Canada’s national laboratory for particle and nuclear physics
Laboratoire national canadien pour la recherche en physique nucléaire
et en physique des particules
The science programs of RIB
facilities
IUPAP WG9 Symposium – Washington DC
A personal selection of topics and recent examples
June 4, 2015
Reiner Krücken | Science Division Head | TRIUMF
Professor of Physics | University of British Columbia
Accelerating Science for Canada
Un accélérateur de la démarche scientifique canadienne
Owned and operated as a joint venture by a consortium of Canadian universities via a contribution through the National Research Council Canada
Propriété d’un consortium d’universités canadiennes, géré en co-entreprise à partir d’une contribution administrée par le Conseil national de recherches Canada
Big Questions in Nuclear Physics
Nuclear Physics – Exploring the Heart Of Matter
US National Academies Decadal Survey 2010
• How Did Visible Matter Come Into Being and How Does
It Evolve?
• How Does Subatomic Matter Organize Itself and What
Phenomena Emerge?
• Are the Fundamental Interactions That Are Basic to the
Structure of Matter Fully Understood?
• How Can the Knowledge and Technological Progress
Provided by Nuclear Physics Best Be Used to Benefit
Society?
June 4, 2015
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
2
Fundamental Rare Isotope Beam Science
• Organization of nuclei and emerging phenomena
• precision tests of ab-initio theory
• evolution of nuclear phenomena with isospin (neutron-to-proton ratio)
• exploring the limits of nuclear existence
• Origin and enrichment of the elements
• crucial reactions in stellar burning and explosions
• identifying path and site of the r-process
• neutron star processes and properties
• Beyond the Standard Model
• precision tests of electroweak decays
• atomic parity violation
• electric dipole moments
• matrix elements for neutrinoless
double-beta decay
June 4, 2015
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
3
Production of Radioactive Ion Beams
Isotope Separation On-Line
(ISOL)
In-flight separation
(IF)
Exotic nuclei produced in
thin target as fragment of
heavy beam
Reaction induced by
light projectile (p,d,n)
in thick target
Fragments move with beam
velocity (30-90% c)
Diffusion from thick target
- depends on chemistry
- needs time (> ms)
Access to all elements and
very short-lived isotopes
<ms
Experiments with fast,
stopped, and reaccelerated beams
Experiments with lowenergy (stopped) and reaccelerated beams
Production methods provide complementary access to exotic nuclei (species, energies,
intensities) and enable studies of different facets of nuclear properties and reactions
June 4, 2015
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
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Organization of nuclei and emerging phenomena
Nuclear Structure and Reactions
June 4, 2015
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
5
Structures and Phases of the Strong
Interaction
•
Phenomena governed by strong
interaction span large energy range
•
QCD is non-perturbative at large
distances (fm) / low energies
•
Need different levels of approximation at
each scale
 Identify most important (practical) degrees
of freedom for each energy scale
 Preserve all relevant degrees of freedom
in each step of approximation
June 4, 2015
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
6
Towards a Unified Theory of All Nuclei
(CI)
(DFT)
Interfaces provide
crucial clues
June 4, 2015
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
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LQCD
ab initio
CI
DFT
June 4, 2015
Resolution
Advances in Nuclear Theory
Nucleon and nuclear magnetic moments from Lattice
QCD
Nuclear reactions in ab-initio theory
Form factor of Hoyle state in 12C with Quantum Monte
Carlo
Coupled cluster description with realistic forces up to
40Ca
Fusion cross-sections of medium mass nuclei in Time
Dependent Density Functional Theory
Mapping the Nuclear Landscape in DFT (uncertainties in
dripline predictions)
Erler et al., Nature 486, 509
(2012)Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
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At and Beyond the Dripline
• Weak binding
• Coupling to continuum
• Few-body correlations
Halo masses from
Penning traps
ISOLDE
&
TRIUMF
adopted from
Blaum, Dilling,
Nobel Symposium 2012
Extended wave function
Narrow momentum distribution
following one neutron removal
Heaviest Halo
Nucleus
37Mg
RIKEN
June 4, 2015
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
Kobayashi, PRL 112, 242501 (2014)
9
Revision of Textbook Knowledge
Classical shell gaps disappear: N=20, 28
New shell gaps emerge: N=16, 32, 34
Tensor and 3-nucleon
forces play a key role in
evolution of shell
structure far off stability
R. Krücken, Contemporary Physics 52, 2
(2011)
First excited state in
54Ca:
June 4, 2015
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
D. Steppenbeck,
Nature 502, 207 (2013)
10
Probing Shell Structure
Decay Spectroscopy
Few-Nucleon Transfer
GSI
133Sn
100Sn
ORNL
3x10-4 pps
K.L. Jones et al., Nature 465 (2010) 454
Ch. Hinke et al., Nature 486 (2012) 341
ISAC/ARIEL
HIE-ISOLDE
NSCL ReA3
SPIRAL2
RISING @ GSI
EURICA @ RIBF
GRIFFIN @ ISAC
FAIR, FRIB, ARIEL etc.
June 4, 2015
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
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Collective Response and Neutron Matter
Soft Dipole Excitation
Giant dipole
Adrich, PRL 95, 132501 (2005)
Symmetry energy and its
density dependence close to
saturation density
Pygmy dipole
GSI
GSI
10-16m  104 m
June 4, 2015
Neutron skins
in neutron-rich
nuclei
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
Mass-radius
relationship of
neutron stars
12
Origin and enrichment of the elements
Nuclear Astrophysics
June 4, 2015
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
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Nuclear Astrophysics
A field at the interface of Astrophysics and Nuclear Physics
 Observational tools, signatures, and developments
 Large computational modeling for stellar and nuclear systems
 Laboratory tools for experimental evidence
M. Wiescher, NSAC LRP resolution Meeting, Kitty Hawk, NC, April 16-21, 2015
14
Open Questions in Nuclear Astrophysics
What is the origin of the elements?

What nuclear processes contribute to the origin of elements

How did the chemical composition of the universe evolve?
Very old star
2nd Generation star
Sr
Courtesy M.
Wiescher
June 4, 2015
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
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Enrichment of the Universe with Heavy
Elements
June 4, 2015
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
16
Nuclear Reactions in Stars and Stellar
Explosions
June 4, 2015
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
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Stellar Explosions
Shock driven explosion
Accretion driven explosion
– core collapse supernovae –
– novae, type SN Ia, XRB –
p-process
r-process
p-process:
Hot CNO,
αp-process,
rp-process,
weak interaction,
pycnonuclear burning,
Fuel determined by dissociation
and recombination processes in
collapse and by seed abundance in
stellar layers!
June 4, 2015
Fuel determined by accreted matter
and seed distribution in accreted layers!
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
18
Explosive Hydrogen and Helium Burning
in x-Ray Bursts, Novae & Supernovae
Production/destruction of cosmic gamma ray emitters in
novae and supernovae: 18F, 22Na, 26Al, 44Ti
Novae signatures in pre-solar grains
Nuclear reactions driving the light curves of x-ray bursts
X-ray burst
Example: direct radiative captures: DRAGON@ISAC,
SECAR@FRIB
Only 9 direct radiative capture measurements in
inverse kinematics using RIBs
Accreting
neutron star
x-ray burst
June 4, 2015
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
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Direct Reaction Measurements in Storage
Rings
GSI
June 4, 2015
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
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The fate of the rp-process ashes
a probe of the neutron star crust
Cooling of outer neutron star crust by neutrino
emission in cycles of electron capture and its
inverse, b--decay, involving neutron-rich nuclei
at a typical depth of about 150 meters.
Observations of cooling
neutron stars probe the
crust and interior structure
Schatz et al.
Nature 505 (2014) 62
June 4, 2015
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
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Nuclear physics along the r-process path
What is the site for the r-proces
What do we need to measure?
• mass differences
• decay half-lives
• beta delayed neutron emission branches
• neutron capture rate
• photo-disintegration rate
 all depend on nuclear shell structure
June 4, 2015
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
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Sensitivity studies:
Impact of masses on abundances
Mass model 1
Mass model 2
• Vary mass of individual nucleus by
+- factor 10
• Evaluate the effect on r-process
abundance in astrophysical scenario
Mass model 3
• Color indicates level of change in
overall abundance when specific
nuclear mass was changed
 important guidance for experiments
June 4, 2015
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
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Masses & Half-Lives Along the r-Process Path
Includes old T1/2
CPT Penning Trap measurements at CARIBU
Includes new T1/2
Original
Area II 2012
ANL
CARIBU 2013
J. Van Schelt et al., Phys. Rev. C 85, 045805 (2012)
J. Van Schelt et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 111,061102 (2013)
RIKEN
Half-Lives of 110 neutron-rich nuclei across the N=82 shell closure
Lorusso et al., PRL 114 (2015)
June 4, 2015
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
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RIB Facilities Poised to Tackle the rProcess
Neutron capture
- (d,p) surrogate reaction (ISOL)
- Coulomb dissociation (IF)
Masses
• Traps (ISOL/IF)
• Storage rings (IF)
Fission barriers
Half-lives
• Decay stations (ISOL/IF)
N=126
waiting points
Rare Earth
Peak
N=82
waiting points
Light Element
Primary Process
June 4, 2015
Beta-delayed neutrons
• Neutron calorimeters (ISOL/IF)
• Neutron-gamma spectrometers (ISOL)
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
25
Beyond the Standard Model of Particle Physics
Fundamental Symmetries
June 4, 2015
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
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Searching for Physics Beyond the Standard
Model
Direct searches at LHC
• A Higgs boson discovered (is it SM?)
• Supersymmetry, Exotic gauge bosons, etc.
ATLAS Tier-1 data center at
TRIUMF
(5000 cores, 13 PB storage)
ATLAS detector
Precision experiments testing SM predictions in electro-weak sector
• Electric dipole moments:
neutron, atom, electron
• Particle decays:
m, p, K, neutron, B & D-mesons
• Parity violating e-scattering
Qweak
• Decay of rare isotopes and atomic parity violation at RIB facilities
 Deviations from SM predictions via contributions of new particles &
forces

Complementary to direct Kruecken
searches
if very high precision can be reached
June 4, 2015
- RIB Science - WG9
27
Rare Isotopes as Laboratory
to Search for New Physics
Neutrinoless double beta
decay
(Matter-antimatter asymmetry)
(# of quark families, extra Z,
right-handed / scalar currents)
Electric Dipole Moment
Atomic Parity Violation
(matter-antimatter asymmetry)
(anapole moment,
weak hadronic currents)
Beta-decay correlations
(scalar, tensor interactions)
g
Z
June 4, 2015
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
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Atomic Parity Violation
Francium: heavy nucleus, simple atomic structure
 excellent candidate for low-energy tests of hadronic weak interaction
 search for physics beyond the Standard Model (~20 times more sensitive than Cs)
Parity-non-conserving (PNC) atomic transition (8s ➔7s)
[Atomic Parity Violation (APV)]
 Probes strength of the weak neutral current between
electron and quarks at very low momentum transfer
Qweak (J-Lab)
PVES and APV set
complementary constraints on the
neutral-weak quark coupling
constants:
C1u – C1d (isovector)
C1u
+ 4,C2015
June
1d (isoscalar)
PVES = Parity violating
electron scattering
Androic et al., PRL 2013
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
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Francium Atomic Parity Violation Program
TRIUMF
First ever laser spectroscopy of 205Fr
A. Voss et al., PRL 111, 122501 (2013)
Successful Francium trapping of
207,209,221Fr in new Magneto Optical Trap
(MOT)
June 4, 2015
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
30
Rare Isotopes as Laboratory
to Search for New Physics
Neutrinoless double beta
decay
(Matter-antimatter asymmetry)
(# of quark families, extra Z,
right-handed / scalar currents)
Electric Dipole Moment
Atomic Parity Violation
(matter-antimatter asymmetry)
(anapole moment,
weak hadronic currents)
Beta-decay correlations
(scalar, tensor interactions)
g
Z
June 4, 2015
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
31
Unitarity of the CKM Quark Mixing Matrix
Weak
eigenstates
Mass
eigenstates
Nobel
2008
Vud (nuclear b-decay) = 0.97417(21)
Vus (kaon-decay)
= 0.2253(8) [PDG]
Vub (B meson decay) = 0.00339(44)
|2
|2
Superallowed Fermi decays
0+
T1/2
QEC
|2
|Vud + |Vus + |Vub = 0.99978 ± 0.00055
I.S. Towner & J.C. Hardy, PRC 91, 025501 (2015)
BR
0+
 unitarity is satisfied to a precision of 0.06%.
June 4, 2015
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
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Test of CVC using Superallowed Fermi Decays
Next Frontier: Nuclear Structure Studies to
constrain Isospin Breaking Corrections
FtWS = 3072.27(72) s
|Vud | = 0.97417 ± 0.00021
Hardy and Towner, PRC 91, 025501 (2015)
June 4, 2015
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
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Rare Isotopes as Laboratory
to Search for New Physics
Neutrinoless double beta
decay
(Matter-antimatter asymmetry)
(# of quark families, extra Z,
right-handed / scalar currents)
Electric Dipole Moment
Atomic Parity Violation
(matter-antimatter asymmetry)
(anapole moment,
weak hadronic currents)
Beta-decay correlations
(scalar, tensor interactions)
g
Z
June 4, 2015
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
34
Electric Dipole Moments and BSM Physics
EDMs violate time reversal symmetry  could indicate new mechanisms for CP
violation
Quark EDM
Nucleons (n, p)
Nuclei (Hg, Ra, Rn)
Quark Chromo-EDM
Electron in paramagnetic
molecules (YbF, ThO)
Electron EDM
Sector
Exp Limit
(e-cm)
Electron
8.7 x 10-29
Neutron
199Hg
Method
Physics beyond the
Standard Model
(BSM):
SUSY, etc.
Standard
Model
BSM CPV
ThO in a beam
10-38
10-28
3.3 x 10-26
UCN in a bottle
10-31
10-26
3.1 x 10-29
Hg atoms in a cell
10-33
10-29
M. Ramsey-Musolf
June 4, 2015
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
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Atomic EDM in Octupole Deformed odd-A
Nuclei
Schiff Moment:
Polarization of nuclear charge distribution
along angular moment ~ J by a P-/T-odd
interaction
J < Ŝz >< V̂PT >
S = -2
J +1
DE
Octupole deformation leads to
enhanced Schiff Moment (x 1000 over
Hg)
 Improved sensitivity to EDM
Coulomb Excitation of 220Rn, 224Ra
Deduced shapes of
220Rn, 224Ra,
ISOLDE
Gaffney, Nature 497, 199 (2013)
June 4, 2015
Octupole Vibration
Octupole Deformed
(dynamic deformation) (static deformation)
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
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Atomic EDM experiments with RIBs
Current Ra-EDM setup for 225Ra at ANL
Oven:
225Ra
Transverse
cooling
Zeeman
Slower
Proposed Rn-EDM set-up for
Gamma‐anisotropy precession
detection in 223Rn at ISAC
Magneto-optical
Trap (MOT)
Precession of Polarized Ra
Optical dipole
trap (ODT)
EDM
measurement
223Rn
TRIUMF
225Ra
simulation
ANL
R.H. Parker et al.
arXiv:1504.07477
EDM experiments require high intensity sources and long beamtime
 FRIB beam dump harvesting or online production on ARIEL ISOL target)
June 4, 2015
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
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Applications of Rare Isotopes
Materials Science
Nuclear Medicine
Biology
Ocean Science
Environmental Science
June 4, 2015
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Materials Science with RIBs
Beta detected NMR
Perturbed Angular Correlations
Emission Channeling
Tracer Diffusion Rates
x
June 4, 2015
T, t
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
39
Lithium Ion Diffusion in Polymer
Electrolytes
McKenzie, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136 (2014)
June 4, 2015
TRIUMF
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
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Isotopes for Medical Application:
Tumor Treatment and Imaging
Alpha emitting isotopes:
powerful way for direct tumor treatment
Clustered DNA damage due to
‘heavy particle’ stopping power, short range.
211At
particularly well suited
Gamma-emitting 209At can be used
to test functionality via imaging
211At
is generated via
211Rn at ISAC & ARIEL via
proton induced spallation
Another isotope of interest for
target alpha therapy is 225Ac
also produced at ISAC &
ARIEL
June 4, 2015
TRIUMF
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
41
Conclusions
RIB Facilities are addressing the Big Questions in Nuclear Physics
• Organization of nuclei and emerging phenomena
• Origin and enrichment of the elements
• Physics beyond the Standard Model
• Applications for the benefit of Society
In-flight facilities have a farther reach towards the extremes of isospin
ISOL facilities are more focussed on precision studies
In-flight and ISOL facilities
•
enable complementary access to exotic nuclei (species, energies, intensities)
•
enable complementary studies of different facets of nuclear structure and reactions
June 4, 2015
Kruecken - RIB Science - WG9
42
Canada’s national laboratory for particle and nuclear physics
Laboratoire national canadien pour la recherche en physique nucléaire
et en physique des particules
Thank you!
Merci
Owned and operated as a joint venture by a consortium of Canadian universities via a contribution through the National Research Council Canada
Propriété d’un consortium d’universités canadiennes, géré en co-entreprise à partir d’une contribution administrée par le Conseil national de recherches Canada
TRIUMF: Alberta | British Columbia |
Calgary | Carleton | Guelph | Manitoba |
McGill | McMaster | Montréal | Northern
British Columbia | Queen’s | Regina |
Saint Mary’s | Simon Fraser | Toronto |
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