I-Ching (The Book of Changes)
and Management
Minder Chen, Ph.D.
Professor of Management Information Systems
MVS School of Business and Economics
California State University Channel Islands
Camarillo, CA 93012, USA
minder.chen@csuci.edu and minderchen@gmail.com
The Book of Changes References
•
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Ching
•
Richard Wilhelm (Translator from Chinese to German), C.F. Baynes
(Translator from German to Chinese), The I Ching or Book of
Changes, Princeton University Press; 3rd edition, October 1, 1967,
27th printing (1997).
http://mvscenter.net/change/ Minder’s I-Ching learning website
http://www.pantherwebworks.com/I_Ching/
•
•
•
•
•
http://deoxy.org/iching/
http://pages.pacificcoast.net/~wh/
I Ching an Illustrated Guide (Asiapac Comic Series) by
Tan Xiaochun, Koh K. Kiang, and Koh Kok Kiang
(Paperback - Dec 1993) and a partial online edition at
http://books.google.com/books?id=GQblA-A0LcUC&printsec=frontcover
•
•
(清)李光地,周易折中[上、下], 2nd print,瑞成書局 2001/10/1 (
原著出版於清、康熙五十四年,1715年).
易學網 http://www.eee-learning.com/ebooks or
http://eeeln.com/ (簡體)
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 2
Change Management(變革管理)
“The earliest surviving book, by some accounts, is the ancient Chinese
Book of Changes. That book remains interesting. It proposes a
matrix of 64 distinct circumstances, dissects them with stunning
lucidity(洞察力), and recommends actions to capture the greatest
benefits or minimize difficulty(趨吉避凶). It is in some ways a book
of magic, but even more so a first grand attempt by the human race to
develop a science of change. The virtues it endorses –
attentiveness (專注), flexibility, perseverance (堅毅
), awareness of where other stands in a given
circumstance (異地而處)– will serve (us) well today. …. In the
Book of Changes, the 64 distinct circumstances tend to flow freely into
one another(變卦). If you get out your calculator and compute the
possible permutations when one circumstance can flow into just one
other at a given time, you will see what the ancients felt they were up
against. Conditions are no simpler in today’s hard-pressed
businesses.”
Source: From the first paragraph of the Chapter 1: The Basics of Change, The
Price Waterhouse Change Integration Team, Better Change: Best Practices for
Transforming Your Organization, McGraw Hill 1995.
I-Ching 易經 - 3
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
Oracle
• Oracle (甲骨文): One of the
earliest forms of Chinese
characters
• One of earliest systematic
approach to obtaining
augury (omen, sign) for
predicting future events
under uncertainty.
• Recording of information
about major events.
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 4
Oracle
• Oracle from
Shang
Dynasty
• Def. a person
or book that
gives valuable
advice or
information
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 5
Divination Record
• [Preface:] Crack making on gui-si day, Que divined:
• [Charge (諭示，指令):] In the next ten days there will be no
disaster.
• [Prognostication (預兆，預測):] The king, reading the
cracks, said, "There will be no harm; there will perhaps be
the coming of alarming news."
• [Verification:] When it came to the fifth day, ding-you, there
really was the coming of alarming news from the west. Zhi
Guo, reporting, said, "The Du Fang [a border people] are
besieging in our eastern borders and have harmed two
settlements." The Gong-fang (鬼方)(also raided the fields of
our western borders.
• [前辭]癸巳卜，貞；
• [命辭]旬亡禍？
• [占辭]王占曰：「有祟，其有來艱。」
• [驗辭]迄至，五日丁酉，允有來艱自西。沚告曰:「土方征於
我東鄙，災二邑， 方亦侵我西鄙田。」
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 6
What is I-Ching?
• It offers neither facts nor power, but for lovers of
self-knowledge, of wisdom.
• I Ching insists upon self-knowledge throughout.
• “Don’t you see how useful the I Ching is in making
you project your hitherto unrealized thoughts into
its abstruse symbolism?”
• Archaic, symbolic, and flowery language
• It is considered as a collection of archaic “magic
spells” by some scholars.
- From the preface by Carl G. Jung to The I-Ching or
Book of Changes by Wilhelm/Baynes
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 7
An I-Ching for Business
• The book [Rules of Thumb, by Alan M. Webber] is an
occidental version of the I Ching (Book of Changes), ...
Widely used in Asia by fortune-tellers and futurists alike,
the I Ching “works” not by having any mystical connection
to the future but by helping the inquirer understand the
potential for change in the present.
• When asked a question, the I Ching suggests elements in
the current situation that may have been ignored, and
indicates their potential for being changed into their
opposites.
• This perspective, which is based on an early systems view
of the world in which the whole universe is seen as being in
a continual state of flux, is appropriate for these turbulent
times.
Source: Link
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
事緩則圓
I-Ching 易經 - 8
View the world in a new perspective
If the reader
is drawn out of accustomed framework of
his thought to view the world in a new
perspective,
if his imagination is stimulated and
his psychological insight deepened,
he will know that Wilhelm’s I Ching has
been faithfully reproduced.
Source: in translator’s note by Cary Baynes, I
Ching or The Book of Changes, 1949.
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 9
Unification of Human and Universe 天人合一
• The first effort of men to place
themselves in the cosmos, ….
Concern with their relation to the
universe and to their fellow men
[GuanXi].
- Cary Baynes, 1949
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 10
Confucian Canon
• The Five Classics:
– The Book of Songs (Odes)
– The Book of History (Official documents)
– 《易經》 The Book of Changes
– The Book of Rites
– The Spring and Autumn Annals (Chronicle - records of
history events - of Lu)
• The Four Books:
– The Great Learning (Higher Education)
– The Doctrine of the Mean (Central Harmony)
– The Analects of Confucius (Dialog of Confucius and his
disciples)
– Mencius
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 11
I-Ching Is a Source of Chinese Wisdom
• Confucianism and Taoism have a common root in
I-Ching.
• The DNA of Chinese collective memories and
wisdom.
• A framework of analyzing challenging situations.
• 64 prescriptions and solutions of common
patterns.
Examples of Hexagrams
1. The Creative (乾 qián)
2. The Receptive (坤 kūn)
3. Difficulty at the Beginning (屯 zhūn)
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 12
Trigram and Hexagram 六十四卦和八卦
Yang: Unbroken Line (Yao爻)
Yin: Broken Line (Yao)
23=8 Trigrams 26=64 Hexagrams
Top
Upper-level
Fifth
Management
Fourth
Front-line
Worker
Third
Second
Beginning
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
Top
Upper trigram
Middle Outer trigram
Bottom
Top
Lower trigram
Middle Inner trigram
Bottom
I-Ching 易經 - 13
Hexagram = Six Lines (Yao) 爻
Labeling a line in a hexagram
Nine (Yang) at the top (Space)
Nine (Yang) in the fifth place
Nine (Yang) in the four place
Nine (Yang) in the third place
Nine (Yang) in the second place
Nine (Yang) at the beginning (Time)
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
Six (Yin) at the top (Space)
Six (Yin) in the fifth place
Six (Yin) in the four place
Six (Yin) in the third place
Six (Yin) in the second place
Six (Yin) at the beginning (Time)
I-Ching 易經 - 14
乾（易）之四德 The Four Virtues of Creative
• 乾。元，亨，利，貞。 (The Judgment of the overall
hexagram)
– The creative works sublime success, furthering
through perseverance. - Wilhelm
– Supreme offering. Favorable augury (omen,
sign, indication). - Rutt
A Managerial Explanation:
• 元: Core competence and know how; the momentum for
growth; Vision; primal power and energy.
• 亨: Growth; expansion; market share; strategy
• 利: Profitability; mutually shared benefits
• 貞: Solidify gains; secure competitive position; foundation;
use the resources accumulated to explore opportunities for
the next growth cycle （貞下起元,終而復始）
• 春生、夏長、秋收、冬藏 Spring-sprouting-east; summergrowing-south; autumn-harvesting-west; winter-storagenorth.
I-Ching 易經 - 15
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
乾卦 Creative
• 《象》曰：天行健，君子以自強不息。
• The (Big) Image: The movement of heaven is
full of power [and non-stop]. Thus the
superior man [by following the example of
heaven] makes himself strong and untiring.
Qianlong imperial white jade
'Zi Qiang Bu Xi' seal
Self-Strengthening Never Ceases or
never stop strengthening oneself
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 16
Chinese Emperor's Personal White Jade Dragon Seal
• Sells for £2.7M at Bonhams.
• Emperor's Lost Seal Heads Home After Bonhams Sale
A stunning piece of China's Imperial history – a seal personally
commissioned and used by the Qianlong Emperor (1711-1799) – sold
for £2,708,000 at Bonhams Sale of Fine Chinese Art on November 11th
in London. The perfect four centimetre square jade seal bearing the
inscription 'Zi Qiang Bu Xi', ('Self-Strengthening Never Ceases') is
closely linked to the Emperor's 80th birthday celebration which
coincided with the 55th year of his reign and is an iconic reminder of
China's golden age.
• http://www.bonhams.com/eur/auction/17859/
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 17
乾卦(Creative):爻辭 (Line Statements / Judgments)
Yang Line (Nine)
陽爻(九)
Yin Line (Six)
陰爻(六)
• 爻辭 (Line Statements/Judgments)
• 初九，潛龍勿用。
– Nine (yang) at the beginning means: Hidden dragon, do
not act.
• 九二，見龍在田，利見大人。
– Nine in the second place means: Dragon appears in the
field. It furthers (is favorable for) one to see the great
person.
• 九三，君子終日乾乾，夕惕若厲，无咎。
– Nine in the third place means: All day long the superior
man (prince; gentleman) is creatively active and after
dark still stay alert assuming danger is imminent;
therefore, no mistake and no blame.
Source:
I-Ching from Wilhelm/Baynes
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 18
乾卦(Creative):爻辭 (Line Statements / Judgments)
• 九四，或躍在淵， 无咎。
– Nine in the fourth place means: Wavering [dragon]
flight over the depths. (Sometimes it leaps above the
tides.) No blames.
• 九五，飛龍在天，利見大人。
– Nine in the fifth place means: Flying dragon in the
heavens. It furthers one to see the great man.
• 上九，亢龍有悔。
– Nine at the top means: Arrogant dragon [at the top] will
have causes to repent.
• 用九，見群龍无首，吉。
– Utilize all nines in six positions, it forms a self-managed
team without a leader. (There appears a flight of
dragons without heads.) Good fortune.
Source: I-Ching from Wilhelm/Baynes
http://wengu.tartarie.com/wg/wengu.php?l=Yijing&no=0
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
with Prediction program
I-Ching 易經 - 19
Six Lines and Six Dragons
• Hidden dragon at the beginning
(bottom)
• Appearing dragon in the field
• Alert dragon working diligently
• Jumping dragon trying one’s
potentials
• Flying dragon creating opportunities
• Arrogant dragon at the top and with
regret
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 20
Another Translation
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 21
Meanings (Principles) of I-Ching
一、變易:Change; Dynamic; Shift; S-Curve
二、簡易:Common; Easy; Simplicity
三、不易:Constancy; Principles; Systemic
四、交易:Connection, Interaction; Exchange
Creative/Receptive open the door to
the understanding of I-Ching
乾坤其易之門邪？
Sun and moon form the “I” – Yi
Simplicity is the optimal sophistication!
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 22
The Meaning of “I” (Yi)
The I Ching is a “reflection of the universe in miniature”. The
word “I“ (Yi) has 3 (4) meanings: change and
transformation, ease and simplicity, and invariability +
interaction (變易、簡易、不易 + 交易):
– Variability (Changing): the use of the substance.
Everything in the universe is continually changing. By
comprehending this one may realize the importance of
flexibility in life and may thus cultivate the proper attitude
for dealing with a multiplicity of diverse situations.
– Simplicity - the root of the substance. The fundamental law
underlying everything in the universe is utterly plain and simple, no
matter how abstruse or complex some things may appear to be.
– Persistency (Invariability) - the essence of the substance. While
everything in the universe seems to be changing, among the changing
tides there is a persistent principle, a central rule, which does not vary
with space and time.
– Exchanges and interactions
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 23
Ease and Simplicity
•易則易知，簡則易從。
•易知則有親，易從則有功。
•有親則可久，有功則可大。
•可久則賢人之德，可大則賢人之業。
•易簡，而天下之理得矣；
•天下之理得，而成位乎其中矣。
(He who attains to this) ease (of Heaven) will be easily understood, and (he who attains
to this) freedom from laborious effort (of the Earth) will be easily followed. He who is
easily understood will have adherents, and he who is easily followed will achieve
success. He who has adherents can continue long, and he who achieves success can
become great. To be able to continue long shows the virtue of the wise and able man; to
be able to become great is the heritage he will acquire. With the attainment of such ease
and such freedom from laborious effort, the mastery is got of all principles under the sky.
With the attainment of that mastery, (the sage) makes good his position in the middle
(between
heaven
and earth).
I-Ching 易經 - 24
© Minder Chen,
2003-2014
Tai-Chi Diagram (Diagram of the Supreme Ultimate)
〈繫辭傳〉:
陰陽合德，
而剛柔有體
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 25
Yang vs. Yin
Yang
Firm
Moving
Sun
Up
Heaven
Male
Father
Odd
Advancing
Full
Direct
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
Yin
Yield
Still
Moon
Down
Earth
Female
Mother
Even
Retreat
Empty
Indirect
周
敦
頤
《
太
極
圖
說
》
I-Ching 易經 - 26
太極圖(Tai-Chi Diagram)
(夏至;Summer Solstice)
太陽(夏)
少陰(秋)
少陽(春)
太陰(冬)
(冬至;Winter Solstice)
The dynamic of mixing light (yang) and dark (yin) is
unpredictable and this is called the spirit.
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 27
Taichi View of the World
• The ancient Chinese were keen observers and
were greatly interested in the relationships and
patterns that occurred in nature.
• In the West, our scientific method teaches us to
deconstruct nature. But the ancient Chinese
viewed the world differently.
• They viewed the world as a harmonious and
holistic entity.
• In their eyes, no single being or form could
exist unless it was seen in relation to its
surrounding environment.
– Source: http://empoweringwellnessnow.com/26/
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 28
Yin-Yang Theory
• The original concept of yin and yang came from the
observation of nature and the environment.
• “Yin” originally referred to the shady side of a slope while
“yang” referred to the sunny side. (山南水北為陽)
• Later, this thinking was used in understanding other
occurrences, which occurred in pairs and had
complementary and opposing characteristics in nature.
• Some examples include: sky and earth, day and night,
water and fire, active and passive, male and female and so
on.
• Working with these ideas, ancient people recognized nearly
all things could have yin and yang properties.
• Yin and yang can describe two relative aspects of the same
phenomena such as the example of the slope, or they can
describe two different objects like sky and earth.
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 29
Yin and Yang
• Usually, yang is associated with energetic
qualities. For example, movement, outward and
upward direction, heat, brightness, stimulation,
activity and excitement are all yang qualities.
• Yin, on the other hand, is associated with the
physical form of an object and has less
energetic qualities such as rest, inward and
downward direction, cold, darkness,
condensation, inhibition, and nourishment.
Yin: North of the mountain and
south of water.
Yang: South of the mountain and
north of water.
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 30
Unity of Opposites
毛澤東〈矛盾論〉
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 31
Properties of Yin and Yang
• Yin and Yang oppose
each other.
• Yin and Yang mutually
create and depend on
each other.
• Yin and Yang change
and grow in a cyclic and
balanced manner.
• Yin and Yang transform
into each other.
http://www.shen-nong.com/eng/principles/propertiesyinyang.html
I-Ching 易經 - 32
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
Tyranny of the OR
• A key aspect of highly visionary companies: They do
not oppress themselves with what we call the “Tyranny
of the OR.”
• The “tyranny of the OR” pushes people to believe that
things must be either A OR B, but not both. “OR”
thinkers say:
– You can have low cost OR high quality.
– You can have creative autonomy OR consistency and
control.
• A highly visionary company doesn’t want to blend yin
and yang into gray, indistinguishable circle that is
neither highly yin nor highly yang; it aims to be
distinctly yin and distinctly yang – both at the same
time, all the time.
– From Build to Last
http://oogalabs.wordpress.com/category/ooga-labs/
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 33
Dialectic Method of Thinking
• The Tao gives birth to (begets, creates) One
(Taichi).
• One gives birth to Two (Yin and Yang).
• Two gives birth to Three. (many)
• Three gives birth to all things.
• All things carry Yin on their back while
embraces Yang in their arms (in front of them).
• Yin and Yang complement and simulate each
other via constant interactions
(communications) and exchanges of their
energy to create a harmonic environment.
道生一，一生二，二生三，三生萬物。
萬物負陰而抱陽，沖氣以為和。
- My translation of Lao Tzu (Tao De Jing) Chapter 42.
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 34
Business Cycle
• A favorable situation has also unfavorable
factors within it.
– Every pro has a con, and every con has a pro. All of
these opposing forces are interacting with each other
in complicated ways.
• A sharp rise often leads to a sudden fall soon
after.
– What goes up, must come down.
– Moon has waxing and waning periods.
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/moon/Phases.shtml
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 35
Boom & Bust is the Cycle of the Time 消息盈虛 – 時也!
盈
剝卦，彖曰: 剝，剝也，柔
變剛也。 不利有攸往，小人
長也。順而止之，觀象也。
Fullness
(High)
息
(Rate of
Increase)
Stock Level
消
(Rate of
Decrease)
(Low)
虛
君子尚消息盈虛，
天行也。
Emptiness
The commentary on the decision: Splitting apart means ruin. The
yielding changes the firm. “It does not further one to go anywhere.”
Inferior people increase. Devotion and keeping still result from
contemplating the image. The superior man takes heed of the alternation
of increase and decrease, fullness and emptiness; for it is the course of
heaven.
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 36
Business Cycle: Buy or Sell, that is the question
•貴上極則反賤，賤下極則反貴。
•貴出如糞土，賤取如珠玉。
– When goods become so expensive, then the price
will drop dramatically. When the price of a good is
dirt cheap, the price is going to go up soon. When
the price of a good is extremely high, you should
sell it like selling dirt; and when the price of a good
is extremely cheap, you should buy it like buying
jewelries.
– “Biographies of Merchants” in Shiji or Records of the Grand
Historian by Sima Qian 司馬遷 史記 貨殖列傳
• We simply attempt to be fearful when others are greedy
and to be greedy only when others are fearful.
– Warren Buffett, 2001
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 37
Nature and Business Cycles
計然曰：“知斗則修備，時用則知物，二者形則萬貨之情可得而觀
已。故歲在金，穰；水，毀；木，饑；火，旱。旱則資舟，水則資
車，物之理也。六歲穰，六歲旱，十二歲一大饑。夫糶，二十病農
，九十病末。末病則財不出，農病則草不辟矣。上不過八十，下不
減三十，則農末俱利，平糶齊物，關市不乏，治國之道也。
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 38
Profit and Virtue
故曰：“倉廩實而知禮節，衣食足而知榮辱。”禮生於有而廢於無
。故君子富，好行其德；小人富，以適其力。淵深而魚生之，山深
而獸往之，人富而仁義附焉。富者得埶益彰，失埶則客無所之，以
而不樂。夷狄益甚。諺曰：“千金之子，不死於市。”此非空言也
。故曰：“天下熙熙，皆為利來；天下壤壤，皆為利往。”夫千
乘之王，萬家之侯，百室之君，尚猶患貧，而況匹夫編戶之民乎！
“You can get away with murder
if you are from a rich family”
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 39
Nature and Business Cycles
積著之理，務完物，無息幣。以物相貿易，腐敗而
食之貨勿留，無敢居貴。論其有餘不足，則知貴賤
。貴上極則反賤，賤下極則反貴。貴出如糞土，賤
取如珠玉。財幣欲其行如流水。
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 40
Special Skills to Get Rich Niche Market
** 張茵 – The Queen of Recycle Papers
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 41
Concluding Remarks from “The Biographies of Merchants”
夫纖嗇筋力，治生之正道也，而富者必用奇
勝。田農，掘業，而秦揚以蓋一州。掘冢，
姦事也，而田叔以起。博戲，惡業也，而桓
發用富。行賈，丈夫賤行也，而雍樂成以饒
。販脂，辱處也，而雍伯千金。賣漿，小業
也，而張氏千萬。灑削，薄技也，而郅氏鼎
食。胃脯，簡微耳，濁氏連騎。馬醫，淺方
，張裏擊鐘。此皆誠壹之所致。由是觀之，
富無經業，則貨無常主，能者輻湊，不肖者
瓦解。千金之家比一都之君，巨萬者乃與王
者同樂。豈所謂「素封」者邪？非也？
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 42
Waxing and Waning
• The moon has its periods of waxing and waning.
• Waxing means growing, rising, becoming bigger
and waning means shrinking, falling, becoming
smaller.
• Business cycle.
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 43
Moving Forward and Stepping Back
• If one knows only how to move
forward and not backward, he will
reach an dead end.
• What is your Exit Strategy?
• Rest is the preparation to take a
long journal.
尺蠖之屈，以求信也。龍蛇之蟄，以存身也。
精義入神，以致用也。利用安身，以崇德也。
過此以往，未之或知也。窮神知化，德之盛也。
《易經。繫辭傳》
Sometime you
have to bend in
order to stretch.
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 44
TaiChi Diagram and I-Ching Trigrams
• Ba-Quai Diagram
☰☱☲☳☴☵☶☷
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 45
八卦 Trigrams Formation
8 Qua
(Trigrams)
Four quadrants
Yang
Yin
Two Primal Powers: Yin vs. Yang
Tai-Chi
Primal Beginning
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 46
Fuxi "Earlier Heaven" Bagua Arrangement
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 47
Ba-Gua Wards off Evil Spirit
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 48
Memorizing the Ba-Gua Images 八卦取象歌
乾三連
Qián has three solid line
震仰盂
Zhèn looks like an upright Bowl
離中虛
Lí is empty in the middle
兌上缺
Duì has a crack at the top
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
坤六斷
Kūn has three broken line
(broken into 6 short lines)
艮覆碗
Gèn looks like an upside down bowl
坎中滿
Kǎn is solid in the middle
巽下斷
Xùn has a crack at the bottom
I-Ching 易經 - 49
Trigrams (八卦 BāGuà): Eight Possible Combinations of Three Lines
Name
☰ Qián乾
the Creative
Strong健
Heaven天
Father父
☷ Kūn坤
the Receptive
Devoted,
Yielding 順
Earth地
Mother男
☳ Zhèn震
the Arousing
Arousing,
Movement 動
Thunder雷
first son長男
☵ Kǎn坎
the Abysmal
Dangerous 險
Water水 (月) second son中男
☶ Gèn艮
Keeping Still
Resting, Stand still 止
Mountain山 third son少男
☴ Xùn巽
the Gentle
Penetrating 入
Wind風
first daughter長女
☲ Lí離
the Clinging
Light-giving 麗(明)
Fire火 (日)
second daughter中女
☱ Duì兌
the Joyous
Joyful 說(悅)
Lake澤
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
Attribute
Image
Family
Relationship
Symbol
third daughter少女
I-Ching 易經 - 50
Ba-Gua Family Relationships (乾坤六子卦)
Youngest daughter
Youngest son
兌 得坤三爻少女
艮 得乾三爻少子
Middle daughter
Middle son
乾父
坎 得乾二爻中子
坤母
離 得坤二爻中女
Mother
Father
Eldest son
Eldest daughter
震 得乾初爻長子
巽 得坤初爻長女
Treasure scare resources
Yang Trigrams have more Yin lines
Yin Trigrams have more Yang lines
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 51
外土《
本， 大
Leadership & Planning
內有 學
領導與規劃
末土 》
，此 是
乾 天
Marketing
Human Resource
爭有 故
人才
行銷
民財君
風
澤
1
施， 子
兌
巽
2
奪有 先
5
南
外部結盟與 。 財 慎
內部組織與
S
是此 乎
後勤系統
管理程序
故有 德
火 離
坎
6
水
3 東E
W西
財用 。
Logistics
Management
聚。 有
Systems
則德 德
N
4
民者 此
7
北
艮 財務
散本 有
震
8
山
，也 人
雷
Finance 財
，，
創新
散財 有
坤地
Innovation
則者 人
執行與實施(生產、服務)
Execution, Operations, & Implementation 民 末 此
聚也 有
，
Conflicting and complementary I-Ching 易經。- 52
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching and Management Mapping
天Heaven、地Earth、人Human
天時Heaven: Time、Timing
地利Earth: Geographical advantage
人和Human: Harmony/Collaboration
Heaven
People
Thing Objects
Earth
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
Business environments
• Market demands
• Merging technology
• Social trends
天Heaven
人Human
地Earth
Geographic distribution
Localization
I-Ching 易經 - 53
Man, Market, Money, Method, Machine, Material, Message
huMan: Human Resource, Employees
Market: Customers
$$$
 
People
Message:
Money:
Information
Thing O
bject
Accounting，
Finance，
Investment
Machine:
Method:
Technique， Process，
Project， Task
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
Property， Facility，
Technology
Material:
Raw material, Product
I-Ching 易經 - 54
Hexagram 六畫卦
終
中爻
始
上爻
五爻
四爻
三爻
二爻
初爻
-
天
天
人
人
地
地
-
究
壯
始
究
壯
始
上三爻
合稱上卦
或外卦
下三爻
合稱下卦
或內卦
三時
三才
始: Creation, Initiation;
壯: Growth;
究: Decay, Closure(窮、盡。《說文解字》：「究，窮也。」) ;
位與時的觀念並存
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 55
Sales per season
Accumulated sales over time
每季的銷售金額
累積的銷售金額
壯
始
究
鐘形曲綫
Sales Amount
Sales Amount
Creation, Growth, & Decay 始壯究
究
壯
始
S Curve
S曲綫
時間
時間
Time
Time
始: Creation, Initiation
壯: Growth
究: Decay, Closure(窮、盡。《說文解字》： 究，窮也。)
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 56
Double-S Curve
究天人之際，
通古今之變。
(例如產品銷售累積收益)
狀態
貞
究
利
究
利
壯
始
亨
元 始
貞
壯
亨
元
時間
Ending is the start of another beginning.
Think about next generation of products/services all the times.
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 57
Sequencing of 64-Hexagrams
Hexagram Name (R. Wilhelm)
Image
1. The Creative (乾 qián)
2. The Receptive (坤 kūn)
3. Difficulty at the Beginning (屯 zhūn)
4. Youthful Folly (蒙 méng)
5. Waiting (需 xū)
6. Conflict (訟 sòng)
7. The Army (師 shī)
8. Holding Together (比 bǐ)
9. Small Taming (小畜 xiǎo chù)
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
10.
Treading (Conduct) (履 lǚ)
11.
Peace (泰 tài)
12.
Standstill (否 pǐ)
I-Ching 易經 - 58
64 Hexagrams
Hexagram
01. |||||| Force (乾 qián)
02. ¦¦¦¦¦¦ Field (坤 kūn)
03. |¦¦¦|¦ Sprouting (屯 zhūn)
04. ¦|¦¦¦| Enveloping (蒙 méng)
05. |||¦|¦ Attending (需 xū)
06. ¦|¦||| Arguing (訟 sòng)
07. ¦|¦¦¦¦ Leading (師 shī)
08. ¦¦¦¦|¦ Grouping (比 bǐ)
09. |||¦|| Small Accumulating (小畜 xiǎo chù)
10. ||¦||| Treading (履 lǚ)
11. |||¦¦¦ Pervading (泰 tài)
12. ¦¦¦||| Obstruction (否 pǐ)
13. |¦|||| Concording People (同人 tóng rén)
14. ||||¦| Great Possessing (大有 dà yǒu)
15. ¦¦|¦¦¦ Humbling (謙 qiān)
16. ¦¦¦|¦¦ Providing-For (豫 yù)
17. |¦¦||¦ Following (隨 suí)
18. ¦||¦¦| Corrupting (蠱 gǔ)
19. ||¦¦¦¦ Nearing (臨 lín)
20. ¦¦¦¦|| Viewing (觀 guān)
21. |¦¦|¦| Gnawing Bite (噬嗑 shì kè)
22. |¦|¦¦| Adorning (賁 bì)
23. ¦¦¦¦¦| Stripping (剝 bō)
24. |¦¦¦¦¦ Returning (復 fù)
25. |¦¦||| Without Embroiling (無妄 wú wàng)
26. |||¦¦| Great Accumulating (大畜 dà chù)
27. |¦¦¦¦| Swallowing (頤 yí)
28. ¦||||¦ Great Exceeding (大過 dà guò)
29. ¦|¦¦|¦ Gorge (坎 kǎn)
|¦||¦| Radiance
(離 lí)
© 30.
Minder
Chen, 2003-2014
R. Wilhelm
The Creative
The Receptive
Difficulty at the Beginning
Youthful Folly
Waiting
Conflict
The Army
Holding Together
Small Taming
Treading (Conduct)
Peace
Standstill
Fellowship
Great Possession
Modesty
Enthusiasm
Following
Work on the Decayed
Approach
Contemplation
Biting Through
Grace
Splitting Apart
Return
Innocence
Great Taming
Mouth Corners
Great Preponderance
The Abysmal Water
The Clinging
Modern Interpretation
Possessing Creative Power & Skill
Do not force matters and go with the flow
Sprouting
Detained, Enveloped and Inexperienced
Uninvolvement (Wait for now), Nourishment
Engagement in Conflict
Bringing Together, Teamwork
Union
Accumulating Resources
Continuing with Alertness
Pervading
Stagnation
Fellowship, Partnership
Independence, Freedom
Being Reserved, Refraining
Inducement, New Stimulus
Following
Repairing
Approaching Goal, Arriving
The Withholding
Deciding
Embellishing
Stripping, Flaying
Returning
Without Rashness
Accumulating Wisdom
Seeking Nourishment
Great Surpassing
Darkness, Gorge
Clinging, Attachment
I-Ching 易經 - 59
Hexagram
31. ¦¦|||¦ Conjoining (咸 xián)
32. ¦|||¦¦ Persevering (恆 héng)
33. ¦¦|||| Retiring (遯 dùn)
34. ||||¦¦ Great Invigorating (大壯 dà zhuàng)
35. ¦¦¦|¦| Prospering (晉 jìn)
36. |¦|¦¦¦ Brightness Hiding (明夷 míng yí)
37. |¦|¦|| Dwelling People (家人 jiā rén)
38. ||¦|¦| Polarising (睽 kuí)
39. ¦¦|¦|¦ Limping (蹇 jiǎn)
40. ¦|¦|¦¦ Taking-Apart (解 xiè)
41. ||¦¦¦| Diminishing (損 sǔn)
42. |¦¦¦|| Augmenting (益 yì)
43. |||||¦ Parting (夬 guài)
44. ¦||||| Coupling (姤 gòu)
45. ¦¦¦||¦ Clustering (萃 cuì)
46. ¦||¦¦¦ Ascending (升 shēng)
47. ¦|¦||¦ Confining (困 kùn)
48. ¦||¦|¦ Welling (井 jǐng)
49. |¦|||¦ Skinning (革 gé)
50. ¦|||¦| Holding (鼎 dǐng)
51. |¦¦|¦¦ Shake (震 zhèn)
52. ¦¦|¦¦| Bound (艮 gèn)
53. ¦¦|¦|| Infiltrating (漸 jiàn)
54. ||¦|¦¦ Converting The Maiden (歸妹 guī mèi)
55. |¦||¦¦ Abounding (豐 fēng)
56. ¦¦||¦| Sojourning (旅 lǚ)
57. ¦||¦|| Ground (巽 xùn)
58. ||¦||¦ Open (兌 duì)
59. ¦|¦¦|| Dispersing (渙 huàn)
60. ||¦¦|¦ Articulating (節 jié)
61. ||¦¦|| Centre Confirming (中孚 zhōng fú)
62. ¦¦||¦¦ Small Exceeding (小過 xiǎo guò)
63. |¦|¦|¦ Already Fording (既濟 jì jì)
64. ¦|¦|¦| Not-Yet Fording (未濟 wèi jì)
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
R. Wilhelm
Influence
Duration
Retreat
Great Power
Progress
Darkening of the Light
The Family
Opposition
Obstruction
Deliverance
Decrease
Increase
Breakthrough
Coming to Meet
Gathering Together
Pushing Upward
Oppression
The Well
Revolution
The Cauldron
Arousing
The Keeping Still
Development
The Marrying Maiden
Abundance
The Wanderer
The Gentle
The Joyous
Dispersion
Limitation
Inner Truth
Small Preponderance
After Completion
Before Completion
Modern Interpretation
Attraction
Perseverance
Withdrawing
Great Boldness
Expansion, Promotion
Brilliance Injured
Family
Division, Divergence
Halting, Hardship
Liberation, Solution
Decrease
Increase
Separation
Encountering
Association, Companionship
Growing Upward
Exhaustion
Replenishing, Renewal
Abolishing the Old
Establishing the New
Mobilizing
Immobility
Auspicious Outlook, Infiltration
Marrying
Goal Reached, Ambition Achieved
Travel
Subtle Influence
Overt Influence
Dispersal
Discipline
Staying Focused, Avoid Misrepresentation
Small Surpassing
Completion
Incompletion
64 Hexagrams
I-Ching 易經 - 60
Taichi View of the World
• The ancient Chinese were keen observers and
were greatly interested in the relationships and
patterns that occurred in nature.
• In the West, our scientific method teaches us to
deconstruct nature. But the ancient Chinese
viewed the world as a harmonious and holistic
entity.
• In their eyes, no single being or form could
exist unless it was seen in relation to its
surrounding environment. (sustainability)
– Source: http://empoweringwellnessnow.com/26/
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 61
I-Ching Influence
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
The Way
I-Ching 易經 - 62
I-Ching Influence
• Chinese thoughts and world views
• A philosophical base for Taoism and
Confucianism
• A common language for many aspects of
Chinese culture
–
–
–
–
Feng shui
Fortune-Telling
Qi-gong
Taichi Chuan
• Management and Business
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 63
Single Whip Snake Creeps Down
• 朱銘 JuMing Museum
單鞭下式
24 form simplified Tai-Chi demo
http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XNTk4N
zkwMzky.html
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 64
Pushing Hand
• Pushing hands is a two person
training which teaches tai chi students
to yield in the face of brute force.
• Pushing hands is said to be the
gateway for students to understand
experientially the martial aspects of
the Internal martial arts (內家 nèi jiā);
leverage(四兩撥千金 ), reflex,
sensitivity (聽勁), timing,
coordination and positioning.
• http://www.wztjw.com/Article/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleI
D=1570 13:00
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushing_hands
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushing_Hands_(film)
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 65
Taichi Gate
• Sculpture by JuMing 朱銘
• Inspired by Pushing Hand
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 66
10 Principles of Yang Style Taichi 太極十要
1. 虛靈頂勁 Straighten (lift up) the head (the spine).
2. 沉肩墜肘 Sink the shoulders & drop the elbows.
3. 含胸拔背【則氣自沉丹田】Don’t stick out (throw out) one’s chest (Belly
breathing) .
4. 鬆腰鬆胯 All movement comes from the center (waist). Relax the
waist and hip joint.
5. 分清虛實 Maintain clear distinction between substantial &
insubstantial (solid and empty stance). (Know where is you center of
gravity)
6. 上下相隨【一動無有不動】 Synchronize (coordinate) upper & lower
body movement (Once you move, every part of your body move).
7. 連綿不斷 All movements are performed in a smooth & continuous
manner.
8. 內外合一 Unify the inside and outside (the internal and external parts).
9. 用意不用力 Use intent (mind) rather than force.
10. 動中求靜，靜中求動 Seek tranquility in your movement; in tranquility
find opportunity for making the move.
Tai chi pushing hands 5 Chen Styles
•
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XALpOmuQR88
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d2Dnjnu4pXU
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 67
A modern "feng shui fountain" at Taipei 101, Taiwan
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 68
Hexagrams
Top
Middle
lines
Bottom
Top
Fifth
Fourth
Third
Human
Second
Earth
Beginning Earth
Righteousness
Soft
Hard
Decay
Growth
Creation
Decay
Growth
Creation
Three Phases
Concepts of both
space and time
Three Primal Powers
始: Creation, Initiation
壯: Growth
究: Decay, Closure
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
Heaven Yin
Heaven Yang
Human Benevolence
I-Ching 易經 - 69
Three Primal Powers 三才: 天地人
• Change and transformation (變與化) are
images of progress and retrogression (進退).
• The firm and the yielding (剛與柔) are images
of day and night.
• The movement of the six lines contain the
ways of the three primal powers (天heaven、
地Earth、人People).
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 70
易經的經與傳(Basic Materials of I Ching)
謙，亨，君子有終。
卦名
卦畫
Hexagram
Drawing or
Picture
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
Hexagram
Name
卦辭
卦辭 The
The
Judgment
Judgment
MODESTY creates success.
The superior man carries
things through.
Source:http://www.teamspirits.net/change/I-Ching 易經 - 71
彖辭 (彖傳) Commentary on the Decision (Judgment)
彖曰: 謙，亨，天道下濟而光明，地道卑而上行，
天道虧盈而益謙，地道變盈而流謙，鬼神害盈而福
謙，人道惡盈而好謙，謙尊而光，卑而不可踰，君
子之終也。
MODESTY creates success, for it is the way of heaven to shed its
influence downward and to create light and radiance. It is the way
of the earth to be lowly and to go upward. It is the way of heaven
to make empty what is full and to give increase to what is
modest. It is the way the earth to change the full and to augment
the modest. Spirits and gods bring harm to what is full and
prosper what is modest. It is the way of men to hate fullness
and to love the modest. Modesty that is honored spreads
radiance. Modesty that is lowly cannot be ignored. This is the
end attained by the superior man.
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
Source: http://mvscenter.net/change/
I-Ching 易經 - 72
大象傳 - 象辭(The [Big] Image)
象曰: 地中有山，謙。
君子以裒多益寡，稱物平施。
Within the earth, a mountain:
The image of Modesty.
Thus the superior man reduce that which is too much,
And augments that which is too little.
He weighs things and makes them equal.
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 73
Line Statement (爻辭)
用
象九
曰。
用見
九群
，龍
天无
德首
不，
可吉
為。
首
也
。
上 九
象九 象 五象
曰。 曰 。曰
亢亢 飛 飛或
龍龍 龍 龍躍
有有 在 在在
悔悔 天 天淵
，。 ， ，，
盈 大 利進
不 人 見无
可 造 大咎
久 也 人也
也 。 。。
。
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
象
曰
天
行
健
，
君
子
以
自
強
不
息
。
彖
曰
大
哉
乾
元
，
萬
物
資
始
，
乃
統
天
。
…
Image (for line
statement)小象
九 九 九 初
四象 三 象 二 象 九
。曰 。 曰 。 曰 。
君
見
潛
見
潛
終
或 子 龍 龍
躍日 終 龍 再 龍 勿
在乾 日 在 田 勿 用
淵乾 乾 田 ， 用 。
，， 乾 ， 利 ，
无反 ， 德 見 陽
咎復 夕 施 大 在
。道 惕 普 人 下
也 也 也
。若 。 。。
厲
， Image
无 (big)大象
咎
元 乾
亨
利
貞
。
Name
Symbols,
Drawing
Hexagram
Judgment
卦辭
Explanation
of
Judgment
I-Ching 易經 - 74
易經結構 (Structure of I-Ching Text)
說卦(discussion
of the trigram)
未
濟
雜卦(Hexagram pairing)
恆
咸
比
師
坤
用 上 九
九 九 五
象 。象 。象 。象
曰 見曰 亢曰 飛曰
群 龍 龍
用 龍亢 有飛 在或
九 无龍 悔龍 天躍
， 首有 。在 ，在
天 ，悔 天 利淵
德 吉， ， 見，
不 。盈 大 大進
可 不 人 人无
為 可 造 。咎
首 久 也 也
也 也 。 。
。 。
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
九 九 九 初 象 彖元 乾
四 三 二 九 曰 曰亨
。象 。 象 。 象 。
利
君
大貞
見
潛
天
或曰 子 曰 龍 曰 龍
哉
躍終 終 見 再 潛 勿 行 乾 。
健
在日 日
乾 龍 田 龍 用 文言元
(Explannation of
淵乾 乾 在 ， 勿 。 ， ，
君 萬 and Receptive)
，乾 ， 田 利 用 Creative
无， 夕 ， 見 ，
子 物
惕
咎反 若 德 大 陽
以 資
。復 厲 施 人 在
自 始
，
強 ，
道 无 普。 下
也咎 也 也
不 乃
繫辭傳 (The great treatise)
統
。。 。 。
息
I-Ching 易經 - 75
。 天
Ten Wings十翼: Commentaries on I-Ching
• The First and Second Wings – is called Tuan Zhuan or
Commentary on the Decision (彖傳) gives exact
interpretations of King Wen’s decisions (judgments) of
hexagrams, on the basis of the structure and the other
elements of the hexagrams. (Vol. 1 & II)
• The Third and Fourth Wings are called Xiang Zhuan,
Commentary on the Images (象傳). It consists of the Great
Images (Da Xiang), which often refer to the images
associated with the two trigrams in each hexagram; from
these the commentary in each case deduces the meaning
of the hexagram as a whole, and from this contemplation in
turn draws conclusions applicable to the life of human
being. Besides the Great Images (大象), this commentary
contains also the Small Images (小象). These are very brief
references to the Duke of Zhou’s comments on the
individual lines of the hexagrams. (Vol. 1 & II)
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 76
• The Fifth and Six Wings is entitled Hsi Tzu, or Da Zhuan,
has two parts. It means Great Commentary, or Great
Treatise. (Vol. 1 & II) (繫辭傳)
• The Seventh Wing, named Wen Yen (文言), is a
commentary on the the Text of Chien and Kun hexagrams.
• The Eighth Wing, Shuo Kua (說卦), Discussion of the
Trigrams, contains material of great antiquity in explanation
of the eight primary trigrams.
• The Ninth Wing, Hsu Kua (序卦), the Sequence of the
Hexagrams, offers a rather unconvincing explanation of the
present sequence of the hexagrams. It is interesting only
because the names of the hexagrams are sometimes given
peculiar interpretations that are undoubtedly based on
ancient tradition.
• The last (Tenth) wing, Tsa Kua, Miscellaneous Notes on the
Hexagrams(雜卦), is made up of definitions of the
hexagrams in mnemonics verses, for the most part
contrasting them in pairs.
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 77
爻辭 象辭
上 topmost
五
四
三
二
初 commencing
爻位 爻辭
易經˙繫辭上：
爻者，言乎變者也。
一爻俱時與位。
初以時言,上以位言。
小象辭(小象)
初六
謙謙君子，用涉大川，吉。
謙謙君子，卑以自牧也。
六二
鳴謙，貞吉。
鳴謙貞吉，中心得也。
九三
勞謙君子，有終吉。
勞謙君子，萬民服也。
六四
無不利，撝謙。
無不利，撝謙，不違則也。
六五
不富，以其鄰，利用侵伐，無不利。 利用侵伐．征不服也。
上六
鳴謙，利用行師，征邑國。
鳴謙，志未得也。可用行師，征
邑國也。
爻之陰陽:
陽爻為九,陰爻為六。
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 78
I-Ching Thinking Styles and Models
Hexagram
Picture
Name
Judgment
Commentary on
Models
Abstract、Macro
Time、Trends
The Way
the decision
The big image
Form your
mental models
Patterns
Mental models
Situations (情境)
Archetypes(原始模型)
Attitude
Model
Elements
Line Text
The small image Concrete、Micro
Position, Change
(interpretation
on the line text) The conduct
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
心態
Analyze your
situations
I-Ching 易經 - 79
The Text
• I-Ching (original text) + 10 Wings
(commentaries on the I-Ching)  Zhou-Yi
– The Yi from Zhou dynasty
– The Universal Change
• I-Ching is sometimes used to refer to the
original text and the ten wings together.
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 80
The Making of I-Ching
• The most eminent scholars of China has taken
inspiration from I-Ching and/or has exerted an
influence on the interpretation of I-Ching’s text.
• The seasoned wisdom of thousands of years
has gone into the making of I-Ching (and its
commentaries).
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 81
Formation and Application of I-Ching
Archetypes:
Generic
Patterns
Observations of
natural and social
phenomena
TaiChi
Yin-Yang
Trigrams
Hexagrams
Texts
Rendered in a
specific scenario
via written texts
(hexagram
statements & line
statements
The creation of I-Ching
The application of I-Ching
Specific
Problems
Recontextualization
(Instantiation)
Analyze &
Forecast
Analysis and
prediction
The I-Ching’s Analytical Framework:
Time, Position, Trend, Character
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 82
Mental Models
Business
Environments
History &
Culture
Mental
Model
Management/
Leadership/
Decision
Styles
Personal
Experiences/
Personality
I-ching is a shared mental model and a
collective unconscious of Chinese people.
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 83
Three Approaches to Understanding I-Ching
• Based on numerology (數)
• Based on Gua’s image (象)
• Philosophical, sociological, or
managerial explanation (義理)
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 84
Good Fortune, Misfortune, Remorse, and Humiliation
Good fortune - Gain
吉
(得)
吝
悔
(不知惜福)
(知道改過)
Remorse –
Know how to
correct one’s
mistakes
Therefore good fortune and
misfortune are the images
of gain and loss; remorse
and humiliation are the
images of sorrow and
forethought.
(失)
凶
Misfortune - Loss
Humiliation Become
indifferent and
arrogant because
of one’s success
When pride comes, then comes disgrace, but with humility comes wisdom.
Proverbs 11:2 (#3 of 10 Bible Verses about Pride and Arrogance)
I-Ching 易經 - 85
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
吉凶悔吝
再接再厲,精益求精
(敗而不餒,
知道反省,
善於補過)
吉凶者，言乎其失得也。
悔吝者，言乎其小疵也。
(悔吝者，憂虞之象也。)
無咎者，善補過也。
--〈繫辭傳上〉
吉
(得)
吝
悔
(失)
凶
Andy Grove說：「失敗的種子，往
往是埋在成功的土壤之中」(十倍速
時代，Only the Paranoid Survives).
一錯再錯
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
(因勝而驕,
不知施捨,
吝於改過)
I-Ching 易經 - 86
Success and Failure 成功失敗學
• Look for methods to succeed, not excuses
for your failure.
成功的人找方法，失敗的人找藉口。
• Success breeds complacency.
• Complacency breeds failure.
• Only the paranoid survive. - Andrew Grove
成功使人掉以輕心,掉以輕心是失敗的溫床。
唯戒慎恐懼,有憂患意識者,得以生存。
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 87
Success and Failure 論成敗
• A pessimist sees the difficulty in every
opportunity. An optimist see every
opportunity in every difficulty.
• Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst.
• A fall in the pit, a gain in your wit.
吃一塹(音歉)，長一智。
• Experiencing a new thing, gain you some
wisdom.
不經一事，不長一智。
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 88
LaoZi Chapter 58
• It is the misfortune that may bring fortune .
It is beneath good fortune that disaster crouches.
• Who knows the ultimate result of an fortune or
misfortune event?
• Is there no norm of right?
• Yet what is normal soon becomes special,
• And what is auspicious soon turns ominous.
• Long indeed people have perplexed by this.
禍兮福之所倚，福兮禍之所伏。
孰知其極？其無正。正復為奇，善復為妖。
人之迷，其日固久。
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 89
Failure is the Mother of Success.
• You may or may not learn from victory, but you
will definitely learn from failure.
• “You may learn when everything goes right, but
the lessons learned when everything goes wrong
are more vivid and lead to long-lasting wisdom.
• One cannot always depend on past successes to
guarantee future success (because of changing
environments), but one can always learn from
lessons drawn from failure.
• Failure is often a stepping stone towards success.
•
Source: http://www.orientaloutpost.com/failure_is_the_mother_of_success.php
Fail often to succeed sooner. - IDEO’s Motto
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 90
From the Bible
• When pride comes, then comes disgrace,
but with humility comes wisdom.
– Proverbs 11:2 (#3 of 10 Bible Verses about
Pride and Arrogance)
• Pride only breeds quarrels, but wisdom is
found in those who take advice.
– Proverbs 13:10 (#4 of 10 Bible Verses about
Pride and Arrogance)
• Pride goes before destruction, a haughty
spirit before a fall.
– Proverbs 16:18 (#5 of 10 Bible Verses about
Pride and Arrogance)
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 91
Basic Structure of a Hexagram
Modesty
謙
Outer/upper
trigram
謙卦
上(外)卦
下(內)卦
Hexagram tag/name
Modesty
hexagram
[錯] [綜]
坤(地)
艮(山)
Inner/lower
trigram
豫
履
Threading
[Conduct]
正對卦、伏卦、錯卦
Enthusiasm
Complementary or Opposite Hexagram
反對卦、覆卦、綜卦
Inverse or Contrasting Hexagram
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 92
Think from the Customer Back
The Customer
Define
Outcomes
Redesign
Outputs
Activities/Tasks
Functions/Processes
Organization
Determine
Activities
Define
Job Responsibilities
Management
* Adapted from The Price
Waterhouse Change
Integration Team, Better
Change, Irwin, 1995, p. 163.
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
Develop
Organization Structure
I-Ching 易經 - 93
謙卦 Modesty
Earth
(上互卦)
交
Mountain震
(下互卦)
互
坎
謙卦Modesty
交互卦
解卦
Deliverance
Interlocking Hexagram
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 94
Correspondence and Holding Together
上下相應
(Correspondence)
36
剛與柔
相與
Corresponding
25
陰與陰
陽與陽
敵應
2, 5
4乘rides 3
中位
3承supports 4
Central
Lines
14
No corresponding
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 95
中位與正位(Middle and Proper Places)
Yin/Yang
Line
Yin
Yin
Yin
Yan
Yin
Yin
Yin
Yin/Yang
Place
Ying
Yang
Ying
Yang
Ying
Yang
Yin Place：2, 4, 6
Yang Place：1, 3, 5
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
Proper Place
Yin line at yin place
Yang line at yang place
正位 (Right place)
正位
正位
2, 5
Central
Places
正位
Proper and Central
(Yin at Second Place and
Nine at Fifth Place)
I-Ching 易經 - 96
坤卦
卦名:坤[為地]
卦辭: 元，亨，利牝馬之貞。
君子有攸往，先迷后得主，利西南得朋，東北喪朋
。安貞，吉。
彖曰: 至哉坤元，萬物資生，乃順承天。
坤厚載物，德合无疆。含弘光大，品物咸亨。
牝馬地類，行地无疆，柔順利貞。君子攸行，先迷
失道，后順得常。西南得朋，乃與類行﹔東北喪朋
，乃終有慶。安貞之吉，應地無疆。
象曰: 地勢坤，君子以厚德載物。
序卦傳: 有天地，然後萬物生焉。
雜卦傳: 乾剛，坤柔。
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 97
K‘un - The Receptive 坤卦
• The Judgement: The Receptive brings about
sublime success, Furthering through the
perseverance of a mare. If the superior man
undertakes something and tries to lead, He
goes astray; But if he follows, he finds
guidance. It is favorable to find friends in the
west and south, To forego friends in the east
and north. Quiet perseverance brings good
fortune.
• The Image: The earth's condition is receptive
devotion. Thus the superior man who has
breadth of character carries the outer world.
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 98
坤卦
爻位
爻辭
小象辭
直，方，大，不習无不
利。
含章可貞。或從王事，
无成有終。
履霜堅冰，陰始凝也。
馴致其道，至堅冰也。
六二之動，直以方也。
不習无不利，地道光也。
含章可貞，以時發也。
或從王事，知光大也。
六四
括囊；无咎，无譽。
括囊无咎，慎不害也。
六五
黃裳，元吉。
黃裳元吉，文在中也。
上六
戰龍於野，其血玄黃。
戰龍於野，其道窮也。
用六
利永貞。
用六永貞，以大終也。
初六
六二
六三
履霜，堅冰至。
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 99
Kun Line Statements
• The line six at the beginning means: When there is
hoarfrost underfoot, Solid ice is not far off.
• Six in the second place means: Straight, square, great.
Without purpose, yet nothing remains unfurthered.
• Six in the third place means: Hidden lines. One is able to
remain persevering. If by chance you are in the service of a
king, Seek not works, but bring to completion.
• Six in the fourth place means: A tied-up sack. No blame, no
praise.
• Six in the fifth place means: A yellow lower garment brings
supreme good fortune.
• Six at the top means: Dragons fight in the meadow. Their
blood is black and yellow.
• When all the lines are sixes, it means: Lasting
perseverance furthers.
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 100
Receptive
• Six at the beginning means: Where there is a
frost underfoot, (one can foretell that) solid
ice is not far off.
• Boiling frog: Alertness, sensitivity, gradual
process (frog in a warming pot), accumulation of
small (good or bad) things may result in great
success or failure. (Three feet of ice is not formed
in one cold day 冰凍三尺非一日之寒)
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 101
渾沌理論 Chaos Theory
•有些輕如蝶翼的變動，最後
會產生如龍捲風般的嚴重結
果。
•「差之毫釐，謬以千里。」
•宋玉《風賦》「夫風生於地
，起於青萍之末，侵淫溪谷
，盛怒於土囊之口。」
•星星之火,可以燎原
http://mag.udn.com/mag/newsstand/storypage.jsp?f_ART_ID=444008
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 102
Another Translation of Hexagram #2 Line Statements
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 103
Positive Thinking and Cautious Warnings
是故其辭危，危者使平，易者使傾，
其道甚大，百物不廢，懼以終始，其要無咎，
此之謂易之道也．
• The Book of Change always uses words to alert
you about the situation that you are in. It
prescribes strategies to help you handle a
dangerous situation by identifying and
maneuvering key elements to stabilize the system
or bring the system to a higher level.
• It often introduces a sense of crisis while
everything seems to be so easy and smooth.
People often are blindsided by their success.
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 104
I-Ching: A Coding System for Analyzing Social Systems
• Computer system based on binary system.
• Genetic coding based on ATGC.
• I-ching can be considered as a first effort
human endeavor to develop a basic set of
coding system to construct models and to
provide an approach to analyzing these
models of:
–
–
–
–
Organizational systems / Businesses
Social systems
Political systems
Human psychology
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 105
I-Ching Basic Constructs
• Time and timing: Initiating, growing, and
declining
• Trends (Driving forces): advance and
retreat
• Position: Upper vs. lower; low, middle,
and high
• Attitude/character: Firm vs. soft (Decisive
vs. indecisive)
• Corresponding: Resonate vs. indifferent
• Riding/supervising vs. supporting/holding
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 106
I-Ching Thinking Styles
• Paint a big picture based on facts and intuitions
• Understand your positions in a complex situation
• Understand and appreciate other people viewpoints
and positions
• Assess a situation in both positive and negative ways
(evaluate both pros and cons)
• Sense the subtle changes and understand their
significance
• Identify key elements of a model, such as key
personnel, key know-how, key performance indicators,
core competence, core business processes, etc.
• Understand the impacts of these elements to the
overall models
• Design ways to changes these elements such that we
can change the status of the system
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 107
Understand the Trend and Capture the Moment
位(Positioning)
Observe the
Trend to Plan
Your
Positioning
& Timing
• Innovators
• Early adopters
• Later adopters
Peak in popularity
Common sense
Paradigm shift
Barrier to changes
Subtle sign of
changes

時 (Timing to
introduce changes
or take actions)
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
勢( Trends/driving forces that
induce changes)
•
•
•
•
Society
Market
Industry
Technology
I-Ching 易經 - 108
Situation Analysis Framework
Position
High
Posture
Trends =
Full
Empty
Low
Be careful
at the beginning
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
Initiate  Grow  Decay
The end is the start
of a new beginning
∆P
∆T
Time
Be cautious
at the end
I-Ching 易經 - 109
Dimensions Used for Situation Analysis
• Time
– Ending and Beginning
– Precedence
– Fast or Slow
• Posture & trends
– Strength and weakness
– Full or empty (Boom or bust) (Waxing and Waning)
– Resist or follow the trend
• Position:
– Top vs. bottom
– Inside vs. outside (inner circle vs. outsiders)
– Noble vs. commoner
–
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 110
Only the Paranoid Survives
• Andrew Grove, the former CEO of Intel, wrote a book titled
“Only the Paranoid Survives” to warn managers who have
been very successful to look out for Strategic Infliction
Point where
• “the nightmare moment every leader dreads--when massive
change occurs and a company must, virtually overnight,
adapt or fall by the wayside. Strategic Inflection Points
can be set off by almost anything: mega-competition, a
change in regulations, or a seemingly modest change in
technology. When a Strategic Inflection Point hits, the
ordinary rules of business go out the window. Yet,
managed right, a Strategic Inflection Point can be an
opportunity to win in the marketplace and emerge stronger
than ever.”
轉機Strategic Inflection Point
危機Crisis
機會Opportunities
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 111
憂患意識
子曰：「
危者，安其位者也；
亡者，保其存者也；
亂者，有其治者也。
是故君子安而不忘危，
存而不忘亡，治而不忘亂。
是以身安而國家可保也。
《易》曰：『其亡其亡，繋于苞桑。』」
Source: 周易·繫辭下傳
第五章
否卦:九五,休否。大人吉。其亡其亡，繋于苞桑。
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 112
Crisis vs. Opportunity 機不可失
• Entrepreneurs are simply those who understand
that there is little difference between obstacle and
opportunity and are able to turn both to their
advantage. - Niccolo Machiavelli
•機: 木(生) + 幾(微)
•危機(crisis)
•機會(opportunity)
•轉機(turning/tipping point)
•樞機(key levers)
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 113
Dimensions Used for Situation Analysis
• Tipping point
– Subtle sign
– Crisis
– Opportunity, turning point
• Things/Projects/Tasks
– Essential vs. Non-essential
– High vs. low priority/urgency
– High vs. low risk
• Characters (Personality)
– Yin vs. Yang
– Firm vs. soft
– Truthful vs. fake
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 114
Dimensions Used for Situation Analysis
• Tao-De 道德
– Capability vs. virtue (moral excellence)
– Knowing vs. doing (planning vs. execution)
– Moralistic vs. materialistic achievement
• I-Ching (YiJing)’s Yi:
– Ease and simplicity
– Change and transformation
– Invariability and constancy
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 115
On Changes 談變
• 知變之常而能革之(Knowing that change is a common
phenomena and is willing to change)
• 知變之兆而能覺之 (Sense the change is coming and is
alerted by some subtle signs)
• 知變之勢而能乘之 (Take advantages of the trends)
• 知變之機而能決之 (Can decide the major levers for
changes – window of opportunity)
• 知變之劇而能化之 (Can reduce the dramatic changes
with a smooth implementation plan)
• 知變之妙而能通之 (Master all the intricacies throughout
the change process)
• 不變者惟變而已矣 !(Change is the only constant!)
• 居變者君子之德也! (Maintain the virtue and ethical
standards during changing time and crisis)
• 通變者君子之智也! (Have the wisdom to become a
change master)
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 116
Manager’s Attitudes While Facing Changes 四種經理人員
•識變機先，英雄造時勢者。
•隨機應變，時勢造英雄者。
•受困改革，救亡而圖存者。
•固執不變，至死而不悟者。
• Heroes (Innovators) create trends by seeing
foretell signs
• Heroes (entrepreneurs) sense and respond to
trends
• Heroes (turnaround executives) make changes
when facing crisis
• Laggards resist changes no matter what
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 117
Leadership Abilities to Manage Changes
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Leading 領導群倫
Visioning規劃願景
Assessing 精於評估時勢、時機
Selling/marketing 推銷高手
Participating 和光同塵，親身涉局(挺經)
Communicating 善於溝通
Educating 教導部屬
Integrating 整合各方資源和勢力
Supporting 支持屬下
Transitioning 引導變革
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 118
The Change-Reengineering Diamond
Customers &
Suppliers
Foster
Enlighten
Business
Processes &
Functions
Customers
&
Info. Tech.
Entail
Culture
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
Competitors
Values and
Beliefs
Management &
Measurement
Systems
Demand
Jobs , Skills, &
Organizational
Structures
Markets
I-Ching 易經 - 119
Change Can Be Dramatic -- 2008
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 120
Business Process Reengineering vs. TQM
Performance
Goal
BPR: Business Process Reengineering
BPR
TQM
BPR
TQM
BPR
TQM
Time
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 121
The Tai-Chi of Reengineering Management
Purpose
Strategy
Process
People
Reward
Culture
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 122
Who Moved My Cheese?守株待兔
•聖人不期修古，不法常可，論世之事，因為之備。
– 《韓非子》五蠹篇 「守株待兔」
• Change happens (變動不居,周流六虛)
–
They keep moving the cheese
• Anticipate change (知其白,守其黑)
–
Get ready for the cheese to move
• Monitor change (履霜堅冰至)
–
Smell the cheese often so you know when it is getting old
• Adapt to change quickly (唯變所適)
–
The quicker you let go of old cheese, the sooner you can enjoy new
cheese
• Change (與時俱進)
–
Move with the cheese
• Enjoy change! (無入不自得)
–
Savor the adventure and enjoy the taste of new cheese!
• Be ready to change quickly and enjoy it again & again(茍日新,又日新)
–
They keep moving the cheese.
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 123
繫辭傳 Ta Chuan – The Great Treatise
窮則變，變則通，通則久
•When you current path runs into a dead end, you need to
change your course of actions.
•Changes should be implemented smoothly.
•Successfully implemented changes will endure the test of
time.
變動不居，不可以為典要
•The world is constantly changing, there is no such
thing as paradigm (that cannot be changed) .
生生之謂易
•Give lives to all living beings is the spirit of Yi。
孟子：君子創業，垂統，為可繼也。
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 124
I-Ching and Prediction
•以賢易不肖，不待卜而後知吉。
•善為《易》者不占。 -《荀子》
• If you replace unethical and incompetent
employees with ones who are ethical and
competent, you don’t have to predict the future
and you know that your company’s future will be
bright.
• People who really understand I-Ching don’t use IChing for divination. I-Ching is a training for
critical thinking and multiple-dimensional situation
analysis.
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 125
I Ching Divination : Coin Method
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Head is Yang and count as 3
Tail is Yin and count as 2
Throw 3 coins randomly
3H, the total number is 9 (1/8 chance)
2H1T: the total number is 8 (3/8 chance)
1H2T: the total number is 7 (3/8 chance)
3T: the total number is 6 (1/8 chance)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Ching_divination
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
I-Ching 易經 - 126
Divination Method: Constructing the Hexagram
• 9 is old yang, an unbroken line (——) changing into yin,
a broken line (— —);
• 8 is young yin, a broken line (— —) without change;
• 7 is young yang, an unbroken line (———) without
change;
• 6 is old yin, a broken line (——)
changing into yang, an
X
unbroken line (———).
YinYang
old yin
Signification
yin changing into yang
young yang unchanging yang
young yin
unchanging yin
old yang
yang changing into yin
© Minder Chen, 2003-2014
Number Symbol
6
—x—
7
8
9
———
——
—o—
I-Ching 易經 - 127