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Using Information Technology, 11e
Chapter Topics
2
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UNIT 3A: System Software: The Power behind the Power
Using Information Technology, 11e
• Application software is software that has been developed to solve a
particular problem for users—to perform useful work on specific tasks
or to provide entertainment.
• System software runs at the most basic level of your computer and enables
the application software to interact with the computer and helps the
computer to manage its internal and external resources, as well as manage
the hardware.
There are three basic components of system software that you
need to know about:
3
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Using Information Technology, 11e
1. Operating systems: An
operating system is the principal
component of system software
in any computing system.
2. Device drivers: Device drivers
help the computer control
peripheral devices.
3. Utility programs: Utility
programs are generally used to
support, enhance, or expand
existing programs in a computer
system.
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Using Information Technology, 11e
3.1 The Operating System
5
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The operating system manages the entire computer system.
• The operating system (OS) consists of the low-level, master system of
Using Information Technology, 11e
programs that manage the basic operations of the computer.
• Every general-purpose computer must have OS to run other programs.
• OS allows users to concentrate on applications rather than on complexities of the
computer.
• Each application program is written to run on top of a particular OS.
• The OS manages:
• Booting
• CPU management
• File management
• Task management
• Security management
6
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Booting
Using Information Technology, 11e
• The process of loading an OS into the computer’s main memory
• Booting involves four steps:
1. Turn the computer on.
2. Diagnostic routines test main memory, CPU, and other hardware.
3. Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) programs are copied to main memory.
• BIOS contains instructions for operating the hardware.
• The computer needs those instructions to operate the hardware and find a
copy of the OS.
4. Boot program obtains the OS and loads it into computer’s main memory.
7
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Using Information Technology, 11e
Panel 3.2
Page 117
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Using Information Technology, 11e
•
•
•
•
Cold boot—turn on computer’s “on” system
Warm boot—restart a computer that is already on
Boot disk—use a CD or flash drive containing all files to launch OS
Boot from the cloud
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CPU Management
Using Information Technology, 11e
• CPU is the central processing unit.
• Supervisor (kernel) is the software that manages CPU
• Remains in memory while the computer runs
• Directs other programs not in memory to perform tasks that support application
programs
• Memory Management
• OS keeps track of memory locations to prevent programs and data from
overlapping each other
• Swaps portions of programs and data into the same memory but at different
times
• Keeps track of virtual memory
10
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CPU Management (continued)
• Queues, Buffers, Spooling
Using Information Technology, 11e
• Queue: First-in, first-out (FIFO) sequence of data or programs that waits
in line for its turn to be processed
• Buffer: The place where the data or programs sit while they are waiting
• To spool: The act of placing a print job into a buffer. (Needed because
the CPU is faster than printers. The CPU can work on other tasks while
the print jobs wait.)
11
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File Management
Using Information Technology, 11e
• A file is either a
• Data File: a named collection of data
• Program File: a program that exists in a
computer’s secondary storage
• Files are located in many places on secondary
storage devices; OS locates files and facilitates
access to them
• The file system arranges files in a
hierarchical manner
• Top level is directories (folders)
• Subdirectories come below folders
• Find files using their pathname. Example:
C:/MyDocuments/Termpaper/section1.doc
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Task Management
Using Information Technology, 11e
• Computers are required to perform many different tasks at once—to
do task management.
• Task: An operation such as storing, printing, or calculating
• Multitasking: Handling more than one program concurrently
• Example: You do word processing while playing music on your computer.
• OS directs processor to alternate time on each program until processing is
complete.
13
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Using Information Technology, 11e
Security Management
•
•
•
•
Operating Systems permit users to control access to their computers.
Users gain access using an ID and password.
You set the password the first time you boot up a new computer.
After that, when you boot up, you’ll be prepared to type in your
username and password.
14
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Using Information Technology, 11e
3.2 Other System Software
15
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Drivers and utility programs add functionality to your computer and help it
perform better.
Device Drivers
Using Information Technology, 11e
• Specialized software programs that allow input and output devices to
communicate with the rest of the computer system.
• When you buy a computer, many device drivers come with the system software.
• Device drivers also come with new hardware (on CDs/DVDs) or can be
downloaded from the manufacturer’s website.
Utilities
• Service programs that perform tasks related to the control and allocation of
computer resources.
• Examples: Backup, virus protection, data recovery, data compression, file defragmentation, disk
cleanup, remove temp files
• Some come with the OS, others can be bought separately (e.g., Norton
SystemWorks, McAfee Utilities).
16
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Using Information Technology, 11e
3.3 Common Features of
the User Interface
17
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User-interface features use graphics to facilitate a person’s interaction with the
computer.
Using Information Technology, 11e
• User Interface
• The user-controllable display screen you use to interact with the computer, using
keyboard or mouse.
• Keyboard & Mouse
• Special-purpose keys: used to enter, delete, edit data, and to execute commands.
• Function keys (F1, F2, etc.): used to execute commands specific to the software
being used.
• Macros: keyboard shortcuts to activate series of commands.
• Mouse pointer: moved to particular place on screen or to point to little symbol
icons.
18
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Using Information Technology, 11e
Panel 3.6
Pages 126-127
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Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Using Information Technology, 11e
• Allows you to use a mouse or keystrokes to select icons and
commands from menus.
• Three main features of GUI are desktop, icons, and menus.
• Desktop: The system’s main interface screen.
• Icons: Small pictorial figures that represent programs, data files, or
procedures.
• Rollover: A small text box that explains the icon when you roll your mouse
over it.
• Menus: Lists of built-in commands and/or options from which to choose
pull-down, cascading, pull-up, pop-up.
20
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Using Information Technology, 11e
Menus
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• Most operating systems use GUIs with the following:
Using Information Technology, 11e
• Title Bar: runs across the top of the display window and shows the
•
•
•
•
name of the folder you are in.
Menu Bar: shows the names of the pull-down menus available.
Toolbar: Displays menus and icons representing frequently used
options or commands.
Taskbar: The bar across the bottom of the Windows screen that
contains the Start button and icons that show open files/programs.
windows: Rectangular portion of the display screen through which you
can view a file of data or an application program.
22
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Using Information Technology, 11e
window
Page 132
Programs pinned to taskbar
23
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Using Information Technology, 11e
Windows 7 and
Windows 8 taskbars
Minimize, Maximize, Restore Down, and Close
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Using Information Technology, 11e
3.4 Common Operating
Systems
25
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Using Information Technology, 11e
The main operating systems for general computer users are Windows, Mac OS,
and Unix/Linux.
• Platform
• The particular processor model and operating system on which a
computer system is based.
• Three principle categories of operating systems:
1. Stand-alone
2. Network
3. Embedded
26
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1. Stand-alone operating systems
Using Information Technology, 11e
• Often called a desktop operating system, an operating system that
works on a single desktop or notebook (laptop) computer.
• Two principal stand-alone systems:
• Mac platforms—run Apple Macintosh
• PC platforms—run Microsoft Windows
• Some legacy systems still used—outdated but still functional
• DOS (Disk Operating System) (original
Microsoft OS)—hard-to-use command-driven
user interface
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Using Information Technology, 11e
Mac OS X (“Ten”)
• OS that runs on Apple Macintosh computers; is popular for
desktop publishing , graphics, and educational settings
• Pioneered the easy-to-use GUI (based on work done at Xerox)
• Proprietary OS
•
•
•
•
Mac OS X from 2000 is based on Unix
Mac OS 10.8 = Mountain Lion (2011)
Mac OS 10.9 = Mavericks (2013)
Apple iOS runs mobile devices
28
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Using Information Technology, 11e
Microsoft Windows
• Most common operating system for desktop and portable PCs.
• Windows early versions:
• 95, 98, 2000, ME, XP, Vista
• Windows 7: still most commonly used OS
• Windows 8: Has both desktop (“classic”)
and tile views
• Tile view allows gesture manipulation of
on-screen items (touch screens)
29
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2. Network operating systems
Using Information Technology, 11e
• Novell’s Open Enterprise Server (OES)
• Used for coordinating microcomputer-based local area networks (LANs)
throughout a company or campus
• Network OS usually located on a main server
• Windows Server
• Designed to run on network servers in businesses of all sizes
• Multiple users share resources, such as data, programs, printers
30
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(Network operating systems)
Using Information Technology, 11e
• Unix, Solaris, BSD
• Unix is a multitasking operating system with multiple users that has built•
•
•
•
in networking capability and versions for all kinds of computers
Is particularly stable—used to run backbone of Internet
Used by large organizations—for airplane design, currency trading
Versions include Solaris, BSD
Unix interface is command-line interface
31
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(Network operating systems)
Using Information Technology, 11e
• Linux
• Free (nonproprietary) version of Unix
• Continual improvements from thousands of volunteer programmers
• Linux is open-source software—anyone may make suggested
improvements
• May legally be downloaded and used for free
• May legally be modified for free, as long as modifications aren’t
copyrighted
• Uses command-line-interface or GUI
• Linux vendors give away software but sell services, products
• Is the basis of Google’s Chrome OS
32
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Using Information Technology, 11e
3. Embedded Operating Systems
• Embedded OS—resides on CPU chip
• Specialized system that is part of larger system or machine
• Used in mobile devices: Google Android, BlackBerry, Windows Phone, iOS,
Embedded Linux
33
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UNIT 3B: Application Software—Getting Started
Using Information Technology, 11e
• People interact with the application software, which
interacts with the system software, which interacts with the
computer.
34
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Using Information Technology, 11e
3.5 Application Software
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Using Information Technology, 11e
Application software comprises the programs that do the work that users
are directly interested in.
The availability of software depends on how it is
licensed or copyrighted by its creators or owners.
Software can be obtained in a variety of ways:
36
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Using Information Technology, 11e
1. Custom Software
Tailor-made software crafted by an
individual or team of programmers for a
particular function or business purpose.
2. Packaged software
Copyrighted, mass-produced software
that’s offered for sale in stores or on the
web to a variety of users. [See next slides.]
3. Public-domain software
Software that is not protected by copyright
and thus may be duplicated by anyone at
will, with no fear of legal prosecution.
4. Freeware
Copyrighted software that is distributed
free of charge
5. Shareware
Copyrighted software that is
distributed free for a trial period, but
users must then pay the software
developer to continue using it.
6. Rentalware
Online software that users lease for a
fee and download whenever they
want it.
7. Web application (web app)
Software that runs on a remote
Internet server rather than on a
person’s own personal computer.
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Using Information Technology, 11e
Commercial (packaged) software is copyrighted -- users must get
license from owner and sign a contract in which they agree not to
make copies of the software to give away or resell.
• Software license types:
• Site licenses allow software to be used on all computers at a specific
location
• Concurrent-user licenses—allow a number of copies to be used at one time
• Multiple-user license—specifies number of people who may use the software
• Single-user license—limits software to one user at a time
38
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• Pirated software: Software obtained illegally in violation of
Using Information Technology, 11e
copyright
• Abandonware: Software that is no longer being sold or
supported by its publisher (but may still not be
legally copied)
39
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• Tutorials & Documentation
Using Information Technology, 11e
• Tutorial: Instruction book or program that helps you learn to use the
product by taking you through a series of steps
• Documentation: All information that describes a product to users,
including a user guide or reference manual that provides a narrative
and graphical description of the program
40
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• Types of Application Software
• May be classified as entertainment, personal, education/references,
Using Information Technology, 11e
productivity, and specialized uses
• Productivity software: Purpose is to make users more
productive at particular tasks.
• Word processing, spreadsheets, database managers
• May be bundled in office suite
41
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Using Information Technology, 11e
Productivity
software
42
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Using Information Technology, 11e
3.6 Data Files & Program
Files
43
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Using Information Technology, 11e
Data files: Data files contain data, such as words, number,
pictures, and sounds—for example (extensions):
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• Program files: Program files contain software instructions
Using Information Technology, 11e
that execute, or run, when the program is opened.
• Source program files: Source program files contain high-level
computer instructions in the original form written by the computer
programmer.
• Executable files: To be made useful to the computer for
processing, a source program file must be translated into an
executable file, which contains the instructions that tell the
computer how to perform a particular task. You use an executable
file by running it, as when you select the spreadsheet program
Microsoft Excel from your on-screen menu and open it.
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Exchanging files
Using Information Technology, 11e
• Importing: getting data from another source and then
converting it into a format compatible with the program in
which you are currently working
• Exporting: transforming data into a format that can be used in
another program and then transmitting it
46
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Using Information Technology, 11e
Data compression is a method of removing repetitive
elements from a data file so that it requires less storage
space and therefore less time to transmit. Later the data
is decompressed—the repeated patterns are restored.
• Lossless compression uses mathematical techniques to replace repetitive
patterns of bits with a kind of coded summary. During decompression, the
coded summaries are replaced with the original patterns of bits -- the data
that comes out is exactly the same as what went in. Lossless techniques are
used when it’s important that nothing be lost—for instance, for computer data,
database records, spreadsheets, and word processing files.
• Lossy compression techniques permanently discard some data during
compression. Lossy data compression involves a certain loss of accuracy in
exchange for a high degree of compression. Examples of two lossy
compression file formats are .jpeg and .mpeg, used for graphics files and
sound files.
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Using Information Technology, 11e
3.7 Word Processing
Software
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Using Information Technology, 11e
Word Processing uses computers to create,
edit, format, print, and store text.
• Microsoft Word best known
• Others: Corel WordPerfect, Apple iWork Pages, Google Apps, Zoho
Writer
• Word processing allows you to delete, insert, and replace text
• Additional features: creating, formatting, printing, saving
49
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Using Information Technology, 11e
• Cursor: movable symbol to show where to enter text
• Scrolling: moving quickly up, down, or sideways
• Word wrap: automatically continues text
to next line
• Head hierarchy: Outline View puts tags on headings within a
document to organize it according to head level
• Footnote numbering can be done
automatically
50
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Using Information Technology, 11e
•
•
•
•
Editing : Making alterations in content
Inserting: adding text to documents
Deleting: removing text from documents
Find & Replace
• Find: lets you go straight to any text in your document
• Replace: lets you automatically replace it with something else
• Cut, Copy, & Paste
• Select the text you want to move
• Copy (or cut) to clipboard, then paste in new location
51
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Using Information Technology, 11e
• Spelling Checker: tests for incorrectly spelled words
• [Note: Do not rely on spelling and grammar checkers to be 100%
accurate!]
• Grammar Checker: highlights poor grammar, wordiness,
incomplete sentences, and awkward phrases
• Thesaurus: offers suggestions for alternative words with the
same meaning
52
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Using Information Technology, 11e
Grammar checker
Spelling checker
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Using Information Technology, 11e
© 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Using Information Technology, 11e
Formatting Documents with the Help of Templates
• Formatting: determining appearance of a document
• A template is a preformatted “form” that provides basic tools for
structuring a final document—text, layout, page design, etc.
• Every word processing program comes with standard templates (for
letters, memos, etc.)
55
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Using Information Technology, 11e
Examples of Word
templates
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• Aspects of Formatting
Using Information Technology, 11e
• Font
• The typeface and size of the text you use
• Also lets you specify underlined, italic, or bold and color
• Spacing & Columns
• Choose the line spacing (single- or double-spaced, or other)
• Choose single-column or multi-columned text for your document
• Margins & Justification
• Indicate width of left, right, top, and bottom margins
• Justify text left, right, or center
57
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Using Information Technology, 11e
Headers, footers, page numbers
• A header is text printed at the very top of the page
• A footer is text (like page number) at the page bottom
Other Formatting
• You can specify borders, shading, tables, and footnotes
• You can also import graphics, such as clip art
Default Settings
• These are the settings automatically used by the program unless you
change them
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Using Information Technology, 11e
• Output: Printing, Faxing, or Emailing Documents
• Print individual pages, the whole document, or several copies
• You can fax or email finished documents
• Previewing: gives you a look at how document will look when printed,
before you print
• Saving documents: store a document as an electronic file on, e.g., hard
disk, CD or flash drive. [SAVE your work often!!!!!!!!!!!]
• Word processing allows formatting of documents in HTML (for the
web)
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Using Information Technology, 11e
3.8 Spreadsheet Programs
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Using Information Technology, 11e
A spreadsheet program uses rectangular grids for laying out linked, usually
financial, data in a very organized fashion.
• Spreadsheets are used to create tables and financial schedules.
• Enter data and formulas into rows and columns on screen
• Microsoft Excel, Corel Quattro Pro, Lotus 1-2-3, Apple iWork Numbers
• Organized into columns and rows on a worksheet
• Labels are descriptive text
• Cells are where a row and a column meet
• Cell address is the position of the cell
• Range is a group of adjacent cells
• Values are numbers or dates entered into a cell
• Cell pointer shows where data is to be entered
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Using Information Technology, 11e
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Formulas, Functions, Recalculation, What-If Analysis
Using Information Technology, 11e
• Formulas are instructions for calculations
• Define mathematically how one cell relates to another
• Example: @SUM(A5:A15) sums the values of the cells A5, A6, A7, and so forth up
through cell A15
• Functions are built-in formulas, such as SUM()
• Recalculation is the process of re-computing values
• What-if analysis allows users to see what happens to totals when one
or more numbers change in cells
• Worksheet templates—custom-designed for particular work
• Multidimensional spreadsheets—link one to another
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Analytical Graphics: Worksheet and workbook data can be displayed in
Using Information Technology, 11e
graphic form.
• Spreadsheet programs allow you to automatically create graphs
• Graphical forms make numeric data easier to analyze
• Examples of types of analytical graphics:
• Column charts
• Bar charts
• Line graphs
• Pie charts
• Scatter charts
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Using Information Technology, 11e
3. 9 Database Software
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Using Information Technology, 11e
A database is a collection of data that is organized so that
its contents can easily be accessed, managed, and updated.
• Database: Structured collection of interrelated files
in a computer system.
• Database software sets up and controls the structure of a
database and access to data.
• Principal microcomputer databases: Microsoft Access, FileMaker Pro
• Benefits of databases:
• Data redundancy is minimized.
• Data is integrated and stored in a structured fashion.
• Data in databases has more integrity.
• Data may include text, numbers, and graphics.
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Using Information Technology, 11e
The main type of microcomputer database program is the
relational database.
Relational database: Data organized into related tables
• Each table contains rows (records) & columns (fields)
• Key is field used to sort data
• Most frequent key field is social security number
• Tables with the same key field are linked together
• Querying and displaying records
• Database software offers a quick way to locate records
• Saving, Formatting, Printing, Copying, Transmitting
• Can save results, format them in different ways, print as reports, copy to other
documents, & transmit as email
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Using Information Technology, 11e
Some database
program functions
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Using Information Technology, 11e
Sample
Access
database
templates
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Using Information Technology, 11e
3.10 Software Suites &
Integrated Packages
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• Software suite: Collection of individual programs bundled together in a
single package.
Using Information Technology, 11e
• Most popular are productivity suites (office suites), professional-level application
programs frequently used in business—usually word processing, spreadsheet, database
management, and presentation programs.
• Best-known productivity suite is Microsoft Office. Others are Apple iWork, Corel
WordPerfect Office, Lotus SmartSuite, and StarOffice.
• Cloud suites, or online office suites, include Microsoft Web Apps, Google Docs, and Zoho.
• Integrated package: Single program for microcomputers that combines
the functionality of word processing, spreadsheet, and database
management.
• Personal information manager: Software that helps you keep track of and
manage information used on a daily basis, such as addresses, telephone
numbers, appointments, to-do lists, and miscellaneous notes.
• Microsoft Outlook, Lotus Notes
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Using Information Technology, 11e
3.11 Specialty Application
Software
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Using Information Technology, 11e
Some special applications:
• Presentation graphics
• Financial
• Desktop publishing
• Drawing & painting
• Video/audio editing
• Animation
• Multimedia authoring
• Web page design/authoring
• Project management
• Portable Document Format (PDF)
• Computer-aided design
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Presentation Graphics Software
Using Information Technology, 11e
• Uses graphics, animation, sound, data, and information to make
visual presentations
• Some packages: Microsoft PowerPoint, Corel Presentations, Harvard
Graphics
• Includes design and content templates
• Allows presentation to be dressed up with clip art, sound clips, special visual
effects, animation, and video clips
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Financial Software
Using Information Technology, 11e
• Ranges from personal-finance managers to entry-level accounting programs
to business financial-management packages
• Personal-finance programs include Quicken, Moneydance, YNAB
• Common features of financial software
• Track income & expenses
• Allow checkbook management
• Do financial reporting
• Offer tax categories to assist with tax recordkeeping
• May offer financial planning & portfolio management
• Tax, accounting, investment software also available
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Desktop Publishing
Using Information Technology, 11e
• Involves mixing text & graphics to produce high-quality output for
commercial printing
• Uses a mouse, scanner, printer, and DTP software
• Professional DTP programs: QuarkXPress, Adobe InDesign
• Has the following features
• Mix of text with graphics
• Offers varied type & layout styles
• Allows import of files from other programs
• Becoming a DTP professional requires training
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Using Information Technology, 11e
Desktop publishing
overview
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Using Information Technology, 11e
Drawing Programs
• Graphics software used to design & illustrate objects & products
• Create vector images—created from geometrical formulas
• Examples: CorelDRAW, Adobe Illustrator
Painting Programs
• Graphics programs that allow users to simulate painting on-screen
• Produce bit-mapped or raster images (tiny dots)
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Using Information Technology, 11e
Common Graphics File Formats
• .bmp (BitMaP) – used on PCs (Native to MS Windows)
• .gif (Graphic Interchange Format) – format used in web pages
• .jpeg (Joint Photographic Experts Group) – used in high-resolution
images, especially photos
• .tiff (Tagged Image File Formats) – used on PCs & Macs for highresolution images to print
• .png (Portable Network Graphics) – used as alternative to .gif
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Video-Editing Software
Using Information Technology, 11e
• Allows import to and editing of video footage on computer
• Some video editing packages: Adobe Premiere Elements, Corel Video
Studio, Sony Pictures Digital Vegas, Apple Final Cut Express, Pinnacle Studio
DV, & Ulead VideoStudio
Audio-Editing Software
• Allows import to and editing of sound files on computer
• Sound editing packages: Windows Sound Recorder, Sony Pictures Sound
Forge, Audacity (freeware), Felt Tip Software’s Sound Studio (shareware),
GoldWave, & WavePad.
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Using Information Technology, 11e
Animation Software
• Simulates movement by rapidly displaying a series of still pictures, or
frames
• Computer animation: Creation of moving images by means of
computer
• GIF animation: First format to be widely used for web pages
• Packages: GIF Construction Professional, 3D GIF Designer, Easy GIF
Animator
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Multimedia Authoring Software
Using Information Technology, 11e
• Combines text, graphics, video,
animation, and sound in an
integrated way to create standalone multimedia applications
• Content can be put on CDs/DVDs
or delivered via the web
• Two examples: Adobe Director &
Macromedia Authorware
Adobe Director
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Using Information Technology, 11e
Web Page Design/Authoring Software
• Used to create web pages with sophisticated multimedia features.
• Packages: Adobe Dreamweaver, Seamonkey, Coffee Cup, RealMac
Rapid Weaver, etc.
• Packages also provided by
internet access
providers; free
& easy to use.
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Project Management Software
Using Information Technology, 11e
• A program used to plan and
schedule the people, costs, and
resources required to complete a
project on time
• Packages: Mindjet MindManager,
MatchWare MindView, Microsoft
Project, etc.
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Using Information Technology, 11e
Portable Document Format (PDF)
• Multiplatform file format developed by Adobe Systems that allows
documents to be used with any operating system.
• Captures text, graphic, and formatting information from a variety of
applications on different platforms, making it possible to send
documents and have them appear on the recipient’s monitor as they
were intended to be viewed.
• Today, used for virtually any data that needs to be exchanged among
applications and users.
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Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
Using Information Technology, 11e
• Programs intended for 2D and 3D design of
products, structures, civil engineering
drawings, and maps.
• Examples include Autodesk, AutoCAD, TurboCAD,
Alibre Design, and PowerCADD.
• CAD programs help design buildings, cars, planes,
electronic devices, roadways, bridges,
subdivisions.
• CAD/CAM programs: allow CAD programs to be
input into computer-aided manufacturing systems
that make products.
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