Cells, Tissues, Organs, Diseases, Diagnosis, and Drugs 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The term cell, meaning small room, was used to describe the structures first observed in 1665 by Robert Hooke as he examined cork using microscope. He noted that small cells were part of a larger web of woven tissue The study of cells that comprise the human body became known ………….. And the study of tissue became known as ………………. Four basic types Epithelial Covers and protects body structures, lines organs Connective Supports and binds body structures Muscle (root: my/o) Contracts to produce movement Nervous (root: neur/o) Makes up brain, spinal cord and nerves 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 4 Basic Tissue Types 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Organs and Organ Systems Organs Comprised of tissues Grouped into systems Systems Have specific function Work together, not independently 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Body cells combine to form tissues and combinations of tissues compose the organs necessary for body functions. Organs act together as part of the body systems. For example, the kidneys are ……….that function to filter blood as part of the urinary system. (urin/o means and ary means……….. The Greek combining form for kidney is nephro/o and Latin is………….. The medical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of the urinary tract is called………… The physician who particularly specializes in the study and treatment of the kidneys is known as a ………….. Examination of body cells and tissues is part of the medical specialty concerned with the study of disease known as…………… The physician who is a specialist in the study of disease is called a ……….. 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Plas/o is a combining form meaning ……….., and dys- is a prefix meaning bad, difficult, or…… . Dysplasia is the term used to describe abnormal cell and tissue development, and neoplasia, referring to a condition of ……………formation, is the term used to describe the formation of cells and tissue into tumor. The suffix for tumor is……… . A cancerous tumor is called …………The specialty concerned with the study of tumors and cancers is………… The largest organ of the body, the skin, is part of the integumentary system. Integument is Latin for skin and dermat/o is Greek meaning………….The specialty field involved with the study and treatment of skin diseases is called ……………. The specialist is a………….. The muscoskeletal system provides support and gives shape to the body……………..is the combining form for bone and arthr/o is the combining form meaning…………, the hinge between bones 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The cardiovascular system consists of the ………….and ……… that transport blood throughout the body. Blood provides transport for oxygen nutrients and wastes the study of blood is called……….. Pneum/o meaning………is the key combining form of the respiratory system which is responsibel for gaseous exchange. Rhin/o is the Greek combining form for meaning …………and the Latin is……….. The nervous system is a complicated network of nerves and fibres that control all functions of the body……….is the combining form for nerve The ductless glands of the endocrine system affect the function of organs by secreting hormones. Endo means…..and crin/o means…………… 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Combining forms related to key structures of the tubular digestive tract are or/o meaning…….., gastr/o meaning……, enter/o meaning………intestine and co/o or colon/o meaning….intestine. Hepat/o is combining form for………., the organ secreting bile The male and female reproductive systems produce sex cells and maintain the organs necessary for the production of human offspring. The physician who specializes in the treatment of the male and female urinary systems as well as the males reproductive system is called a uro……………….. Treatment of the female reproductive system involves two medical specialties obstetrics and …………… (study of women) 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Disease Categories Infectious Infectious diseases--caused by microorganisms and other parasites that live at the expense of another organism. Any disease-causing organism is described as a pathogen. Degenerative diseases--resulting from wear and tear, aging, or trauma (injury) that can result in a le- sion (wound) and perhaps necrosis (death) of tissue. Common examples include arthritis, cardio-vascular problems Neoplasia Abnormal, uncontrolled growth of tissue Immune disorders Failures of immune system Allergies Autoimmune disorders 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Disease Categories (con’t) Metabolic disorders Caused by lack of enzymes Hereditary disorders, malnutrition Hormonal disorders Underproduction or overproduction of hormones Diabetes mellitus Mental and emotional disorders Affects the mind Individuals unable to adapt to environment 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Diagnosis Determination of nature and cause of illness Starts with patient history Chief compliant Present illness Past medical history Family, social history Physical examination follows: Objective Review of Symptoms: Subjective 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Physical Examination Inspection Visual examination Palpation Touching body surface with hands, fingers Percussion Tapping body and listening to sounds made Auscultation Using a stethoscope to listen to body sounds 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Vital Signs Temperature Pulse rate Measured Respiration Measured in beats per minute in breaths per minute Blood pressure Systolic recorded when heart contracting Diastolic recorded when heart relaxing 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Examination Tools Ophthalmoscope For Otoscope For examining ears Hammer For examining eyes testing reflexes Sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) For testing blood pressure 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins A. Ophthalmoscope; B. Otoscope 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Examination Procedures Endoscope Examines body cavities Biopsy Removal of tissue for microscopic examination Specimens obtained by: Needle withdrawal Small punch Endoscopy Surgical removal 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Treatment Determined if appropriate by diagnosis May consist as any combination of: Counseling Drugs Surgery Radiation Physical therapy Occupational therapy Psychiatric treatment Followed up done with Prognosis (prediction of outcome of disease) 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Surgery One method of treating disease Usually done by cutting incision Anesthesia dulls pain Incision Drugs into skin sealed after surgery with sutures Substance that alters body function Derived from: Natural plants Animals Mineral sources Synthetic material Genetic engineering Obtained OTC or by prescription FDA regulates JFDA 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Adverse Drug Effects Sometimes drugs may have effects not intended Side effects ( usually minor) Anaphylaxis=severe allergic reaction May not be used even if normally beneficial Contraindications=reasons not to use based on specific info about individual Synergy or antagonism where drugs reacting with / against each other 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Drug Names Generic Simple version of chemical name for drug Not capitalized Trade name Registered trademark of manufacturer Same drug by different companies have different trade names Begins with capital letter Brand Name? Scientific Name? Generic Drug? 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Drug/Treatment Information Journal articles Pharmacology Books Therapeutics Books Treatment Guidelines Professional Websites Drug information Hand Books Computer Software (handheld and Desktop) 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Exercises 1. nitroglycerine is ordered: prn SL. This means: a. as needed, under the tongue b. at bedtime, under the tongue c. as needed, on the skin d. by mouth, on the skin e. by mouth, under the skin 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2. epinephrine was given in an IV bolus. This means it was administered a. orally b. intravenously in a continuous drip c. intravenously in a rapid concentrated dose 3. A.E. takes four 250-mg capsules of Pentasa po bid. How many capsules does he take in one day? 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins