was to emulate "Project Mayhem" a series of
assaults on corporate America portrayed in the movie
Fight Club.

2009 June 1: Arkansas recruiting office shooting One
military recruiter was killed, and another critically injured,
by gunshot at a Little Rock, Arkansas Army/Navy Career
Center. The suspect, Abdulhakim Mujahid Muhammad,
said he was part of Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula and
upset over U.S. killing of Muslims in Iraq and Afghanistan.

2009 June 10: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
shooting. 88-year-old James Wenneker von Brunn walked
into the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in
Washington, D.C. and shot a guard, who later died. Von
Brunn was a self-described white supremacist and neoNazi.

2009 November 5: Fort Hood Shooting, Army psychiatrist
Nidal Malik Hasan opens fire and kills 13 people at the
Fort Hood Army base in Texas in what Secretary of
Homeland Security Janet Napolitano described as an act
of “violent Islamic terrorism.”

2010 February 18: Joseph Stack flew
a small plane into an IRS building in
Austin, Texas, believed to be in
retaliation to the U.S. Government.

2010 September 1: James J. Lee
wearing explosives and carrying a
gun took hostages at the
headquarters of the Discovery
Channel in Silver Spring, Maryland
before being killed by police. He was
protesting the channel's "anti
environmental" message and
programming encouraging birth of
humans who he called filthy.

2011 January 6: Three Packages
detonate in the mail rooms of two
Maryland state government
buildings. No serious injuries

On January 8, 2011, Giffords was shot
in the head outside a Safeway
grocery store in Casas Adobes,
Arizona, a suburban area northwest
of Tucson, during her first "Congress
on Your Corner" gathering of the
year. Nineteen people were shot, of
whom six died, when a man ran up to
the crowd and began firing. The
suspect, identified as Jared Lee
Loughner, was detained by
bystanders until he was taken into
police custody. Federal officials
charged Loughner on the next day
with killing federal government
employees, attempting to
assassinate a member of Congress
and attempting to kill federal
employees.

Domestic terrorism in
the United States
between 1980 and 2000
consisted of 250 of the
335 incidents confirmed
as or suspected to be
terrorist acts by the FBI.
These 250 attacks are
considered domestic by
the FBI because they
were carried out by U.S.
citizens


Counter-terrorism is the practices, tactics,
techniques, and strategies that governments,
militaries, police departments and corporations
adopt to prevent or in response to terrorist
threats and/or acts, both real and imputed.
The tactic of terrorism is available to insurgents
and governments. Not all insurgents use terror as
a tactic, and some choose not to use it because
other tactics work better for them in a particular
context. Individuals, such as Timothy McVeigh,
may also engage in terrorist acts such as the
Oklahoma City bombing.

If the terrorism is part of a broader insurgency,
counter-terrorism may also form a part of a
counter-insurgency doctrine, but political,
economic, and other measures may focus more
on the insurgency than the specific acts of terror.

Foreign internal defense (FID) is a term used by
several countries for programs either to suppress
insurgency, or reduce the conditions under which
insurgency could develop.

Counter-terrorism includes both the detection of
potential acts and the response to related events

Building a counter-terrorism plan involves all segments
of a society or many government agencies. In dealing
with foreign terrorists, the lead responsibility is usually at
the national level. Because propaganda and
indoctrination lie at the core of terrorism, understanding
their profile and functions increases the ability to
counter terrorism more effectively.

See the series of articles beginning with intelligence
cycle management, and, in particular, intelligence
analysis. HUMINT presents techniques of describing the
social networks that make up terrorist groups. Also
relevant are the motivations of the individual terrorist
and the structure of cell systems used by recent nonnational terrorist groups.

Most counter-terrorism strategies involve an increase in
standard police and domestic intelligence. The central
activities are traditional: interception of
communications, and the tracing of persons. New
technology has, however, expanded the range of military
and law enforcement operations.

Domestic intelligence is often directed at specific
groups, defined on the basis of origin or religion, which is
a source of political controversy. Mass surveillance of an
entire population raises objections on civil liberties
grounds.

To select the effective action when terrorism appears
to be more of an isolated event, the appropriate
government organizations need to understand the
source, motivation, methods of preparation, and
tactics of terrorist groups. Good intelligence is at the
heart of such preparation, as well as political and
social understanding of any grievances that might be
solved. Ideally, one gets information from inside the
group, a very difficult challenge for HUMINT because
operational terrorist cells are often small, with all
members known to one another, perhaps even
related.

Counterintelligence is a great challenge with the
security of cell-based systems, since the ideal, but
nearly impossible, goal is to obtain a clandestine
source within the cell. Financial tracking can play a
role, as can communications intercept, but both of
these approaches need to be balanced against
legitimate expectations of privacy.



Homeland security is an umbrella term for
security efforts to protect the United States
against terrorist activity. Specifically, is a
concerted national effort to prevent terrorist
attacks within the US, reduce America’s
vulnerability to terrorism, and minimize the
damage and recover from attacks that do
occur.
The term arose following a reorganization of
many U.S. government agencies in 2003 to
form the United States Department of
Homeland Security after the September 11
attacks and may be used to refer to the
actions of that department, the United States
Senate Committee on Homeland Security and
Governmental Affairs, or the United States
House of Representatives Committee on
Homeland Security.
Homeland defense (HD) is the protection of
U.S. territory, sovereignty, domestic
population, and critical infrastructure against
external threats and aggression

The scope of homeland security includes:

Emergency preparedness and response (for both
terrorism and natural disasters), including
volunteer medical, police, emergency
management, and fire personnel;

Domestic and International intelligence
activities, largely today within the FBI;
Critical infrastructure and perimeter protection;


Border security, including both land, maritime
and country borders;

Transportation security, including aviation and
maritime transportation;

Biodefense;

Detection of radioactive and radiological
materials;

Research on next-generation security
technologies.

The War on Terror (also known as the Global
War on Terror or the War on Terrorism) is an
international military campaign led by the
United States and the United Kingdom with
the support of other North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO) as well as non-NATO
countries. Originally, the campaign was
waged against al-Qaeda and other militant
organizations with the purpose of eliminating
them.

The phrase War on Terror was first used by US
President George W. Bush and other highranking US officials to denote a global
military, political, legal and ideological
struggle against organizations designated as
terrorist and regimes that were accused of
having a connection to them or providing
them with support or were perceived, or
presented as posing a threat to the US and its
allies in general. It was typically used with a
particular focus on militant Islamists and alQaeda.

Pre - 9/11
 In May 1996 the group World Islamic
Front for Jihad Against Jews and
Crusaders (WIFJAJC), sponsored by
Osama bin Laden and later reformed as
al-Qaeda, started forming a large base
of operations in Afghanistan, where the
Islamist extremist regime of the Taliban
had seized power that same year.
 Following the bombings of US
embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, US
President Bill Clinton launched
Operation Infinite Reach, a bombing
campaign in Sudan and Afghanistan
against targets the US asserted were
associated with WIFJAJC. The strikes
failed to kill any leaders of WIFJAJC or
the Taliban.
 Next came the 2000 millennium attack
plots which included an attempted
bombing of Los Angeles International
Airport. In October 2000 the USS Cole
bombing occurred, followed in 2001 by
the September 11 attacks.

The George W. Bush administration
defined the following objectives in the
War on Terror:
 Defeat terrorists such as Osama bin
Laden, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi and
destroy their organizations
 Identify, locate and destroy terrorists
along with their organizations
 Deny sponsorship, support and sanctuary
to terrorists
▪ End the state sponsorship of terrorism
▪ Establish and maintain an international
standard of accountability with regard to
combating terrorism
▪ Strengthen and sustain the international effort
to fight terrorism
▪ Work with willing and able states
▪ Enable weak states
▪ Persuade reluctant states
▪ Compel unwilling states
▪ Interdict and disrupt material support for
terrorists
▪ Eliminate terrorist sanctuaries and havens
 Diminish the underlying conditions that
terrorists seek to exploit
▪ Partner with the international community to
strengthen weak states and prevent
(re)emergence of terrorism
▪ Win the war of ideals
 Defend US citizens and interests at
home and abroad
▪ Implement the National Strategy for
Homeland Security
▪ Attain domain awareness
▪ Enhance measures to ensure the integrity,
reliability, and availability of critical physical
and information-based infrastructures at
home and abroad
▪ Integrate measures to protect US citizens
abroad
▪ Ensure an integrated incident management
capability

US and NATO-led military
operations


 Operation Active Endeavour
▪ is a naval operation of NATO started in
October 2001 in response to the
September 11 attacks. It operates in
the Mediterranean Sea and is designed
to prevent the movement of militants
or weapons of mass destruction and to
enhance the security of shipping in
general. The operation has also
assisted Greece with its prevention of
illegal immigration.
 Operation Enduring Freedom
▪ the official name used by the Bush
administration for the War in
Afghanistan, together with three
smaller military actions, under the
umbrella of the Global War on Terror.
These global operations are intended
to seek out and destroy any al-Qaeda
fighters or affiliates.
Operation Anaconda


Launched in March 2002 in the hopes that they’ll
destroy any remaining al-Qaeda and Taliban
forces in the Shah-i-Kot Valley and Arma
Mountains of Afghanistan. The Taliban suffered
heavy casualties and evacuated the region.
The Taliban regrouped in western Pakistan and
began to unleash an insurgent-style offensive
against Coalition forces in late 2002.Throughout
southern and eastern Afghanistan, firefights
broke out between the surging Taliban and
Coalition forces. Coalition forces responded with
a series of military offensives and an increase in
the amount of troops in Afghanistan.
Operation Moshtarak

In February 2010, Coalition forces launched
Operation Moshtarak in southern Afghanistan
along with other military offensives in the hopes
that they would destroy the Taliban insurgency
once and for all.Peace talks are also underway
between Taliban affiliated fighters and Coalition
forces

Operation Enduring
Freedom: Philippines
 In January 2002, the United States
Special Operations Command, Pacific
deployed to the Philippines to advise
and assist the Armed Forces of the
Philippines in combating Filipino
Islamist groups.
 The operations were mainly focused
on removing the Abu Sayyaf Group
(ASG) and Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) from
their stronghold on the island of
Basilan.The second portion of the
operation was conducted as a
humanitarian program called
"Operation Smiles." The goal of the
program was to provide medical care
and services to the region of Basilan
as part of a "Hearts and Minds"
program

Operation Enduring
Freedom: Horn of Africa

Task Force 150 consists of ships from a
shifting group of nations, including
Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy,
Netherlands, Pakistan, New Zealand and
the United Kingdom.
 The primary goal of the coalition forces is
to monitor, inspect, board and stop
suspected shipments from entering the
Horn of Africa region and affecting the US'
Operation Iraqi Freedom.
 Included in the operation is the training of
selected armed forces units of the
countries of Djibouti, Kenya and Ethiopia
in counter-terrorism and counterinsurgency tactics.
 Humanitarian efforts conducted by CJTFHOA include rebuilding of schools and
medical clinics and providing medical
services to those countries whose forces
are being trained.

Operation Iraqi Freedom






The Iraq War began in March 2003 with an air
campaign, which was immediately followed by a
U.S.-led ground invasion. The Bush
administration stated the invasion was the
"serious consequences" spoken of in the UNSC
Resolution 1441.
Baghdad, Iraq’s capital city, fell in April 2003 and
Saddam Hussein’s government quickly
dissolved.
On May 1, 2003, Bush announced that major
combat operations in Iraq had ended.
However, an insurgency arose against the U.S.led coalition and the newly developing Iraqi
military and post-Saddam government. The
insurgency, which included al-Qaeda affiliated
groups, led to far more coalition casualties than
the invasion.
Other elements of the insurgency were led by
fugitive members of President Hussein's Ba'ath
regime, which included Iraqi nationalists and
pan-Arabists. Many insurgency leaders are
Islamists and claim to be fighting a religious war
to reestablish the Islamic Caliphate of centuries
past.
Iraq’s former president, Saddam Hussein was
captured by U.S. forces in December 2003. He
was executed in 2006.


In 2004, the insurgent forces grew stronger. The
United States conducted attacks on insurgent
strongholds in cities like Najaf and Fallujah.
In January 2007, President Bush presented a new
strategy for Operation Iraqi Freedom based upon
counter-insurgency theories and tactics
developed by General David Petraeus. The Iraq
War troop surge of 2007 was part of this "new
way forward" and, along with US backing of
Sunni groups it had previously sought to defeat,
has been credited with a widely recognized
dramatic decrease in violence by up to 80%.

Operation New Dawn
 The war entered a new phase on
September 1, 2010, with the
official end of US combat
operations. However, 50,000 US
troops remain in an advise and
assist role to provide support for
Iraqi security forces.

Since 9/11, al-Qaeda and other radical
Islamic groups have successfully
executed major attacks in several parts
of the world.













2002 Bali bombings in Indonesia
Mike's Place suicide bombing in Israel
2003 Casablanca bombings and 2007
Casablanca bombings in Morocco
2003 Istanbul bombings in Turkey
February 2004 Moscow metro bombing and
2010 Moscow Metro bombings in Russia
2004 Madrid train bombings in Spain
August 2004 Moscow metro bombing
7 July 2005 London bombings and 2007
Glasgow International Airport attack in the
United Kingdom
11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings in India
11 April 2007 Algiers bombings in Algeria
2007 Karachi bombing of Benazir Bhutto's
motorcade and Islamabad Marriott Hotel
bombing in Pakistan
2008 Mumbai Terrorist Attacks in India
Domodedovo International Airport bombing
in Russia

In addition, there have been several
planned terrorist attacks that were not
successful.










21 July 2005 London bombings and 2007
London car bombs
2006 Toronto terrorism plot
2006 transatlantic aircraft plot involving liquid
explosives carried onto commercial airplanes
2007 Fort Dix attack plot
2009 Bronx terrorism plot
2009 New York Subway and United Kingdom
Plot
2009 Christmas Bomb Plot
2010 Times Square car bombing attempt
2010 cargo plane bomb plot
2010 Portland car bomb plot

The USA PATRIOT Act


of October 2001 dramatically reduces
restrictions on law enforcement agencies'
ability to search telephone, e-mail
communications, medical, financial, and other
records; eases restrictions on foreign
intelligence gathering within the United States;
expands the Secretary of the Treasury’s
authority to regulate financial transactions,
particularly those involving foreign individuals
and entities; and broadens the discretion of law
enforcement and immigration authorities in
detaining and deporting immigrants suspected
of terrorism-related acts.
The act also expanded the definition of
terrorism to include domestic terrorism, thus
enlarging the number of activities to which the
USA PATRIOT Act's expanded law enforcement
powers could be applied. A new Terrorist
Finance Tracking Program monitored the
movements of terrorists' financial resources
(discontinued after being revealed by The New
York Times newspaper). Telecommunication
usage by known and suspected terrorists was
studied through the NSA electronic surveillance
program. The Patriot Act is still in effect.

Reactions:



Political interest groups have stated that these laws
remove important restrictions on governmental
authority, and are a dangerous encroachment on
civil liberties, possible unconstitutional violations of
the Fourth Amendment.
On July 30, 2003, the American Civil Liberties Union
(ACLU) filed the first legal challenge against Section
215 of the Patriot Act, claiming that it allows the FBI
to violate a citizen's First Amendment rights, Fourth
Amendment rights, and right to due process, by
granting the government the right to search a
person's business, bookstore, and library records in a
terrorist investigation, without disclosing to the
individual that records were being searched. Also,
governing bodies in a number of communities have
passed symbolic resolutions against the act.
In a speech on June 9, 2005, Bush said that the USA
PATRIOT Act had been used to bring charges against
more than 400 suspects, more than half of whom
had been convicted. Meanwhile the ACLU quoted
Justice Department figures showing that 7,000
people have complained of abuse of the Act.

Four groups
 Read policy
 Present policy
 Decide best option or create
option in groups and
present
The notion of a "war" against
"terror" or "terrorism" has proven
highly contentious, with critics
charging that it has been
exploited by participating
governments to pursue longstanding policy objectives,
reduce civil liberties, and infringe
upon human rights.
 Some argue that the term war is
not appropriate in this context,
since they believe there is no
identifiable enemy, and that it is
unlikely international terrorism
can be brought to an end by
military means

One of the primary difficulties of
implementing effective counter-terrorist
measures is the waning of civil liberties and
individual privacy that such measures often
entail, both for citizens of, and for those
detained by states attempting to combat
terror. At times, measures designed to
tighten security have been seen as abuses of
power or even violations of human rights.
 Examples include:


In November 2003 Malaysia passed new
counter-terrorism laws that were widely
criticized by local human rights groups for
being vague and overbroad. Critics claim that
the laws put the basic rights of free
expression, association, and assembly at risk.
Malaysia persisted in holding around 100
alleged militants without trial, including five
Malaysian students detained for alleged
terrorist activity while studying in Karachi,
Pakistan.
 In November 2003 a Canadian-Syrian national,
Maher Arar, alleged publicly that he had been
tortured in a Syrian prison after being handed
over to the Syrian authorities by U.S.

In December 2003 Colombia's congress
approved legislation that would give the
military the power to arrest, tap
telephones and carry out searches
without warrants or any previous judicial
order.
 Images of unpopular treatment of
detainees in US custody in Iraq and other
locations have encouraged international
scrutiny of US operations in the war on
terror.
 Hundreds of foreign nationals remain in
prolonged indefinite detention without
charge or trial in Guantánamo Bay,
despite international and US
constitutional standards some groups
believe outlaw such practices.


Video
Questions

Four Futures activity
 Groups: read policy
 Present policies

Assessment:
 decide which policy is best
and detail WHY!!!!!