Apes Notes Chapter 8
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Flying foxes are now listed as endangered because
 they congregate and are easy targets.
 they are hunted.
 of deforestation.
Flying foxes are recognized as a keystone species because they are pollinators. Durian plants and flying foxes have
coevolved mutualistic relationship. Also, Flying foxes contribute to the economy for the role they play in the production of
tannins, dyes, animal fodder fruits, and medicines.
Ecosystem structure include
 species abundance.
 species diversity.
 physical appearance.
 niche structure.
Biodiversity
richness refer to the number of different species?
most of the world's biodiversity low-latitude forests
Large islands near the mainland would have relatively high immigration and low extinction rates.
Large islands far from the mainland would have relatively high immigration and high extinction rates.
Specialist vs. Generalist
An organism is classified as a specialist or generalist based on its
 range of tolerance.
 niche.
 limiting factors.
 response to changing conditions.
Generalist - is the best description of a cockroach's niche
Why?
Cockroaches exhibit all of the following qualities
 the capability to live almost anywhere.
 a quick response time.
 the ability to develop genetic resistance to poisons.
When environmental conditions are changing rapidly, a generalist is usually better off than a specialist.
Specialist species are more likely to become extinct. (Elephant)
Giant panda is a specialist
Why?
The giant panda is an endangered species because
 it is a specialized species, eating mostly bamboo, which has periodic diebacks.
 the pandas are separated into small, isolated populations
 Low birth rate
native species normally live and thrive in a particular ecosystem
indicator species- serve as early warnings of environmental damage
keystone species roles in an ecosystem are much more important than their abundance
nonnative species migrate or are accidentally introduced into an ecosystem
Frogs
Amphibians are:
 The oldest of today's amphibians were living as long as 150 million years ago.
 Amphibians are important indicator species.
 Amphibians are experiencing sharp population declines in a variety of habitats.
 Amphibians eat many insects, first in number only to birds.
 They are often considered keystone species.
Amphibians are sensitive to pollution, Why?
 living part of their life cycle in water and part on land.
 soft, permeable skin.
 sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation.
Examples:
1. Birds and trout make good indicator species.
2. Wild African bees are best described as nonnative species.
3. Sea otters, beavers, dung beetles, and gopher tortoises are generally considered to be keystone species.
Competition
Interspecific competition is competition between two members of different species.
Interspecific competition can be avoided by
 eating at different times.
 resource partitioning.
 character displacement.
Intraspecific competition is competition between two members of the same species.
Example: The relationship between fire ants and native ant populations is best described as intraspecific competition.
The competitive exclusion principle states that no two species with the same fundamental niche can indefinitely occupy the
same habitat.
Example: the following predators , hawks and owls, avoid competition by being active at different times
The fundamental niche of a species is the full range of physical, chemical, and biological factors it could use if there were
no competition.
interference competition.
exploitation competition
A shark is killed
 for sport.
 out of fear.
 for food.
 for their jaws (trophy).
Predation is relationship demonstrated by a food chain.
Symbiosis
Competition.
Parasitism –(one benefit and the host is harm) A relationship in which a member of one species obtains its nourishment by
living on, in, or near a member of another species over an extended time
Parasites can promote biodiversity.
Parasites can act to hold interacting species of an ecosystem together.
Parasites can moderate population fluctuations of a species.
Parasites
1. kill their hosts.
2. are usually larger than their hosts.
3. must be internal to their hosts.
4. may strengthen their hosts over a long period of time.
ectoparasites
1. fleas and ticks.
2. mosquitoes.
3. mistletoe.
4. athlete's foot fungus.
endoparasites
1. tapeworm
2. pin worms
3. flukes
Mutualism-( both benefit )A relationship in which both species benefit it is a positive fed back loop. A win-win situation
Examples of mutualism:
 lichens.
 ants and acacias.
 Rhizobium bacteria in root nodules of legumes.
 flowering plants and insects.
 clownfish and sea anenome
Commensalisms-(only one benefit) A relationship in which one species benefits while the other is neither helped nor
harmed to any significant degree
Example:The relationship between redwood trees and redwood sorrel
Forms of nondestructive behavior between organisms
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sharing resources by hunting at different times.
sharing resources by looking for food in different places.
mutualism.
commensalism.
Prey
Prey defend themselves against predators by
 camouflage.
 acute senses of sight and smell.
 protective shells.
 warning (ambush?)
DDD
Defensive strategy :
 camouflage.
 chemical warfare.
 mimicry.
 flight mechanism.
 warning coloration.
Succession Primary vs. Secondary
primary succession
1. It is initiated by pioneer species.
2. It often involves species changing the environment so that they can no longer thrive
and must be replaced by other species.
3. It generally results in more complex, more self-sustaining stages than the preceding
ones.
primary succession
 cooled volcanic lava
 an abandoned parking lot
 rock exposed by a retreating glacier
 a bare rock outcrop
 a newly created shallow pond
Soil formation in primary succession is encouraged by
 physical weathering.
 lichens and mosses trapping soil particles.
 secretion of acids by lichens.
Define Terms
1. primary succession.
2. tolerance.
3. tertiary succession.
4. inhibition.
5. facilitation.
In immature ecosystems, the food webs are simple.
In mature ecosystems, the efficiency of energy use is high.
Ecologists would consider all of the following to be natural disturbances
 droughts.
 Floods
 fires.
 frost.
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Disturbances
The immediate effects of a natural disturbance include changing conditions and releasing resources.
Most terrestrial ecosystems are a dynamic patchwork of vegetation providing great biodiversity and
sites for early
successional species to gain a foothold.
Fairly frequent, moderate disturbances according to the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, is likely to
result in communities with the greatest diversity of species
Fire
All of the following are fire-maintained communities
 giant sequoia forests.
 temperate grasslands.
 chaparral.
In forests maintained by intermittent fires, some species release seeds only after exposure to intense heat.
Consequences of fire suppression may include
 buildup of large quantities of highly flammable undergrowth.
 the development of an entirely different ecosystem.
 the fires that do occur may be more severe than the ones suppressed.
human caused, natural, Gradual and catastrophic
classified as a gradual change
 salinization
 climate change
 waterlogging
 compaction
 exotic species introduction
considered catastrophic?
 drought
 landslide
 plowing
 fire
 earthquake
Which of the following human activities most favor monocultures? agriculture and plantation forestry
constancy is the ability of a population to maintain a certain size.
Stability includes ?
resiliencies is the ability of an organism to return to its former condition after a period of stress
Persistence?
Inertia?
The tropical rain forest is characterized by all of the following
 diversity.
 inertia.
 constancy.
 persistence.
Compared to forests, grasslands have less diversity and more resilience.