Warm-ups Earth
Science
Quarter 1
Warm-up #1- Copy This in your Warm-up section
in your notebook
• What is Earth science?
• geology or a similar earth-related science: a science that deals with
the Earth's physical properties, structure, or development, e.g.
geology
Warm-up #2
• What is the scientific Method?
• The scientific method is a way to ask and answer scientific
questions by making observations and doing experiments.
• The steps of the scientific method are to:
•
•
•
•
•
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Ask a Question
Do Background Research
Construct a Hypothesis
Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment
Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion
Communicate Your Results
Warm-up #3
• Problem- A scientific question that can be answered through
experimenting.
• To be written in the form of a question
• Must end in a question mark
• Must contain both variables
•
•
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• Hypothesis- An educated (not wild) guess or prediction to the answer of
the problem question.
• Must written as an “If …..then” statement
• Must be based on research or prior knowledge (the IF
part)
• Must predict an outcome to the experiment (the THEN
part)
Warm-up #4
• Procedure- The directions to completing the experiment
• Must be specific enough for someone to complete the
experiment as intended by the author.
• Must be written as a vertical list (not a
paragraph)
Warm-up #5
• Observations- information gathered from using the senses
• Should be recorded to communicate findings of
the experiment
• Should avoid inferring when recording
observations
•
• DATA- is an organized presentation of
observations
•
• Tables, charts, graphs organize numerical or quantitative
data
• Data that is measured
• Common in physical and earth science
Warm-up #6
• Conclusions- A statement that uses the data to solve or
answer the problem question.
• Must be written in COMPLETE sentences
• Must restate the hypothesis
• Must refer to the data and use items from the
data as examples in order to support the
solution statement
• Must accept or reject the hypothesis
•
Warm-up #7
• Explain how longitude and latitude are used to locate a point
on Earth. Latitude is a measurement of the distance of a point
north or south of the equator. Longitude is a measurement of
the distance of a point east or west of the prime meridian.
Together, these two measurements give the exact location of a
point on earth
Warm-up #8
• Identify the four main Earth systems?
• The hydrosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere, biosphere
Warm-up #9
 Compare and contrast the atmosphere to the hydrosphere.
How are they similar? How are they different?
 Both the atmosphere and the hydrosphere contain water. The
water in the hydrosphere is a liquid, while the water in the
atmosphere is a gas. Much of the water from the hydrosphere
flows over the Earth’s solid surface. Similarly, the atmosphere
floats/flows over the surface. Both the hydrosphere and the
atmosphere are necessary for life on earth.
Warm-up #10
What is a mineral?
It is a
naturally occurring
substance which has a
inorganic
definite chemical composition
What would be the opposite of this?
man-made
organic
random composition
Warm-up #11
Give an example of two minerals which have
the same chemical composition but different
physical properties
Warm-up #12
The Main Physical Properties
Used to Identify Minerals
Color
a poor indicator
minerals can be multiple colors
many minerals are the same color
Warm-up #13
The Main Physical Properties
Used to Identify Minerals
Luster
how light reflects off a mineral
metallic
non-metallic
looks like a
metal
looks earthy, waxy,
greasy or brilliant
Warm- up #14
What are Rocks?
• A rock is a naturally occurring solid
mixture of one or more minerals, or
organic matter
• Rocks are classified by how they are
formed, their composition, and
texture
• Rocks change over time through the
rock cycle
Warm-up #15
Igneous Rocks
• Igneous rock begins as magma.
• Magma can form:
• When rock is heated
• When pressure is released
• When rock changes composition
• Magma freezes between
700 °C and 1,250 °C
• Magma is a mixture of
many minerals
http://www.fi.edu/fellows/payton/rocks/create/igneous.htm
Warm-up #16
Igneous Rocks
 Intrusive Igneous Rocks: magma pushes into
surrounding rock below the Earth’s surface
 Extrusive Rocks: forms when magma erupts
onto the Earth’s surface (lava), cools quickly
with very small or no crystals formed
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/geology/ig_intrusive.html&edu=high&fr=t
Warm-up #17
Sedimentary Rocks




Sedimentary rock is formed by erosion
Sediments are moved from
one place to another
Sediments are deposited in
layers, with the older ones
on the bottom
The layers become compacted
and cemented together
http://www.fi.edu/fellows/payton/rocks/create/sediment.htm
Warm-up #18
Metamorphic Rock
 Meaning to change shape
 Changes with temperature
and pressure, but remains
solid
 Usually takes place deep in
the Earth
http://www.fi.edu/fellows/payton/rocks/create/metamorph.htm
Warm-up #19
What is an earthquake?
• Used to describe both sudden slip on a fault,
and the resulting ground shaking and radiated
seismic energy caused by the slip
• Caused by volcanic or magmatic activity,
• Caused by other sudden stress changes in the
earth.
Warm-up #20
• Earthquakes are short-lived episodes of ground
shaking produced when blocks of Earth suddenly
shift.
• They typically last for a few seconds (small
earthquakes) to several minutes (largest
earthquakes) and
• produce several types of seismic waves that
propagate through the Earth.
• Most earthquakes are caused indirectly by plate
tectonics
Three Types of Faults
Strike-Slip
Thrust
Normal
Warm-up #21
What causes earthquakes?
• Tectonic plates move past each other causing stress. Stress causes
the rock to deform
• Plastic deformation – does not cause earthquakes
• Elastic deformation – rock stretches then reaches a breaking point,
releasing energy.
Warm-up #22
Comparing Seismic Waves
Warm-up #23
Surface Waves
• Move along the Earth’s surface
• Produces motion in the upper crust
• Motion can be up and down
• Motion can be around
• Motion can be back and forth
• Travel more slowly than S and P waves
• More destructive
Warm-up #24
• Definition of a volcano: an opening in the surface
of the Earth through which magma erupts (as
lava or
• pyroclastic fragments). A volcano is underlain by
a magma chamber, a reservoir that stores
magma
• before it rises as an eruption.
• Not all volcanoes erupt lava; some erupt rock
and magma fragments (pyroclasts); some erupt
gases.
Earthquake Waves & Earth’s Interior
Warm-up #25
WARM-UP #26
What is a volcano?
vent
A volcano is a vent or
'chimney' that connects
molten rock (magma)
from within the Earth’s
crust to the Earth's
surface.
• The volcano includes the
surrounding cone of
erupted material.
•
cone
conduit
magma chamber
Warm-up #27
How and why do volcanoes erupt?
• Hot, molten rock (magma) is buoyant (has a lower density
than the surrounding rocks) and will rise up through the crust
to erupt on the surface.
• Same principle as hot air rising, e.g. how a hot air balloon works
• When magma reaches the surface it depends on how easily it
flows (viscosity) and the amount of gas (H2O, CO2, S) it has in
it as to how it erupts.
• Large amounts of gas and a high viscosity (sticky) magma will
form an explosive eruption!
• Think about shaking a carbonated drink and then releasing the cap.
• Small amounts of gas and (or) low viscosity (runny) magma
will form an effusive eruption
• Where the magma just trickles out of the volcano (lava flow).
Warm-up #28
Explosive Eruptions
• Explosive volcanic eruptions
can be catastrophic
• Erupt 10’s-1000’s km3 of
magma
• Send ash clouds >25 km into
the stratosphere
• Have severe environmental
and climatic effects
• Hazardous!!!
Mt. Redoubt
Above: Large eruption column and
ash cloud from an explosive eruption
at Mt Redoubt, Alaska