Happy Friday!!
• Take out your vocab so I can check it!
• I will hand out a new stamp sheet
• The following students got an “A” on the
test!
•
•
•
•
Christina
Ritvik
Amanda
Kyle
-B
-Regan
-Jose
-Prince
-Luella
-Raquel
-Bella
-Savannah
The Civil War
Sectionalism
Development of Sectionalism
• Industry develops during the 19th century
mainly in the north
• New England became the center for industry
because of rivers
• Farming wasn’t profitable
• Eli Whitney’s interchangeable parts make factories
more productive
• No longer have to replace whole machines when they broke
• By 1840, there are 800 cotton mills with 50,000
workers
Manufacturing in the North
• Transforms the North
• Development of major cities like Chicago
• Creates 2 new social classes- industrial
capitalists and industrial workers
• Factories used immigrants for labor
• To protect industry in the North, they
wanted high protective tariffs (tax on
imports)
• Miles of new railroads help with trade
Growth in South
• Southern states developed an economy based
on slave labor and plantations
• Small subsistence farming also took place in
Appalachian Mtns.
• “Cotton is king” in the south
• Cotton gin made it possible to sell more Cotton
• By the 1820’s the demand for slave labor grew
• Southern part of Louisiana Territory opened up
the west to plantations
• Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas all became states
• Had rich, vast, unsettled land
STOP AND THINK!!!!
• How did the economy in the North
differ from that in the South?
Conflict between the North and
South
• Tariffs
• Designed to protect industry
• South didn’t like this b/c they didn’t have industryhad to pay more for products
• West wanted it b/c the money would be used for
internal improvements
• Public Land
• West was in favor of cheap land and squatter’s
rights-claim land that is unused
• North not in favor b/c afraid of losing workers
• South in favor of cheap land but was not in favor of
squatters rights
Conflict continued
• Extension of slavery- Biggest problem
• North and West thought it was wrong
• South in favor because of cotton
• South thought that the North and West were
against the extension of slavery because they
wanted to decrease the power of the South
STOP AND THINK!!!
• What impact did the growth of cotton
have on the system of slavery?
HAPPY TUESDAY!!!!!
• Pick up a turkey on the stand in
the front!!
•
•
Color the turkey and write what you are
thankful for in the turkey’s feathers
TAKE OUT YOUR SECTIONALISM PACKETS SO
I CAN STAMP THEM
Civil War
Events leading:
Missouri CompromiseCompromise of 1850
Missouri CompromiseBackground
• Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state
• At this time, the US had 10 slave state and 10 free
states
• Illinois applied as a free state, Southerners
assumed that Missouri would be slave
• James Tallmadge wanted to amend Missouri’s
statehood bill and make them gradually free their
slaves
• Alabama was admitted as a slave state making
Missouri crucial to the balance
• If Missouri was allowed in as slave state, the
balance would be thrown off
Missouri Compromise
• Under the leadership of Henry Clay
• Maine was admitted as a free state and
Missouri as a slave state- keeps the balance
• Missouri Compromise drew a line through the
Louisiana Purchase along the 36th parallel
• Slavery allowed below the line, but not above
(except for Missouri)
• This was an attempt to resolve the issue of
slavery in the western territory
STOP AND THINK!!!!!
• How did the Missouri Compromise
temporarily settle the debate over
slavery?
• How did the Missouri Compromise
promote Sectionalism?
Election of 1848
• New political party developed
• Free Soil Party- anti slavery
• Nominee was Martin Van Buren
• Whig Party nominee was Zachary
Taylor
• Easily won the election
Wilmot-Proviso
• Wilmot- Proviso- banned slavery in territory
acquired from war with Mexico
• California, Utah and New Mexico
• Divided Congress on regional lines
• Northerners supported Proviso- feared that
adding slave territory would give South more
influence
• Southerners opposed- raised Constitutional
issues (property protected in the const.)Proviso goes against this
• House approved the Proviso, Senate rejected it
California Gold Rush
• Gold discovered in California- people flooded
to California
• Called “forty-niners”- people who went looking
for gold in 1849
• Gold Rush- by 1849, 95,000 people had
settled in California
• Growing number required need for government
• Many different nationalities coming (Asians, South
Americans, Europeans, Free African-Americans,
Mexicans)- also included slaves
California Statehood
• Applied to the Union as a free state (new
constitution banned slavery)
• Caused debate b/c again it would upset the
balance of free state and slave states in the
Senate
• South thought it would be a slave state b/c it
was below the Missouri Compromise line
• South warned that if California came in as a
free state, they would rebel
Compromise of 1850Background
• When Congress met in 1849, the California
statehood issue was on the top of their
agenda
• Northerners also demanded slavery be
abolished in Washington D.C.
• Southerners accused Northerners of refusing
to follow the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
• Southerners threaten secession- withdraw
from the Union
Compromise of 1850
• Terms of the Compromise:
•
•
•
•
California enters as a free state
Tougher fugitive slave laws
Slave trade is not allowed in D.C.
Mexican Territory divided into 2 parts with the people
deciding on the slavery question
• POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY
• Taylor died, and successor Millard Fillmore
supported the compromise
• After 8 months of debate the compromise was
passed
• Fillmore thought the compromise was the “final
settlement” on the issue of slavery
STOP AND THINK!!!!
• When California applied for statehood
in 1850, Mississippi senator Jefferson
Davis warned, “For the first time, we
are about permanently to destroy the
balance of power between sections.”
Why might Davis have felt this way?
HAPPY MONDAY!!
• Welcome back!! We have a lot to do
today so we’re going to get started as
soon as possible
• Did you know: When Disneyland opened
in 1955, Tomorrowland represented a
city from 1986
Civil War
Events Leading:
Abolitionism- Dred Scott Decision
Rift Widens between the
regions
• North didn’t want the fugitive slave laws
• Fugitives were not entitled to a trial by
jury, nor testify on their own behalf
• Passed the personal liberty laws that
nullified the fugitive slave laws
• Forbade the imprisonment of runaway slaves and
guaranteed that they would have jury trials
• The growing abolitionist movement in
the North influenced public opinion on
slavery
Abolitionism
• Movement to end slavery
• William Lloyd Garrison- publisher of the
Liberator and abolitionist newspaper
• Demanded immediate emancipation (freeing of
slaves) with no payment to slaveholders
• Frederick Douglass- ex-slave, speaks publicly
about his experience as a slave
• Harriet Beecher Stowe
• Wrote “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” (1852)
• Strong reactions from the North and South
• Message: Slavery not just a political and economic
issue but is now a moral issue
Nat Turner’s rebellion
• 1831, Nat Turner, a preacher from VA,
believed that he had been chosen to lead his
people out of bondage
• led 80 men and attacked 4 plantations,
killing almost 60 white inhabitants
• Turner was captured, tried
and hanged
• This incident fed into
Southern fears of slave
rebellions
• Whites killed as many 200
blacks
Stop and think!
• How did Nat Turner’s revolt strengthen
Southern white attitude about liberties
of blacks?
Underground Railroad
• Harriet Tubman, a runaway slave, helped
others escape
• Secret network of people who would help
slaves escape
• Fugitive slaves were hidden and moved from
“station” to “station”
• Hidden in tunnels and false cupboards
• It is said that Tubman helped 300 slaves over
19 trips
• Followed the North Star to the north and into
Canada
Kansas- Nebraska ActBackground
• Issue of slavery in territories resurfaced by
Stephan Douglas
• Territory west of Iowa and Missouri- divide
into 2 parts
• Nebraska- north, Kansas- south
• Question of slavery would be settled by popular
sovereignty (people’s choice)
• Most fair and democratic way
• If passed it would repeal the Missouri
Compromise
• Making slavery legal north of the 36th parallel
Kansas-Nebraska Act
• 1854- Douglas introduced the bill
• Congressional debate was bitter
• Northerners saw the bill as a part of a plot
to turn the territories into slave states
• Nearly 90% of Southern congressmen
voted for the bill
• Became a law in May 1854
Bleeding Kansas
• Settlers poured in from the North and
South- Kansas ready to become a state
• Thousands of people from slave state
Missouri crossed into Kansas and voted
illegally for slavery to be allowed
• Violence raged through Kansas
• Some 200 people were killed
Stop and think!
• Why was popular sovereignty
controversial?
• Why did Kansas become a center of
controversy over the issue of slavery?
Violence in the Senate
• May 19, Massachusetts Senator Charles
Sumner delivered a 2 day speech attacking
supporters of slavery
• Called out SC senator Andrew P. Butler
• May 22, Butler’s nephew, Preston S. Brooks
struck Sumner over the head with his cane
• Southerners applauded and showered Brooks with
new canes
• Led to a formation of the Republican Party
Stop and think!
• Why did Preston Brooks physically
attack Senator Charles Sumner in the
Senate?
Dred Scott Decision
• Dred Scott was a slave from Missouri
• taken north of the Missouri compromise line by his
owner in 1834
• Sued for his freedom because he had lived in
free territory
• Supreme Court ruled he couldn’t sue b/c he
wasn’t a citizen
• The Founding Fathers had not intended for
African-Americans to be citizens
• Also said Congress had no right to prohibit slavery
in the territories and the Missouri Compromise was
unconstitutional
Stop and think!
• What was the significance of the Dred
Scott decision?
Daily Quiz #3
1. What is the movement to end slavery called?
2. William Lloyd Garrison wrote which
newspaper to promote abolition?
3. How was slavery going to be decided in the
Kansas and Nebraska territories?
4. What “act” did the Kansas-Nebraska act
repeal?
5. Why did the Supreme Court rule that Dred
Scott could NOT sue for his freedom?
Happy Wednesday!!
• I need to come around and check your
Dred Scott worksheet if I haven’t
already done so
• Did you know: The Venus flytrap feeds
primarily on ants, not flies
Civil War
Events Leading: Lincoln/ Douglas
Debate- Secession
The Republican Party
• By the end of 1856, the nation’s political
landscape had shifted
• The Whig party split over the issue of slavery
• Whig party ended because of the Kansas-Nebraska Actcouldn’t agree on 1 platform
• Democratic party was weak
• Republicans moved in
• Consisted of angry Northerners, antislavery Democrats,
and Free-Soilers, some radical abolitionists
• Opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Wanted to bring back Missouri Compromise
• Drew support from diverse groups
Lincoln- Douglas Debates
• Abraham Lincoln (Republican) v. Stephen
Douglas (Democrat) ran for Senate in Illinois
1858
• Held 7 open-air debated throughout Illinois on
the issue of slavery in the territories
• Douglas believed in popular sovereignty and
that slavery would pass away on its own
• Freeport Doctrine- supported Dred Scott but still
allowed popular sovereignty
• If people didn’t want slavery all they had to do was elect
people who wouldn’t enforce slavery
Lincoln- Douglas debates
continued
• Lincoln believed slavery was immoral
and would spread without legislation
• Not in favor of racial equality but thought
slavery was wrong
• Lincoln warned “a house divided
against itself can not stand”
• Douglas Narrowly wins
John Brown’s Raid
• John Brown was a fiery abolitionist
• Wanted to free slaves and punish the slaveholders
• October 16, 1859- led 21 men into Harper’s
Ferry, VA (Now WV)
• Aim was to seize the federal arsenal, take the weapons
and start a revolt
• Captured and tried for treason and executed
• Northerners saw him as a martyr (individual who
sacrifices his life or personal freedom in order to
further a cause or belief for many)
• Southerners thought his punishment was just
• Scared of more uprisings
Election of 1860
• 3 major candidates in addition to Lincoln
(Republican candidate)
• Democratic Party was split
• Stephen Douglas in North (b/c of popular sovereignty)
• John Breckinridge in South
• Constitutional Union Party- John Bell- wanted
to ignore the issue of slavery all together
• Lincoln wins the Election of 1860
• Southerners thought they lost their political voice in
the national government
• South thought Lincoln would free the slaves, said they
had not choice but to leave the Union
Secession
• From November- March 1860-61, 7 States
left the union
• SC led the way, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida,
Louisiana, Georgia and Texas
• Argued the Constitution was a contract and the
North broke it by not enforcing the Fugitive Slave
Laws *****
• Cry for “States’ rights”- complete
independence of Southern states from
federal government control
Confederate States of America
• These 7 states drafted their own Constitution
and called themselves the Confederate States
of America (Confederacy)
• Constitution resembled the US Constitution but it
“protected and recognized” slavery in new
territories
• Stressed that each state would be “sovereign and
independent”
• Chose Jefferson Davis to be their President
• Lincoln said he wouldn’t take active measures
to force the states back in the Union
HAPPY MONDAY!!!!!
• TAKE OUT A SHEET OF PAPER AND
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTION:
• Now that we have discussed all the
events leading to the Civil War,
what is the main cause of the Civil
War and why?
HAPPY WEDNESDAY!!!
• Take out your notes and Build-up
packet get ready for the quiz
Civil War
Fort Sumter- Emancipation
Proclamation
The Outbreak of War
• Confederate soldiers began taking over
federal instillations in their states
• Courthouses, post offices and especially forts
• Only 2 southern forts remained in the Union
by the time Lincoln was inaugurated- Fort
Sumter was the most important
• Located on an island in the Charleston Harbor
(SC)
Lincoln’s Dilemma
• The Confederacy was demanding that the
Union surrender the fort or face attack
• Supplies were running low- only enough for 6
weeks
• Lincoln faced a dilemma:
• if he reinforced Fort Sumter he would risk war
• If he evacuated, he would make the Confederacy
a legitimate nation
• Decided not to abandon it but it didn’t reinforcejust “food for hungry men”
Davis’s Dilemma
• Now Davis faced a dilemma
• If he did nothing he would damage the
Confederate image as a sovereign,
independent nation
• If he attacked he would start a war
• Davis Chose war
Stop and Think!
• How did the Confederacy challenge
Lincoln?
First Shots at Fort Sumter
• April 12, 1861-Confederates started
firing on the fort
• Charleston citizens watched and cheers
• Took more that 4,000 rounds before
the Union surrendered
• Stirred nationalism in the north and
Lincoln called for volunteers
More States secede
• 4 more states secede- Virginia, North
Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas
• Western counties of VA were antislavery so they
seceded from VA- admitted into the Union as
West VA in 1863
• 4 remaining slave states remained in the
Union
• Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri
• MD was placed under martial law to keep
the capital of the Union from being held in
enemy territory
Stop and Think!
• What was especially damaging to the
Union about Virginia’s secession?
Advantages
Union
• More resources
(factories,
railroads, food
production)
• Larger population
• Patient, decisive
leader (Lincoln)
•
•
•
•
Confederacy
Profits from “king
cotton”
First rate generals
Strong military
tradition
High motivationdefending their
homeland
Strategies
Union
• Had to conquer to win
• 3 part plan
(Anaconda Plan):
Confederacy
• Fight until enemy
gives up
• Defensive strategy
• Block southern ports
• Move down Mississippi
River and split Confed.
• Capture Confed.
Capital (Richmond VA)
• Stand your ground!
Battle of Bull Run
• July 21, 1861- was the first major bloodshed
of the war
• Lincoln ordered 30,000 soldiers to move from
DC to capture Richmond
• Met at Bull Run (Manassas) by Confederate
troops
• Battle went back and forth but eventually
the Confederates won
• General “Stonewall” Jackson led confederates“There is Jackson standing like a stone wall”
• Union troops retreated to DC
Lincoln’s reaction
• Lincoln responded by enlisting 50,000
men, and then 50,000 more 3 days
later
• Lincoln appointed General George
McClellan to lead the Union army near
Washington, DC
• AKA Army of the Potomac
Fort Henry and Fort Donelson
• February 1862, Ulysses S. Grant led Union
troops and capture Fort Henry and
Donelson
• Strategic positions on important rivers
• Southerners tried to seek terms of surrender
and Grant responded “no terms except
unconditional and immediate surrender can be
accepted”
• Earned him the nickname “Unconditional
Surrender” Grant
Battle of Shiloh
• March 1862-Grant gathered troops near a
church in Tennessee, near Mississippi border
• Grant’s troops surprised by Confederate
attack
• Grant held them off , ordered
reinforcements and counterattacked
• Confederates finally retreated
• ¼ of the 100,000 troops had been killed,
wounded, or captured
• Confederates failed to hold OH-KY borderMS river plan was working for the Union
War for the Capitals
• Gen. McClellan didn’t want to attack
Richmond with less than 270,000 men
• Lincoln was getting impatient
• McClellan moved his troops to the
Chesapeake Bay and met Gen. Robert
E. Lee of Confed. In what was known
as the 7 days Battle
• McClellan was unable to take Richmond
Antietam
• Bloodiest single-day battle in American
History- 26,000 casualties
• Lee advanced his troops towards DC and won
2nd battle of Bull Run along the way
• A Union corporal found a copy of Lee’s army
orders
• McClellan engaged the Confederates in battle
of Antietam (creek in MD)
• Union won but didn’t finish the job, or
possibly win the war
• Lincoln fired McClellan for not moving fast
enough
Politics of War
• Britain remained neutral
• Trent Affair (fall 1861)- tested the
neutrality
• South sent diplomats to try and get support
from Britain and France on the merchant ship
Trent
• Union ship stopped Trent and arrested the
diplomats
• British threatened war and Lincoln freed the
men
Emancipation Proclamation
• January 1, 1863- intention was to free the
slaves
• Did not free any slaves immediately b/c it
applied only to areas behind Confederate
lines (outside Union control)
• Didn’t apply to occupied southern territory nor
slaves states that hadn't succeeded
• Gave the war a higher moral purpose
Stop and Think!!
• How did the Emancipation
Proclamation change the course of the
Civil War?
Daily Quiz #4
• Where were the first shots of the civil war
fired?
• What was the Union’s war strategy called?
• Where was the first major bloodshed of
the war?
• What was the bloodiest single –day battle
in American history?
• What did the Emancipation Proclamation
do?
Happy Monday!!
• Hope everyone had a great weekend!
Take a seat and get settled so we can
start ASAP
• Did you know: a shrimp’s heart is in its
head
Civil War
Life During Wartime
Political Problems
• Neither side was completely unified
• There were Confederate sympathizers in
the North and Union sympathizers in the
South
• Created 2 problems:
• How should they handle the critics?
• How do they ensure a steady supply of
men?
Dealing with dissent
• Lincoln dealt with disloyalty with force
• Confederate supporters in the North were jailed
without a court hearing
• Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus (court order
that requires that a person be brought before the court to
determine why they are being jailed)
• Others were banished to the South
• Those arrested included “Copperheads” or Northern
Democrats who wanted peace with the South
• Lincoln set a precedence of expanding the powers of
the executive branch during wartime or for
“national security”
Dealing with dissent cont.
• Jefferson Davis at first denounced
Lincoln’s suspension of civil liberties
but soon followed in Lincoln’s example
• Group in TN burned down a vital
railroad bridge and Davis ordered them
to be executed
Conscription
• Drafting certain people in the army-Became
important because of heavy casualties and
deserters among volunteers
• Confederate States drafted men 18-35 (later
raised in 1864 to 17-50)
• Wealthy draftees could hire substitutes to serve
for them
• Planters that owned 20+ acres were exempt
• “rich man’s war, poor man’s fight”
• Almost 80% of able-bodied Southern men served
Conscription cont.
• Union men 20-45 years old were drafted for
a 3 year period
• Allowed substitutes
• Could pay $300 to avoid conscription
• Bounties were paid to volunteers-92% of the
army (many African American)
• Draft riots broke out in the North
• Poor white workers believed that if they fought
to free slaves, the slaves would come north and
take their jobs- protested the draft
African-Americans in War
• Began to fight for the Union after the
Emancipation Proclamation
• By the end of the war almost 10% of the Union army
was African America
• Participated in about 500 battles
• Served in separate regiments commanded by white
officers
• Couldn’t rise about the rank of Captain
• Only received $10 /month and no clothing allowance
(whites had $13 /mo and $3.50 clothing)
• Mortality rate was high because of disease from labor
duty and treatment from Confederate soldiers
• Wounded weren’t treated and most were executed
• Some slaves were forced to fight for the Confed.
Slave Resistance in the
South
• Union army would liberate the plantations
and slaves sought safety in the North
• Those that stayed on the plantation had
little supervision and didn’t work and even
sabotaged the plantation
• Others would kill the white master’s family
• Led to generalized feeling of fear
• Many white folks began to realize that slavery was
doomed
Southern Economy
• Faced shortage of food and men
• Men were fighting and dying
• Yankees were occupying food growing areas
• Had no slaves to work the fields
• Refused to work, fled or been liberated
• Food shortage caused riots
• Union blockade let to shortages of other items
and wouldn’t allow cotton trade
• ECONOMY IS SHATTERED!
Northern Economy
• Woolen mills, steel factories, coal mines and
other industries experienced growth b/c
supplies needed for war were in high
demand
• Wages couldn’t keep up with the work and
white men lost their jobs to free blacks,
immigrants, women, and young boys
• Could be paid less
• Congress wanted some of the wealth for the
US gov’t and collected the first income tax
in 1863
Life of a Soldier
• Disease was very common
• Lived in filthy camps, ate little food, and didn’t
have the medical technology to fight diseases
• No garbage disposals or latrines
• Union soldiers ate beans bacon and hardtack
(hard biscuit)
• Confederates ate “cush”- stew of small beef
and cornbread mixed with bacon grease
Civil War Medicine
• US set up the Sanitation Commission to
teach soldiers how to avoid polluting
the water supply
• Clara Barton worked on the frontlines
pulling bullets and dressing wounds
• “Angel of the Battlefield”- especially
courageous in Antietam
Prison Conditions
• Prison conditions were terrible
• Andersonville, GA was the worst
• 33,000 prisoners to 26 acres (34 sq ft/ person)
• No roofs for shelter
• Drinking water was from a stream that also
served as a sewer
• Northern prisons weren’t much better
• Had barracks, some food and more space
• Many southerners died b/c they weren't use to the
cold
Happy Thursday!!!
• We have a lot to do today so lets get
started!!
Civil War
Gettysburg- Appomattox
Gettysburg- Background
• Dec. 13, 1862- Lee’s troops win a bloody
battle at Fredericksburg VA
• May 1-4, 1863, Rebels defeat the Yankees at
Chancellorsville, VA and the Union army
retreated
• Stonewall Jackson was mistakenly shot by his own
troops and died on May 10
• After these 2 victories, the Confederates
needed supplies and desperately wanted to
win at Vicksburg in Northern territory
• They heard of shoes and supplies at Gettysburg
and went in search of them
Gettysburg
• A.P. Hill led his troops and met up
with Lee’s troops
• Both Lee and Hill continued towards
the town of Gettysburg and ran into
the Union Cavalry led by John Buford
• Buford had established defensive positions
on the hills and ridges
Gettysburg- Day 1
• Hill’s troops approached from the west and
fighting began with Buford’s troops on July 1,
1863
• Reinforcements arrived with 90,000 Yankee
troops and 75,000 Confederates on July 2
• Union Armies under Gen. George Meade began
to fall back because of the furious Rebel
assault- Confeds took control of town
• However, Lee knew he wouldn’t be successful
unless the Confederate Army forced the
Yankees to yield their position on Cemetery
Ridge, the high ground south of Gettysburg
Gettysburg Day 2 (July 2)
• Lee ordered Gen. James Longstreet to
attack Cemetery Ridge
• Longstreet advanced from Seminary Ridge
through a peach orchard and wheat field that
stood between them and Union troops
• A Brigade from Alabama attacked the hill at
Little Round Top but were defeated by Union
troops led by Colonel Joshua L. Chamberlain
• Union forces lost 1/3 of their brigade and were
running out of ammo when Chamberlain ordered
them to charge the Confeds
• Confederates surrendered
Gettysburg- Day 3 (July 3)
• Lee ordered an attack on the middle of the Union
lines
• For 2 hours fire rang out and could be heard as far as
Pittsburgh
• Longstreet thinks he has weakened the Union forces and orders men
under Gen. Pickett to march across the battlefield and attack the
center of the Union line (known as Pickett’s Charge)
• Union reloaded and decimated the Confeds who fled fearing counterattack
• Lee sent Cavalry led by Gen. James E.B. (Jeb) Stuart
to try and surprise Meade and meet up with
Longstreet
• Stuart stalled however because of battle with Robert Gregg
• Lee gave up hopes of invading the north and returned
to VA
• Depressed, he resigned but Davis wouldn’t accept it
Gettysburg overview
• 3 day battle left 23,000 Union men and
28,000 Confeds. killed or wounded
• Bodies everywhere!
• Lee continued to lead his men for the next 2
years of the war, but the Confederacy was
never able to recover from the losses at
Gettysburg
• *****BECAME THE TURNING POINT OF THE
WAR!!!*****
Stop and Think!
• What did Lee hope to gain by invading
the North?
Vicksburg
• One of the 2 remaining Confed. Holdouts
along the Mississippi River
• Spring 1863, Grant sent a cavalry to destroy
rail lines in central Mississippi to draw
attention away from Vicksburg
• 18 days later they took the MS capital, Jackson
• On July 3 (same day as Pickett’s Charge) the
Confederates surrendered to Grant
• 5 days later the last Confederate holdout on the
Mississippi fell and the South was split in 2
Stop and Think!
• Why was Vicksburg such an important
victory for the Union?
Gettysburg Address
• November, 1863 a ceremony was held to
dedicate Gettysburg as a cemetery
• Lincoln gave the famous “Gettysburg Address”
which reunited the US
• describes the war as a struggle to preserve a nation
that was dedicated to the proposition that “all men
are created equal” and that gov’t was “of the
people by the people and for the people”
Stop and Think!
• How did the Gettysburg Address
Change the way Americans thought of
the United States?
The Confederacy wears
down
• Lose a lot of men, guns and ammo at
Gettysburg
• Morale and support are being lost in many
southern states
• Confederacy breaking down
• March 1864, Lincoln appoints Ulysses S.
Grant as commander of all Union armies
• Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman as
the commander of the Mississippi division of the
troops
Grant v. Lee
• Grant focuses on weakening the
Confederates led by Lee in VA
• North could spare and replace men but
the South couldn’t
• Union lost 65,000 men between May 4- June
18, 1864 (7,000 in 1 hr at Spotsylvania)
• Confeds lost 33,000 in same time period
Sherman’s March
• Sherman moves in on Atlanta
• He and his troops were able to overtake the city
but were quickly surrounded by Confed. Forces
• Union army fled SE towards the coast leaving a path
of destruction along the way
• Wanted to make southerners “so sick of war that generations
would pass away before they would again appeal it”
• They took Savannah right before Christmas and then
went north to help Grant “wipe out Lee”
• Sherman and troops burned everything in their
path on their way through SC
• Stopped burning in NC and gave out food and
supplies
Stop and Think!
• What were Sherman’s objectives in
marching his troops from Atlanta to
Savannah?
Election of 1864
• Lincoln (Republican/National Union Party),
George McClellan- former Union Gen. (Prosouthern Copperheads) and John Fremont
(Radical Republicans)
• North started winning more battles
• Fremont dropped out
• Lincoln won with 55% of popular vote (absentee
votes by Union soldiers led to victory)
• Lincoln tried to bring the country back together
• “with malice towards none, with charity for all…to bind up the
nation’s wounds”
Surrender at Appomattox
• April 9, 1865
• Grant was closing in on Richmond from west
• Defeated Lee’s army in Petersburg VA
• Sherman is coming to Richmond from the south
• Davis, feeling the pinch of the Union armies
abandoned and set fire to Richmond
• Union troops arrived and found Richmond burning
• Lee and Grant met at a private home at
Appomattox Court House, VA to arrange a Confed
surrender
• Lincoln urges the Union to be generous
• Lee’s soldiers were paroled and sent home with personal
possessions, horses and 3 days of food
Happy Monday!!
• YOUR PROJECT IS DUE TODAY!!!
• Did you know: Bananas aren’t fruit they
are a type of herb
Civil War
Reconstruction: Aftermath of
War- 15th Amendment
Aftermath of the War
Federal government gets more power
Northern economy booms
Southern Economy devastated
360,000 Union soldiers died, 260,000
Confederates died
• 1881- Clara Barton established the
American Red Cross
•
•
•
•
Thirteenth Amendment
• (1865) Freed the slaves in the United
States
Reconstruction
• Reconstruction- period during which
the US began to rebuild after the Civil
War
• Lasted from 1865-1877
• Also refers to the process in which the
federal government readmitted the
Confederate states
Stop and Think
• What do you think the two main goals
of Reconstruction were?
Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan
• Lincoln favored a lenient Reconstruction
policy
• Believed that secession was impossible and
the south never left the union
• In his plan, the gov’t would pardon all
Confederates except high-rank Confederate
officials and those accused of crimes against
prisoners
• when 10% of the state population had taken
the loyalty oath, they could reenter the
union
Radical Republicans
• Led by Senator Charles Sumner- wanted to
destroy the political power of former
slaveholders
• Came up with the Wade-Davis Bill
• Proposed that Congress be in charge of
Reconstruction
• South under military rule and a majority (not
just 10%) had to take the oath
• Lincoln vetoed the bill
Stop and Think
• What was the difference between
Lincoln’s plan and the Radical
Republican’s plan?
• Which plan do you think was better?
Why?
Lincoln’s Assassination
• April 14, 1865, 5 Days after Lee
surrendered to Grant at Appomattox,
Lincoln and his wife went to Ford’s
Theatre in Washington DC to see a
play
• John Wilkes Booth, a 26 year old actor and
southern sympathizer shot Lincoln
• Lincoln died the next day
Andrew Johnson’s Plan
• Declared that each remaining Confederate
State (AL, FL, GA, MS, NC, SC, TX) could be
readmitted to the Union under certain
conditions:
•
•
•
•
Had to withdraw its secession
Swear allegiance to the Union
Annul war debts
Ratify the 13th Amendment
• Radical Republicans were angry because the
plan failed to address the needs of former
slaves in 3 area: land, voting rights and
protection under the law
• Johnson pardoned all the Confederate leadersangered Radicals
Freedmen’s Bureau
• Moderate Republicans pushed for a
new law to fix weaknesses in Johnson’s
plan
• Feb. 1866, Congress enlarged the
Freedmen’s Bureau
• Assisted former slaves and poor whites by
distributing clothing and food.
• Set up hospitals, schools, industrial
institutes and teacher-training centers
Civil Rights Act of 1866
• Gave African-Americans citizenship and
forbade states from discriminatory laws
called “black codes”
• Prohibited blacks from carrying weapons, serving
on juries, testifying against whites, marrying
whites and traveling w/o permits
• Johnson vetoed the bill, moderate and
radical Republicans joined forces to take
over the Reconstruction plan
• Overrode the veto
Fourteenth Amendment
• Made “all persons born or naturalized in the
US” citizens of the country.
• Given equal protection under the law, due
process
• Johnson didn’t like it because it treated the
Confederates too harshly and it was wrong to
force states to accept an amendment
• Amendment was ratified in 1868
Reconstruction Act 1867
• Radicals and moderates joined to pass the
Reconstruction Act of 1867
• Didn’t recognize state gov’ts formed under the
Lincoln and Johnson plan
• Divided the former Confederate states (all but
Tennessee) into 5 military districts headed by a
Union Gen.
• All had to ratify the 14th Amendment
• Constitutions had to ensure African-Americans
the right to vote
• Johnson vetoed the bill, Congress overrode it
Stop and Think
• How did the Reconstruction Act of
1867 address the two goals of
Reconstruction?
Johnson Impeached
• Johnson wasn’t carrying out the
Reconstruction Act and tried to
impeach him- Formally charge him
with misconduct in office
• Needed 2/3 majority to impeach him,
Johnson was 1 short of the majority
Fifteenth Amendment
• Election of 1868- Ulysses S. Grant wins
• Big help from African-American vote
• Radicals introduced the 15th Amendment
which stated that no one can be kept
from voting because of “race, color, or
previous condition of servitude”
• Did this because they feared southerners
would try to limit black voting
Stop and Think
• How did the 13th, 14th and 15th
amendments help the newly freed
African Americans?
Happy Wednesday
• Pick up a warm-up on the stand in the
front
• Take out your homework so I can come
around a check it
• Did you know: Coca-Cola used to be
green
Civil War
Reconstruction: Reconstructing
Society & the Collapse of
Reconstruction
Conditions in the South
• By 1870, all of the Confederate state had been
readmitted into the Union
• South had to physically and economically
rebuild (Sherman alone did $100 million worth
of damage)
• Republican gov’t built roads, bridges, and
railroads and established orphanages and
institutions to care for mentally ill and
disabled
• Also created the 1st public school system in
most Southern states
• Southern gov’ts increased taxes to pay for it
Politics in the South
• 2 groups of people emerged:
• Scalawags-white Southerners who joined the
Republican Party
• These people hoped to gain political offices with the help of
the African-American votes and use the office to better
themselves
• Carpetbaggers- Northerners who moved to the South
after the war
• White Southerners believed they wanted to exploit the
South’s postwar turmoil
• In reality some of these people were Freedmen’s
Bureau agents, teachers or ministers
• However a good deal were dishonest businesspeople
African- American Voters
• 9/10 supported the Republican Party
• Attitudes of most Southern whites
changed- some supported the
Republicans but many refused to accept
the new statue of African-Americans
• Several thousand white planters
emigrated to Europe, Mexico and Brazil
Life for Former Slaves
• Took advantage of travel opportunities and
moved from their plantations to towns and
cities
• Found lost family members
• Established educational institutes
• Hampton Institute founded in VA
• Founded their own Baptist and Methodist
churches
• Held office in local, state and federal
government
• Hiram Revels- first African-American senator
40 Acres and a Mule
• Few former slaves had enough money
to buy their own land
• During the war, Gen. Sherman had
promised the freed slaves who
followed his army 40 acres of land per
family and 1 army mule
• Johnson evicted these people when he
took over
Sharecropping and Tenant
Farming
• Freed African-Americans couldn’t grow or sell
crops
• Economic necessities forced many to sign labor
contracts with planters
• Sharecropping- landowners divided their land
and gave each worker (black or white) a few
acres, seeds and tools
• At harvest time each worker gave a share of his crops
(1/2) to the planter
• Tenant farming- workers rent land for class
from the planters and keep their harvest
• Better chances of becoming outright owners of farms
• Rarely happened
Cotton no longer “king”
• Demand for cotton dropped during the warother countries increased their cotton
production
• Prices plummeted
• Tried to diversify their economy
• Textile mills and tobacco sprung up
• Many whites were frustrated with their loss
of political power and turned to anger
towards African-Americans
• Late 1860s-70s white groups tried to terrorize
African-Americans into giving up their political
rights- try to build economic improvement.
Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
• founded as a social club for Confederate
veterans
• Started in Tennessee in 1866, membership
spread rapidly through the South
• Many new chapters turned into violent organizations
• By 1868- the goal turned into restoring white
supremacy and to prevent African-Americans
from exercising their political rights
• Between 1868-1871, the Klan and other groups
killed thousands and burned schools and
churches
• Targeted African-Americans and whites who tried to
help them
KKK continued
• Another objective was to get the
Republicans out of power
• Also tried to prevent African-Americans
from making economic and political
progress
• Destroyed property, refused to hire them
if they voted for Republicans
• Kept them from voting
Democrats “redeem” the
South
• Northern support for Reconstruction is
fading
• Northerners stopped caring about the events in
the South
• Republicans began to back away from their
commitment to Reconstruction
• Democrats started to recapture the state
governments
• Called it “redemption”
Election of 1876
• End of Congressional Reconstruction
• Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) v.
Samuel J. Tilden (Democrat)
• Tilden won popular but not electoral vote
• Commission was set up and they elected
Hayes
• Compromise of 1877: Give Hayes the election
if they end Reconstruction
• Allows former Confederates to regain power
Home Rule
• The ability to run state governments
without federal intervention.
• “Redeemers” (Southern Democrats)
set out to rescue the South from a
decade of mismanagement
• Passed laws that restricted the rights of
African-Americans, wiped out social
programs, slashed taxes and dismantled
public schools
Legacy of Reconstruction
• Reconstruction ended without much progress
in the battle against discrimination
• Radical Republicans failed to protect AfricanAmericans completely and the Supreme Court
narrowed the interpretation of the 13,14,15th
amendments
• South remained backwards and the poorest
section of the US for decades
• The North and the West emerged with
strong industrial economies