PLAGIARISM: TYPES OF PLAGIARISM &
METHODS OF AVOIDING PLAGIARISM
Presenters:
Brian, Chris, Henry, Tian
ESL 220-10
CONTENT
Types of plagiarism
 Plagiarism - motives
 How to avoid plagiarism
 Conclusions
 Credits

PLAGIARISM
The act of presenting another’s work or ideas as your own
TYPES OF PLAGIARISM
Writers cite sources – but
it is still plagiarism
Writers do not cite
sources
TYPE I
“THE GHOST WRITER”
A ghostwriter is a professional writer who is paid to write books, articles,
stories, reports, or other texts that are officially credited to another person.
In the book “The House of Paper” author
expresses the idea that the words composed
by a person should have the sigil (seal) on it,
like the soul that is inside of the paragraph
and it never leaves. It is always that person’s
mark.
“THE PHOTOCOPY”

If you use a part or the entire material from the
single source and do not acknowledge the
copyrights that belong to the press or the
individual – that is plagiarism.
“THE POTLUCK PAPER”
A potluck means a family party. Every body is
allowed.
 In a scholar paper that is a mix of other
author’s ideas (while keeping most of the
original phrases) blended together as the
writer’s own.
 That is a plagiarism!

“THE POOR DISGUISE”
 DEF.
:Keeping the significant content but altering
the key words and phrases

Reason why it is called this way: The writer
changed only key words and phrases but the
paper's appearance is almost the same. The
writer did poor job on hiding plagiarism
EXAMPLE
Original: Because women's wages often continue
to reflect the fiction that men earn the family
wage, single mothers rarely earn enough to
support themselves and their children
adequately.
 Plagiarism: Since women's wages often continue
to reflect the mistaken notion that men are the
main wage earners in the family, single mothers
rarely make enough to support themselves and
their children very well.

“THE LABOR OF LAZINESS”

Def. : Writers paraphrase most of the paper
from other sources and make it all fit together

Reason: writers spend a lot of time to paraphrase
instead of spending that time to do their own
work
EXAMPLE
Original: Hot stars at 30,000 degrees emit a lot
more blue light than red light, and so hot stars
look blue or bluish-white. Cool stars at 3,000
degrees give off more red light than blue, and so
these stars look red.
 Plagiarism: Stars considered to be hot are
30,000 degrees, whereas stars as cool as 3,000
degrees are considered to be cold.

“THE SELF-STEALER”
The self-stealer “borrows” generously from his or
her previous work, violating policies concerning
the expectation of originality adopted by most
academic institutions.
 Reason: The writer is using ideas from his
previous paper to write a new paper, which is like
stealing own source.

EXAMPLE
Original: The black holes seem to inhabit every
galaxy that has a central bulge--the vast, elliptical
swarm of very old stars which constitutes many
galaxies' most prominent part.
 Plagiarism: The black holes seem to inhabit every
galaxy that has a central bulge--the vast, elliptical
swarm of very old stars which constitutes many
galaxies' most prominent part.

TYPE II
“THE FORGOTTEN FOOTNOTE”

The writer mentions an author's name for a
source, but neglects to include specific
information on the location of the material
referenced.


According to Michael Newton hypnosis is not
a state where people dream or have
hallucinations1.
1
Michael Newton, Journey of Souls (St. Paul:Llwelyn Publications,2005), 4.
“THE MISINFORMER”

The writer provides inaccurate information
regarding the sources, making it impossible to
find them.

Example:

Newton, Michael. Journey of Souls. St. Paul: Llwelyn Publications, 2005.

Newton, Michael. Identity of Souls. Publications, 2005.
“THE TOO-PERFECT PARAPHRASE”
The writer properly cites a source, but neglects
to put in quotation marks text that has been
copied word for word.
 Although attributing the basic ideas to the
source, the writer is falsely claiming original
presentation and interpretation of the
information.

Example:

Original source:

People in hypnosis are neither dreaming nor hallucinating.

Writer’s work – cited but still plagiarism:



When put under hypnosis people are neither dreaming nor
hallucinating (Newton,4).
Appropriate version:
When put under hypnosis people “are neither dreaming nor
hallucinating” (Newton,4).
“THE RESOURCEFUL CITER”

Def: the writer cites all sources,
paraphrases appropriately, but
there is almost no original work.
• The paper is well created but consists of ideas of
others only – this is considered as plagiarism!
“THE PERFECT CRIME”

Def.: the writer properly quotes and cites sources in
some places, but paraphrases other arguments
from those sources without citations.
EXAMPLE

As one critic said in the newspaper The St. Petersburg Times,
“The Pursuit of Happyness is the obligatory feel-good drama of
the holiday season and takes that responsibility a bit too
seriously”(Persall). A tale in realistic drag, “The Pursuit of
Happyness” is a fun that develops effortlessly until it gets stuck
in your stomach.
Gives credit to the original author
It looks like the writer’s
original thought but in reality
it is a paraphrase of another
author work – no credit given,
no citation
PLAGIARISM - MOTIVES

Laziness

Busy

Competition – a better grade

Do I know how to cite a source to give credit ?

Hmm.

Run out of time

Run out of ideas, writer’s block
HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM?
plagiarism
GIVE CREDIT FOR COPIED OR PARAPHRASED
MATERIAL

Learn a particular style of writing and
formatting (MLA, APA)
BEWARE OF COMMON KNOWLEDGE
Current and historical events, famous people,
geographic areas, folklore and common
sayings.
 The fact can be found in numerous places and
it is likely to be known by a lot of people.
 General reference sources: dictionaries,
encyclopedias, almanacs.

USE YOUR OWN WORDS AND IDEAS

Take your time!

Choose your own words

Order your thoughts

Convey ideas
AVOID USING OTHERS WORK WITH “COSMETIC”
SURGERY

If you:
use synonyms, for example: “tiny” for “small”
 change order of words in the sentence
 change a layout

It means it is still others ideas!
You must give credit!
THERE ARE NO “FREEBIES”

Always cite words, information
and ideas that are new to you.

No matter from the internet or
an encyclopedia.
WHEN IN DOUBT – CITE!
 Better
to be safe
than not to give
credit when you
should
TAKE HOME MESSAGE
If you use other’s ideas – give them credit
 Learn how to cite sources
 Even if you cite, but incorrectly – it is still
plagiarism
 Devote your time to do your own research

RESOURCES
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http://library.csusm.edu/plagiarism/howtoavoid/how_avoid_common.htm
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/589/02/
http://www.plagiarism.org/plag_article_types_of_plagiarism.html
http://sja.ucdavis.edu/files/plagiarism.pdf
http://classguides.lib.uconn.edu/content.php?pid=23796&sid=171277
http://www.valdosta.edu/~cbarnbau/personal/teaching_MISC/plagiarism.htm
http://www.ccc.commnet.edu/mla/plagiarism.shtml
http://www.geneseo.edu/~elmore/Why_plagiarism.htm
http://www.sptimes.com/2006/12/14/Weekend/_Happyness__takes_it_.shtml
http://movies.nytimes.com/2006/12/15/movies/15happ.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potluck
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ineedmotivation.com
researchimpact.wordpress.com
kusut-masai.blogspot.com
classguides.lib.uconn.edu
sites.google.com/site/bhlseniorprojectsite/mla
pages.drexel.edu/~dsopchsp/
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blog.roleepolee.com
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