Session 3
Cultural Values
上外宾馆的圣诞装扮
Image Courtesy of Zhu Yaoyun
Zhu Yaoyun@yahoo.cn
http://course.sdu.edu.cn/cec.html
Agenda
• 1. Perception
• 2. Beliefs
• 3. Values
• 4. Cultural patterns
Review 1:
1. Course Info
2. Countries
3. Culture
Review 2
Deep Culture &
Stereotyping
Deep Culture
1.1 Deep Structure of culture
(1) Family
(2) State (community)/History
(3) Religion (worldview)
1.2 Deep culture: functions
(1)They carries the most important beliefs
(2) They and their messages endure
(3) They are deeply felt
(4) They supply much of a person’s identity
1.3 Case study
Stereotyping
• 2. 1 Stereotype: Introduction
Definition
Nature
Effects
Causes
Popularity
• 2.2 Stereotype: Examples
• 2.3 Video Analysis
1. Perception,
Beliefs, Values
Outline
1. Perception
2. Belief
3. Value
4. Cultural Pattern = Belief + Value
Detailed Contents
1. Perception
•Definition
•Characteristics
2. Beliefs
•Definition
•Acquisition
•Function
3. Values
•Definition
•Examples
•Characteristics
1.1 Definition of Perception
Perception is best defined as “the process of
selecting, organizing, and interpreting
sensory data in a way that enables us to
make sense of our world.”
• Perception is the primary mechanism by
which you develop your worldview.
1.2 Perception
& Reality
1.3 Perception and Culture
Perception is culturally determined.
Two ways that culture influences the perception
process:
(1) Perception is selective.
What is allowed in is, in part, determined by culture.
(2) Your perceptual patterns are learned.
“We learn to see the world in a certain way based on our
cultural background.”13
www.themegallery.com
World Map in Yellow:
http://shijue.me/show_idea/50f79cf98ddf875
http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/n
otes/mapproj/gif/mercator.gif
http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/n
otes/mapproj/gif/unproj.gif
2. 1 Beliefs : Defintion
Perceptions are stored within each human being
• in the form of beliefs
A good tan
--- a healthy, active lifestyle
Suntanned skin
---- a low social status
What are your beliefs? Zhang Ziyi, Photo Source: www.126baidu.or
Beliefs are one’s convictions about the truth of
something —with or without proof
2.2 Beliefs : Acquisition and Function
2. How did you acquire them?
Beliefs are shaped by the individual’s
culture.”14
3. What function do they perform?
• Beliefs serve as the storage system
for the content of our past experiences,
including thoughts, memories, and
interpretations of events.
Beliefs are important
• Because they are “accepted as truths.”
• They form the basis of your values,
• ••
2.2 Beliefs :
Acquisition and
Function
Chinese
Chinese
Zodiac,
Zodiac,
By
Grand
Grand
Master
Master
Tan
Tan
Khoon
Khoon
Yong
Yong Source:
Source:
Source:
www.WayOnNet.com
www.WayOnNet.com
Chinese
Zodiac,
ByBy
Grand
Master
Tan
Khoon
Yong
www.WayOnNet.com
•RAT
•OX
•RABBIT
•DRAGON
•SNAKE
•HORSE
•TIGER
•GOAT
•MONKEY
•ROOSTER
•DOG
•PIG
3.1 Values: Defintion
Values
-----enduring attitudes about the preferability
of one belief over another.
------shared ideas about
•
•
•
•
Human cloning
Capital punishment
Abortion rights
Plastic Surgery
what is true, right, and beautiful which underline
cultural patterns and guide society in response to
the physical and social environment.”18 Nanda &Warms
www.themegallery.com
3.2 Values: Topics
• Topics that deal with values
• Evil versus good
• Dangerous versus safe
• Ugly versus beautiful
• Abnormal versus normal
• Irrational versus rational
• Dirty versus clean
• Decent versus indecent
• Unnatural versus natural
• Paradoxical versus logical
3.3 Values: Characteristics
Characteristics: generally normative and evaluative
Values are transmitted by a variety of sources
(family, proverbs, media, school, church, state, etc.)
and therefore tend to be broad based, enduring,
and relatively stable.
“Values are programmed early in our
lives”( Hofstede) and therefore are often
nonrational, especially when viewed by someone
from another culture.23
values are learned within a cultural context.
3.3 Values: Characterstics
E.g. Leadership metaphors
–
Derr, Rousillon and Bournois:
• USA – The Free Agent, superstar
• Latin America – The General, strong man in
charge
• France – The Genius, intellectual elite
• UK – The Diplomat
• Germany – The Master, expert in field
• Japan – Senior Statesman
• China – Warlord(军阀 ), has local power
Summary
• Perception is best defined as “the process
of selecting, organizing, and interpreting
sensory data in a way that enables us to
make sense of our world.”
• Beliefs are one’s convictions about the
truth of something—with or without
proof.
• Values are enduring attitudes about the
preferability of one belief over another.
4. Cultural Patterns
A prominent taxonomy of
diverse culture patterns
Detailed Contents
4.1 Cultural Patterns
4.2 Obstacles in Using Cultural Patterns
4.3 Taxonomies of Diverse culture patterns
(1) High-context Vs. Low-context by Hall
(2) Dimensions of national culture by Hofstede
(3) Face and facework theories
by Ting-Toomey
(4) Value Orientation taxonomy
by Kluckhohn, Kluckhohn, and Strodtbeck
(5) 7 fundamental dimensions of culture
by Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner
4.1 Cultural Patterns
Beliefs + Values = Cultural Pattern
• Cultural pattern taxonomies
are used to illustrate
the dominant beliefs and values of a culture.
Phoenix, http://www.cultural-china.com/
4. 2 Obstacles in
Using Cultural Patterns
• WE ARE MORE THAN OUR CULTURE
The dominant values of a culture may not be
shared by all individuals within a culture.
• CULTURAL PATTERNS ARE INTEGRATED
• CULTURAL PATTERNS ARE DYNAMIC
• CULTURAL PATTERNS CAN BE
CONTRADICTORY
4.3 Taxonomies of
Diverse Culture Patterns
(1) Context Orientation:
High context versus Low context
(2) Hofstede dimensions of national culture
①Power Distance (PDI)
②Individualism versus Collectivism (IDV)
③Masculinity versus Femininity (MAS)
④Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI)
⑤ Long-Term Orientation (LTO) (1991)
⑥Indulgence versus Restraint (2001)
monochromic and polychromic time
4.3 Taxonomies of
Diverse Culture Patterns
(3) Ting-Toomey’s face and facework theories
(4) The Kluckhohn, Kluckhohn, and Strodtbeck
Value Orientation taxonomy
(1)human nature,
(2) the perception of nature
(3) time,
(4) activity,
(5) relationships.
www.themegallery.com
(5) Extensive Reading:
Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner Late 1980s
7 fundamental dimensions of culture:
①Relationships with people
② Universalism vs. particularism
③ Individualism vs. communitarianism
(collectivism)
④ Neutral vs. emotional
⑤ Specific vs. diffuse
⑥ Achievement vs. ascription
⑦Understanding of time attitudes toward
environment
www.themegallery.com
4.3.1 Context Orientation
4.1 Theories and Themes 1:
Context Orientation
Late 1950s – Edward Hall
 high context Vs. low context
---the degree to which individuals rely on
internalized information.
Image Source
http://www.intcul.tohoku.ac.jp/~yamaguch/JPG/systemic_room_supplement/sft_profil
4.3.1 High-context cultures
• (Much of the Middle East, Asia, Africa, and
South America)
----relational, collectivist, intuitive, and
contemplative.
• Words are not so important as context, which
might include the speaker’s tone of voice, facial
expression, gestures, posture—and even the
person’s family history and status.
• High-context communication tends to be more
indirect and more formal. Flowery language,
humility, and elaborate apologies are typical.
4.3.2 Low-context cultures
• (North America and much of Western Europe) --logical, linear, individualistic, and actionoriented.
• People from low-context cultures value logic,
facts, and directness.
• Communicators are expected to be
straightforward, concise, and efficient in telling
what action is expected.
• To be absolutely clear, they strive to use precise
words and intend them to be taken literally.
• A Japanese manager explained his culture’s
communication style to an American:
• “We are a homogeneous people and don’t
have to speak as much as you do here.
• When we say one word, we understand ten,
but here you have to say ten to understand
one.”
Map of low-High context dimensions, sou
http://agents2change.typepad.com/blog4
2/01/examining-culture-5-the-highs-and-t
lows-of-cultural-difference.html
• Video:
• Visit by Waverly’s Boyfriend Rich
4.3.2 Dimensions of
National Culture
4.3.2
Hofstede dimensions of
national culture
Late 1960s – Geert Hofstede Founded and
managed personnel research dept of IBM Europe.
• Surveyed 116,000 IBM employees in 40
countries . The values that distinguished
countries from each other could be grouped
statistically into four cluster-.
①Power Distance (PDI)
②Individualism versus Collectivism (IDV)
③Masculinity versus Femininity (MAS)
④Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI)
⑤ Long-Term Orientation (LTO) (1991)
⑥Indulgence versus Restraint (2001,93 countries)
http://geert-hofstede.com/
www.themegallery.com
4.2 .1 Power distance
• This dimension expresses the degree to which the
less powerful members of a society accept and
expect that power is distributed unequally.
• The fundamental issue here is how a society handles
inequalities among people.
4.3 .2 (1) Power Distance
• People in societies exhibiting a large degree of
power distance accept a hierarchical order in
which everybody has a place and which needs
no further justification.
Superior
subordinates
4.3 .2 (1 ) Power Distance
Features of high power distance cultures
Social hierarchy
Inequality
Centralization of power
This slide, Courtesy of Zhao
ShuYi 3/23/2016
4.3 .2 (1 ) Power Distance
• In societies with low power distance, people
strive to equalise the distribution of power
and demand justification for inequalities of
power.
Superior
Subordinates
=
4.3 .2 (1 ) Power distance
• People in high-power distance countries
such as India, Africa, Brazil, Singapore,
Greece, Venezuela, Mexico, and the
Philippines
• Low-power distance countries such as
Austria, Finland, Denmark, Norway, the
United States, New Zealand, and Israel
hold that inequality in society should be
minimized
4.3 .2 (1 ) Power Distance：Video Analysis
High power distance
High power distance
High power distance
Malaysia
马来西亚 104
Guatemala
危地马拉 95
Panama
巴拿马 95
Philippines
菲律宾 94
Mexico
墨西哥 81
China
中国
80
Low power distance
America 美国
40
Ireland 爱尔兰
28
New Zealand 新西兰 22
Denmark 丹麦
18
Israel 以色列
13
Austria 奥地利
11
• Conflicts between a Mother and a daughter in
Joy Luck Club 喜福会
This slide, Courtesy of Zhao
ShuYi 3/23/2016
3/23/2016
4.3.2 (2) Individualism/collectivism continuum
• Individualism, can be defined as a preference for a
loosely-knit social framework in which individuals
are expected to take care of themselves and their
immediate families only.
• Collectivism, represents a preference for a tightlyknit framework in society in which individuals can
expect their relatives or members of a particular ingroup to look after them in exchange for
unquestioning loyalty.
• people’s self-image: “I” or “we.”
4.3.2 (2) Individualism/collectivism continuum
1. According to Hofstede’s findings (see Table 5.1),
the United States,
Australia,
Great Britain,
Canada,
the Netherlands
and New Zealand
all tend toward individualism.
4.3.2 (2) Individualism
/collectivism continuum
2. In collective societies, such as those in Pakistan,
Colombia, Venezuela, Taiwan, Peru, and much
of Africa and Asia, people are born into
extended families or clans that support and
protect them in exchange for their allegiance.
In many Arabic nations, tribalism predominates.
African Americans also exhibit
“Hispanics— including Mexican-Americans,
Cubans, Salvadorans, Guatemalans, Puerto
Ricans, and others.”78
4.3.3 Related Theories:
Face Theory
• For Ting-Toomey, face and facework take
different forms and are valued differently
across cultures.
Save face / lose face
Face is a function of group affiliation in
collectivistic cultures and is self-derived
in individualistic cultures.
In conflict situations, collectivistic cultures
focus on other-face and mutual face,
while individualistic cultures focus on
self-face.
www.themegallery.com
4.3.2 (3) Masculinity vs. femininity
(career success and quality of life)
• The masculinity side of this dimension
represents a preference in society for
achievement, heroism, assertiveness and
material reward for success.
Society at large is more competitive.
• Its opposite, femininity, stands for a
preference for cooperation, modesty,
caring for the weak and quality of life.
Society at large is more consensus-oriented.
4.3.3(3) Masculinity vs. femininity
(career success and quality of life)
• Ireland, the Philippines, Greece, Venezuela,
Austria, Japan, Italy, and Mexico are among
the countries where you can find many of the
masculine values described by Hofstede (see
Table 5.4).
[Ex. Japanese men linger outside until
around midnight]
• Nations such as Sweden,Norway, Finland,
Denmark, and the Netherlands tend toward a
feminine worldview.
4.3.3(3) Masculinity vs. femininity
(career success and quality of life)
• Ireland provides an example ( in 2007 women
were elected to only 35 of the 226 combined
seats available in the Upper and Lower Houses,
which demonstrates a low level of political
empowerment).
• Quite in contrast to the masculine culture of
Ireland, in Sweden, which had the highest
ranking in Hofstede’s femininity category,
women occupied 47.3 percent of the 349
legislative positions following the 2006
election, which suggests a high level of
political empowerment.
98
4.3.3(4) Uncertainty Avoidance
• The uncertainty avoidance dimension expresses the
degree to which the members of a society feel
uncomfortable with uncertainty and ambiguity.
• The fundamental issue here is how a society deals
with the fact that the future can never be known:
should we try to control the future or just let it
happen?
Uncertainty in Films
• Lost in Translation迷失东京
• Body Height
4.3.3(4) Uncertainty Avoidance
• Countries exhibiting strong UAI maintain
rigid codes of belief and behaviour and are
intolerant of unorthodox behaviour and ideas.
Nations with a strong uncertainty avoidance
tendency are
Portugal, Greece, Peru,
Belgium, and Japan.
8旬老太三寸金莲逛超市引发关注Source:
http://www.ahradio.com.cn
2006-10-
4.3.3(4) Uncertainty Avoidance
• Weak UAI societies maintain a more relaxed
attitude in which practice counts more than
principles.
countries like
Sweden, Denmark, Ireland, Norway,
the United States, Finland, and the Netherlands
Hong kong, Singapore
•
Image: Suit+sneakers, source: Mymaoamo.cn
4.3.3(5) Long- versus short- term orientation
• The long-term orientation dimension can be
interpreted as dealing with society’s search for
virtue.
Quran , Source:www.alquranacademy.co.uk
Holy Bible, Source: holybible.ucoz.org
Book of Changes, Source:
http://us.macmillan.com/theichingorbook
anges/BrianWalker
4.3.3(5) Long- versus short- term orientation
• Societies with a short-term orientation
generally have a strong concern with
establishing the absolute Truth.
• They are normative in their thinking. They
exhibit great respect for traditions, a
relatively small propensity to save for the
future, and a focus on achieving quick results.
[often do not place a high priority on status,
try to postpone old age. 104]
• E.g., the United States, Great Britain, Canada,
the Philippines
4.3.3(5) Long- versus short- term orientation
• In societies with a long-term orientation,
people believe that
• truth depends very much on
• situation, context and time.
• They show an ability to adapt traditions to
changed conditions, a strong propensity to save
and invest, thriftiness, and perseverance in
achieving results.
Book of Changes, Source:
• China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, http://us.macmillan.com/theichingorb
anges/BrianWalker
• Japan, and South Korea
4.3.3(6) Indulgence Vs. Restraint
• Indulgence stands for a society that allows
relatively free gratification of basic and
natural human drives
related to enjoying life and having fun.
• Restraint stands for a society that
suppresses gratification of needs and
regulates it by means of strict social norms.
4.2.3(6) Indulgence Vs. Restraint
Review: 4.3.3 Hofstede dimensions
of national culture
① Power Distance (PDI)
② Individualism versus Collectivism (IDV)
③ Masculinity versus Femininity (MAS)
④ Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI)
⑤ Long-Term Orientation (LTO) (1991)
⑥ Indulgence versus Restraint (2001,93
countries)

http://geert-hofstede.com/
Video Analysis: Three reasons that I like China
www.themegallery.com
4.3.4 Value Orientation
Taxonomy
Theories and Themes 4
• The Kluckhohn, Kluckhohn, and Strodtbeck
Value Orientation taxonomy
(1)human nature,
(2) the perception of nature
(3) time,
(4) activity,
(5) relationships.
www.themegallery.com
4.3.4 Value Orientation Taxonomy
After examining numerous cultures, the
Kluckhohns and Strodtbeck concluded that all
people turn to their culture to assist them in
answering the same five basic questions:
1. What is the character of human nature?
2. What is the relation of humankind to nature?
3. What is the orientation toward time?
4. What is the value placed on activity?
5. What is the relationship of people to each
other? 107
4.3.4.1 The character of human natureEvil
People are intrinsically evil：
• In parts of the Arab world
• In the United States, this orientation, which
was inherited from Puritan ancestors, was
the prevailing view for many, many years.
In the last hundred years, however, U.S. Americans
have come to see themselves as-.
4.4.1 The character of human nature Good and Evil
A mixture of good and evil：
That is, most Americans now believe they are
“perfectible.” According to this analysis, with constant
hard work, control, education, and self- discipline,
people can achieve goodness
• People who hold the Taoist
• Many Europeans
4.3.4. 1 The character of human
nature -Good
•
• Most interpretations of the writings of
Confucius maintain that he was “very
optimistic” about human nature.111
• Buddhism maintains that you are born pure
and are closest to what is called “loving
kindness” when you enter this world.
4.3.4.2 Person/Nature Orientation
--HUMAN BEINGS SUBJECT TO NATURE
The most powerful forces of life are beyond their
control. Whether the force be a god, fate, or magic,
a person cannot overcome it and must therefore
learn to accept it.
• Hindu, because everything is part of a unified force.
This “oneness” with the world helps create a vision of
a world operating in harmony.
In Mexico and among Mexican Americans, there is a
strong tie to Catholicism and the role of fate in
controlling life and nature.
4.3.4.2 Person/Nature Orientation -COOPERATION WITH NATURE
• The cooperation view is widespread and is
associated with East Asians.
• In Japan and Thailand, there is a perception
that nature is part of life and not a hostile
force waiting to be subdued. This orientation
affirms that people should, in every way
possible, live in harmony with nature.
• The desire to be part of nature and not control
it has always been strong among American
Indians.
4.3.4.2. Person/Nature Orientation
--CONTROLLING NATURE
• This value orientation is characteristic of
• the Western approach,
• which has a long tradition of valuing
technology, change, and science.
• People with this orientation see a clear
separation between humans and nature.
• Americans have historically believed that nature
was something that could and had to be
mastered.
4.3.4.3 PAST ORIENTATION
Past-oriented cultures:
The past should be the guide for making
decisions and determining truth.
History, established religions, and tradition
are extremely important
Japan -- Shintoism ,reverence toward ancestors
Great Britain -devotion to tradition, including the
continuation of a monarchy
The French
The Chinese- respect for their historical heritage
4.3. 4.3 PRESENT ORIENTATION
Present-oriented cultures hold that
• the immediate moment has the most
significance,
• the present should be enjoyed.
• because they see
• the future as vague, ambiguous, and
unknown.
• People of the Philippines and
• most Latin American, e.g.Mexican Americans
• also characteristic of the African- American coculture.
4.4. 3 FUTURE ORIENTATION
Future-oriented cultures,
emphasize what is to come,
and expect the future to be grander than the
present.
they can control the future.
Such as the U.S. dominant culture,
• “If at first you don’t succeed,try, try again.”
• “Yesterday is not ours to recover, but tomorrow is
ours to win or to lose.”
4.3.4.4 BEING ORIENTATION
People in being-orientated cultures
accept people, events, and ideas as flowing
spontaneously.
They stress release, indulgence of existing
desires, and working for the moment.”120
Most Latino cultures have the view that the
current activity is the one that matters the
most. E.g. In Mexico
4.34.4 BEING-IN-BECOMING
ORIENTATION
• The being-in-becoming orientation stresses
the idea of development and growth
• This usually correlates with cultures that
value a spiritual life more than a material
one.
• Hinduism and Buddhism,
people spend a portion of their lives in meditation
and contemplation in an attempt to purify and
fully advance themselves
. Many of the New Age religious movements in the
United States also stress the need to develop the
being-in-becoming approach to daily life.
4.3.4.4 DOING ORIENTATION
• The key to this orientation is a value system that
stresses activity and action.
• The dominant American culture:
Americans are action oriented; they are go-getters. They get going,
get things done, and get ahead. In America, people gather for
action—to play basketball, to dance, to go to a concert. When
groups gather they play games or watch videos. Many Americans
don’t have the patience to sit down and talk. . . . Life is in constant
motion.
4.5 Seven Fundamental
Dimensions of Culture
Theories and Themes 5
Late 1980s Fons Trompenaars and Charles HampdenTurner Consultants By 1998:
 15 years of research – questionnaire based. Framework
from Talcott Parsons, US Sociologist (Harvard 19271973)
30 companies, 50 countries, 30,000 people
7 fundamental dimensions of culture:
1. Internal direction versus outer direction
2. Universalism vs. particularism
3. Individualism vs. communitarianism (collectivism)
4. Neutral vs. emotional
5. Specific vs. diffuse
6. Achievement vs. ascription
7. Sequential time versus synchronous time.www.themegallery.com
4.4.5 The Seven Dimensions of Culture
1. Internal direction versus outer direction
• People believe that they can control nature or their
environment to achieve goals.
• People believe that nature, or their environment,
controls them; they must work with their environment
to achieve goals.
• 2. Universalism vs. Particularism
-- universal standards and rules (Contracts )
vs. particular people and particular situations
(relationship)
3. Individualism vs. Collectivism/ Communitarianism
• the wants and needs of the individual vs. the interests
of the group.
4.4.5 The Seven Dimensions of Culture
4. Neutral vs. Emotional
– show little emotion vs. show emotions
readily in many different situations.
Controlled vs. animated.
American: “The squeaky wheel gets the grease.
Chinese: 觉人之诈，不愤于言；受人之侮，不动于色；
察人之过，不扬于他；施人之惠，不记于心。
5. Achievement vs. Ascription
•– what you have done vs. who you are.
France (e.g. your school) vs. US (your
achievement).
4.4.5 The Seven Dimensions of Culture
• 6. Sequential Time Versus Synchronous Time
• Typical sequential-time cultures include China,
Russia, and Mexico.
• Typical synchronous-time cultures include
Japan, Canada, Norway, the U.K., and the U.S.
•Worksheet
• •The Kluckhohn, Kluckhohn, and Strodtbeck
Value Orientation taxonomy includes (1)
human nature, (2) the perception of nature,
(3) time, (4) activity, and (5) relationships.
• Fons Trompenaars and Charles Hampden-Turner
Consultants :7 fundamental dimensions of
culture:
①Internal direction versus outer direction
② Universalism vs. particularism
③ Individualism vs. communitarianism (collectivism)
④ Neutral vs. emotional
⑤ Specific vs. diffuse
⑥ Achievement vs. ascription
⑦Sequential time versus synchronous time.
Review
Detailed Contents
1. Perception
•Definition
•Characteristics
2. Beliefs
•Definition
•Acquisition
•Function
3. Values
•Definition
•Examples
•Characteristics
Detailed Contents
• Cultural Patterns
• Obstacles in Using Cultural Patterns
• A prominent taxonomy of diverse culture patterns
(1) High-context Vs. Low-context by Hall
(2) Dimensions of national culture by Hofstede
(3) Face and facework theories
by Ting-Toomey
(4) Value Orientation taxonomy
by Kluckhohn, Kluckhohn, and Strodtbeck
(5) 7 fundamental dimensions of culture
by Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner
Summary
Perception is best defined as “the process of selecting,
organizing, and interpreting sensory data in a way
that enables us to make sense of our world.”
• Perception is the primary mechanism by which you
develop your worldview.
• Beliefs are one’s convictions about the truth of
something—with or without proof.
• Values are enduring attitudes about the preferability
of one belief over another.
• Cultural pattern taxonomies are used to illustrate the
dominant beliefs and values of a culture.
Summary
• In Hall’s Context Orientation, high context and low
context describe the degree to which individuals rely
on internalized information.
• • A prominent taxonomy of diverse culture patterns
that explains both perceptual and communication
differences is Hofstede’s Values Dimension, which
includes
(1) individualism and collectivism, (2) uncertainty
avoidance, (3) power distance, (4) masculinity and
femininity, and (5) long-term and short-term
orientation (6) Indulgence vs
For Ting-Toomey, face and facework take different
forms and are valued differently across cultures
Collectivistic cultures often focus on other-face and
mutual face, while individualistic cultures focus on
self-face.
Film to Watch: Joy Luck Club
Suyuan Woo，
Jing-Mei "June"
Woo
Lindo
Jong，
Waverly
Jong
Ying-Ying “Betty” St.
Clair，Lena St. Clair
An-Mei
Hsu，
Rose
Hsu
Jordan
Uncertainty in Films
• Lost in Translation迷失东京
•
References
• http://geert-hofstede.com/
• Larry A. Samovar, Richard E. Porter, Edwin R.
McDaniel, Communication between Cultures(6th
Edition), Beijing: Peking University Press, 2009
• PPT by my students, Guo Yanping, Zhao Shuyi, Zhao
Chuandong
• What’s Up with Culture?
• Trompenaars, Alfons, Hampden-Turner, Charles.
Riding the Waves of Culture