SUHU TANAH:
KEPENTINGANNYA
Dikoleksi: soemarno 2012
Soil Heat Flow and Temperature
R.L. Snyder and K.T. Paw U
Regents of the University of California
Created - June 22, 2000
Last Revision –June 13, 2001
Neglecting small energy components, the energy balance
on a surface can be expressed using the following equation,
where Rn is net radiation, G is the soil heat flux density, H is
the sensible heat flux density, and LE is the latent heat flux
density.
Net Radiation = Soil HFD + Sensible HFD + Latent HFD
Rn
=
G
+
H
+
LE
DEFINISI
Temperature (T) is a measure of the heat stored (oC or K)
Upper temperature (T1) is the temperature at depth z1
Lower temperature (T2) is the temperature at depth z2
Volumetric Heat Capacity is the amount of heat required to
raise the temperature of a unit volume by one Kelvin (J m-3
K-1)
Thermal Conductivity (C1) is the ratio of the heat flux
density to the temperature gradient in (W m-1 K-1)
http://lecture.ub.ac.id/activity/…… diunduh 6/2/2012
SOIL HEAT FLUX DENSITY
Soil heat flux density (G) is the conduction of energy per unit
area in response to a temperature gradient. For small depth
changes,
(1)
Here, the thermal conductivity C1 = KA, where K is the heat
conductivity of the material in W m-3 K-1 and A is the surface area
in m2, so for heat flow through a unit surface area C1 has the
units W m-1K-1. In Eq. 1, is positive when the temperature
decreases with depth in the soil.
The negative sign is included to make G positive when heat is
transferring downward. Because of instrument limitations, it is
not possible to accurately measure the temperature gradient
unless there is sufficient distance between the
sensors. Consequently, G is estimated as
(2)
where z2 is sufficiently far below z1 to allow for a measurable
difference between T2 and T1. Equation 2 assumes that C1 is
constant with depth in the soil.
…… diunduh 6/2/2012
DIFUSIFITAS PANAS
Thermal Diffusivity (k) is the ratio of the thermal
conductivity to the volumetric heat capacity.
(3)
C1=the thermal conductivity (W m-1 K-1)
rs = the apparent soil density (kg m-3)
Cp = the apparent mass specific heat capacity (J kg-1 K-1)
CV = volumetric heat capacity (J m-3 K-1)
k = thermal diffusivity (m2 s-1)
where
(4)
So the thermal conductivity in terms of diffusivity and
volumetric heat capacity is
(5)
Therefore, G can be expressed in terms of diffusivity,
volumetric heat capacity, and the temperature gradient as:
In terms of the temperature gradient, G is
.
The variable k is useful as a measure of how fast the
temperature of a soil layer changes. The rate at which
the heat content of a layer of soil changes depends on the
volumetric heat capacity (CV) and the rate of temperature
change of the soil volume per unit time. For a unit surface
area, the rate of change in heat storage within the soil
layer is expressed as
For a unit surface area, the rate of change in heat storage
within the soil is also equal to the change in heat flux
density through the soil layer .
Assuming that the physical properties of the soil are
constant with depth in the soil and equating these two
expressions, we get
which simplifies to
(8)
…… diunduh 6/2/2012
k : DIFUSIVITAS PANAS
Therefore, k is useful to determine the rate of temperature
change of a soil layer. Recall that k is directly proportional
to C1 and inversely proportional to Cv.
Both C1 and Cv increase as the water content of the soil
increases; however, C1 increases more rapidly with water
content when the soil is dry and it slows as the soil
becomes wet.
Cv continues to increase even when the soil is relatively
wet. Consequently, for a dry soil, k increases with water
content, but it slows and sometimes decreases when the
soil nears saturation.
As a result, the maximum change in
temperature with time will occur at a
water content below saturation.
…… diunduh 6/2/2012
CIRI-CIRI THERMAL DARI TANAH
Heat capacity depends on the mineral, organic matter, and
water content of a soil. The apparent heat capacity (Cv)
on a volume basis has the units J m-3 K-1 and on a mass
basis (Cp) it has the units J kg-1 K-1. Equation used to
express heat capacity.
J m-3K-1 = (kg m-3)(J kg-1K-1)
where rs is the apparent density in kg of moist soil per m3,
rb is the bulk density of the soil in kg of dry soil per m3, cpav
is the average heat capacity on a mass basis for the solid
constituents of the soil in J per kg of dry soil per Kelvin, qm
is the water content on a mass basis in kg of water per kg
of dry soil, and cpw is the heat capacity of water on a mass
basis in J per kg of H20 per Kelvin.
The heat capacity of the solid constituents of the soil (Cpav)
depends on the amount of sand, clay, silt, and organic
matter in the soil. For most mineral soils,
J kg-1K-1
…… diunduh 6/2/2012
KAPASITAS PANAS
The heat capacity of the water component of the soil
(qmcpw) depends on the water content and the heat
capacity for water.
J kg-1K-1
The volumetric heat capacity is rwcpw, which is
approximated as
J m-3K-1
and the volumetric water content qv in m3 H2O per m3 of
dry soil is
Therefore, the heat capacity of the soil component is
approximated as
and the heat capacity of the water component is
approximated as:
KAPASITAS PANAS
Substitution into Eq. 13 gives the following approximation
for Cv.
J m-3 K-1
Because we are interested in heating and cooling the soil,
it is useful to have an expression for the amount of energy
(Q) needed to raise or lower the temperature of a known
volume (V) of soil from Ti to Tf . The equation is
J = J m-3 K-1 (K) m3
…… diunduh 6/2/2012
PEMANASAN TANAH
Soil temperature is vital to plant growth and health. All plants
react to certain stimuli, such as light, oxygen levels, and soil
temperature. When the plant is in conditions that are favorable, it
will grow and remain healthly, but if these stimuli change or
lessen, it can negate growth and cause sickness.
Soil temperature plays a vital role in this process, as the winter
months drop the temperature of the soil to low levels, leading to
unhealthy plants. Soil heating places a heating source either
directly in the soil, or beneath the plants, and keeps the soil itself
at a constant temperature, ensuring continued success of the
vegetation.
http://www.usheatingsystem.com/soil-heating.html …… diunduh
6/2/2012
http://www.regional.org.au/au/roc/1988/roc198863.htm
ISCO 2004 - 13th International Soil Conservation Organisation Conference –
Brisbane, July 2004
Conserving Soil and Water for Society: Sharing Solutions
Paper No. 777 page 1
SOIL TEMPERATURE IN MAIZE CROPS AS FUNCTION OF SOIL TILLAGE
SYSTEMS
G.A. Dalmago, H. Bergamaschi, F. Comiran, C.A.M. Bianchi, J.I. Bergonci and
B.M.M. Heckler
A field experiment was conducted in Eldorado do Sul, Brazil
(30°05’S; 51°39’W),
during the cropping season of 2002/03, in a subtropical
climate. The maize was sown in rows spaced of 0.75 m,
with a population of 65000 plant ha-1. Around 5 t/ha of dry
matter of a winter mixture composed by Avena strigosa
+ Vicia sativa were added to the soil. The temperature was
monitored at different soil layers in the root zone. At the
beginning of plant growth the highest soil temperatures
occurred in the conventional system in all soil layers.
Differences among daily averages reached to 5°C in maximum
and 2°C in minimum temperatures, at 2.5 cm depth.
After 30 days from plant emergence the highest temperatures
occurred in the no-tillage system, which was related
to the interception of solar radiation by leaves. However,
variations among the cropping systems decreased as the
plants covered the soil surface.
The daily trend of the soil thermal regime was similar for both
the tillage systems.
A crescent delaying on maximum and minimum temperatures
when increasing the soil depth was observed.
http://tucson.ars.ag.gov/isco/isco13/PAPERS%20A-E/DALMAGO%202.pdf
…… diunduh 6/2/2012
REZIM THERMAL TANAH
The soil thermal regime depends on the energy
changes at its surface and the heat flux in the
subsuperficial layers.
The heat flux into the soil depends on the
weather conditions, the presence if soil coverage
and the physical properties of the soil profile.
The magnitude of the heat flux in the soil is
related to its thermal conductivity, calorific
capacity and vertical thermal gradient, which are
affected by the water content in the soil profile.
Both the soil coverage and water content in the
soil are influenced by the tillage system. Hence,
the soil thermal regime must be different in notill soils when compared to soils submitted to
conventional tillage systems..
…… diunduh 6/2/2012
SUHU TANAH – LENGAS TANAH
The soil moisture affects its thermal regime by increasing
its calorific capacity and thermal conductivity. However, the
most relevant factor affecting the soil temperature seems
to be the presence of coverage on the soil surface, when
comparing the no-tillage to conventional systems.
The straw in the surface intercepts and reflects a great
part of the incoming solar radiation (Baver et al., 1972),
reducing the heat flux toward the soil profile in comparison
to conventional tillage systems (Azzoz et al., 1997).
Nevertheless, the influence of the straw on the soil thermal
regime depends on several physical characteristics such as
color, quantity and distribution of straw on the surface,
which are variable over the time.
The straw on the soil surface may affects also the content
of organic matter into the superficial soil layers and hence
the soil thermal regime. The organic matter may allow
increments on the water storage in those soil layers,
increasing its calorific capacity.
Azzoz, R.H. et al. (1997). Impact of tillage and residue management on soil heat
flux. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 84, 207-222.
Baver, L.D., Gardner, W.H. and Gardner, W.R. (1972). The thermal regime of soils.
In ‘Soil physics’. New York, John Wiley. p253-280.
…… diunduh 6/2/2012
SUHU TANAH – MULSA PERMUKAAN
As a consequence of this set of influences, diurnal soil
temperatures may be reduced in no-tillage system, in
comparison to conventional soil management.
Decreases of about 10°C (Lal, 1975) or 15°C (Derpsch et
al., 1985) due to the presence of straw on the surface of
no tilt soils were registered. However, differences of about
4 to 5°C in both maximum temperatures and daily thermal
amplitudes are frequent to occur, if comparing the notillage and conventional tillage systems (Sidiras and Pavan,
1984).
Lal, R. (1975). Role of mulching techniques in tropical soil and water
management. Technical Bulletin. p37. International Institute of Tropical
Agriculture, Ibadan.
Sidiras, N. and Pavan, M.A. (1984). Influência do sistema de manejo na
temperatura do solo. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 10, 181-184.
…… diunduh 6/2/2012
SUHU TANAH - PERKECAMBAHAN
Decreases in the soil temperature close to the surface may
allow good stands of crops such as soybeans and maize,
during periods of high incoming solar radiation (Derpsch et
al., 1985).
According to Neumaier et al. (2003) injuries in soybean
seedlings may occur if the soil temperature overpasses
35°C; besides, dumping off in soybean seedlings was
observed around 45°C.
According to Lal (1974) soil temperatures of about 37-38°C
may affect stands of maize crops.
Derpsch, R., Sidiras, N. and Heinzmann, F.X. (1985). Manejo do solo
com coberturas verdes no inverno. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira
20, 761-773.
Lal, R. (1974). Effect of constant and fluctuating soil temperature on
the growth, development and nutrient uptake of maize seedlings.
Plant and Soil, Amsterdam, 40, 589-606.
Neumaier, N. et al. (2003). Determinações das temperaturas
causadoras do tombamento fisiológico em plântulas de soja. In ‘XIII
Congresso
Brasileiro de Agrometeorologia’, Anais. p703-704. Sociedade
Brasileira de Agrometeorologia, Santa Maria.
…… diunduh 6/2/2012
Soil temperature profiles in maize cropped in no-tillage
(left) and conventional tillage (right) systems, at
different times of a sunny day - December 18th of 2002.
EEA/UFRGS, Brazil..
…… diunduh 6/2/2012
Temperature at different soil depths in maize cropped in
no tillage (left) and conventional tillage
(right) systems, in December 18th of 2002 - sunny day
(above) and December 12th of 2002 - cloudy without
rain day (bellow). EEA/UFRGS, Eldorado do Sul, Brazil..
…… diunduh 6/2/2012
SUHU TANAH – TANAM BENIH
The chart below displays the relationship between soil
temperature, days to emergence, and the percentage of sown
seeds to germinate:
the percentage of any seeds to germinate is maximum at the
optimal temperature for that species. As the temperature
declines or advances from the optimal temperature, two things
happen at the same time. While the percentage of seeds to
germinate decreases, the number of days to germination
increases. That is the fundamental relationship between
germination and temperature.
http://tomclothier.hort.net/page11.html…… diunduh 6/2/2012
Percentage of Normal Vegetable Seedlings
Produced at Different Temperatures.
Numbers in ( ) are the days to seedling emergence. Number in red =
optimal daytime soil temperature for maximum production in the shortest
time.
Crops
32ºF
41ºF
50ºF
59ºF
68ºF
77ºF
86ºF
95ºF
104ºF
Asparagus
0
0
61(53)
80(24)
88(15)
95(10)
79(12)
37(19)
0
Beans, lima
0
0
1
52(31)
82(18)
90(7)
88(7)
2
0
Beans, snap
0
0
1
97(16)
90(11)
97(8)
47(6)
39(6)
0
Beets
0
53(42)
72(17)
88(10)
90(6)
97(5)
89(5)
35(5)
0
Cabbage
0
27
78(15)
93(9)
0(6)
99(5)
0(4)
0
0
Carrots
0
48(51)
93(17)
95(10)
96(7)
96(6)
95(6)
74(9)
0
Cauliflower
0
0
58(20)
60(10)
0(6)
63(5)
45(5)
0
0
Celery
0
72(41)
70(16)
40(12)
97(7)
65
0
0
0
Cucumber
0
0
0
95(13)
99(6)
99(4)
99(3)
99(3)
49
Eggplant
0
0
0
0
21(13)
53(8)
60(5)
0
0
Lettuce
98(49)
98(15)
98(7)
99(4)
99(3)
99(2)
12(3)
0
0
Muskmelon
0
0
0
0
38(8)
94(4)
90(3)
0
0
Okra
0
0
0
74(27)
89(17)
92(13)
88(7)
85(6)
35(7)
Onions
90(136)
98(31)
98(13)
98(7)
99(5)
97(4)
91(4)
73(13)
2
Parsley
0
0
63(29)
0(17)
69(14)
64(13)
50(12)
0
0
Parsnips
82(172)
87(57)
79(27)
85(19)
89(14)
77(15)
51(32)
1
0
Peas
0
89(36)
94(14)
93(9)
93(8)
94(6)
86(6)
0
0
Peppers
0
0
1
70(25)
96(13)
98(8)
95(8)
70(9)
0
Radish
0
42(29)
76(11)
97(6)
95(4)
97(4)
95(3)
0
0
Spinach
83(63)
96(23)
91(12)
82(7)
52(6)
28(5)
32(6)
0
0
Sweet Corn
0
0
47(22)
97(12)
97(7)
98(4)
91(4)
88(3)
10
Tomatoes
0
0
82(43)
98(14)
98(8)
97(6)
83(6)
46(9)
0
Turnips
1
14
79(5)
98(3)
99(2)
100(1)
99(1)
99(1)
88(3)
Watermelon
0
0
0
17
94(12)
90(5)
92(4)
96(3)
0
…… diunduh 6/2/2012
CIRI-CIRI THERMAL TANAH
The rate at which heat is exchanged between the collector loop of the
ground source heat pump and the ground is determined mainly by the
thermal properties of the Earth.
Thermal conductivity is the capacity of a material to conduct or transmit
heat, whilst thermal diffusivity describes the rate at which heat is
conducted through a medium. For a horizontal loop system in a shallow
(1 to 2 m) trench then the properties of the superficial deposits are
important, whilst for a vertical loop system it is the properties of the
bedrock geology that are important.
Thermal conductivity varies by a factor of more than two (1.5 to 3.5 W m1 K-1) for the range of common rocks encountered at the surface and can
vary significantly for many superficial deposits. The thermal conductivity
of superficial deposits and soils will depend on the nature of the deposit,
the bulk porosity of the soil and the degree of saturation.
An approximate guide to the thermal conductivity of a superficial deposit
can be made using a simple classification based on soil particle size and
composition.
Deposits containing silt or clay portions will have higher thermal
conductivities than those of unsaturated clean granular sand. Clean sands
have a low thermal conductivity when dry but a higher value when
saturated.
http://shop.bgs.ac.uk/GeoReports/examples/modules/C012.pdf…… diunduh
6/2/2012
Typical rock thermal diffusivities range from about 0.065 m2 day1 for clays to about 0.17 m2 day-1 for high conductivity rocks
such quartzites. Many rocks have thermal diffusivities in the range
0.077 to 0.103 m2 day-1.
Typical values of thermal conductivity and diffusivity for
superficial deposits
…… diunduh 6/2/2012
Effects of soil temperature on shoot and root growth and
nutrient uptake of 5-year-old Norway spruce seedlings
M. Lahti, P. J. Aphalo, L. Finér, A. Ryyppö, T. Lehto and H. Mannerkoski.
Tree Physiol (2005) 25 (1): 115-122.
Soil temperature is a main factor limiting root growth in the boreal
forest. To simulate the possible soil-warming effect of future climate
change, 5-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings
were subjected to three simulated growing seasons in controlled
environment rooms.
The seedlings were acclimated to a soil temperature of 16 °C during
the first (GS I) and third growing seasons (GS III), but were assigned
to random soil-temperature treatments of 9, 13, 18 and 21 °C during
the second growing season (GS II).
In GS II, shoot diameter growth was lowest in the 21 °C treatment and
root growth was lowest in the 9 °C treatment. In GS III, shoot height
and root length growth improved in seedlings that had been kept at 9
°C during GS II, indicating compensatory growth in response to
increased soil temperature.
The temporary decrease in soil temperature had no long-lasting
significant effect on seedling biomass or total nutrient uptake. At the
end of GS III, fine roots of seedlings exposed to a soil temperature of
21 °C in GS II were distributed more evenly between the organic and
mineral soil layers than roots of seedlings in the other treatments.
During GS II and GS III, root growth started earlier than shoot growth,
decreased during the rapid shoot elongation phase and increased
again as shoot growth decreased.
http://treephys.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/1/115.abstract…… diunduh 6/2/2012
Biomass and its relative allocation to the different parts of the seedlings in
the soil-temperature treatments at the beginning (GS I) and end of the
experiment (GS III). Initial measurements were taken from four extra
seedlings harvested at the beginning of the experiment.
Vertical bars are SE for total shoots and roots (n = 4). Needles formed in
GS I = C+2, GS II = C+1 and GS III = C.
…… diunduh 6/2/2012
Effects of soil temperature on root growth and on phosphate
uptake along Pinus radiata roots
G.D. Bowen . 1970. Australian Journal of Soil Research 8(1) 31 42
At 3 weeks, uptake of phosphate along roots of seedlings grown in soil
at 25°C was greatest in the apical centimetre and decreased sharply
along the roots. By contrast uptake was markedly more sustained
along the roots of seedlings grown in soil at 14°C and here the
greatest uptake occurred several centimetres behind the apex. No one
pattern of ion uptake along roots can be assumed to hold for all
conditions of growth when constructing mathematical models of ion
uptake from soil.
Increasing soil temperature from 15°C to 25°C approximately doubled
total root length of 3-week seedlings of Pinus radiata; primary root
length was increased but the main effect was due toa marked increase
in the number and length of lateral roots. Lateral root growth of the 3week seedlings was almost completely suppressed in the soil at 11°C.
Roots of 3-week sterile seedlings growing in phosphate-deficient
nutrient solution were considerably smaller than those of pine grown
in complete nutrient solution at 15°C but not at 25°C. This interaction
of temperature and phosphate deficiency did not occur with soil grown
seedlings. The sustained phosphate uptake along roots grown at the
low soil temperature did not compensate for greater root growth (and
therefore soil exploration) at higher temperatures, for P content of 3week seedlings grown in soil at 25°C was considerably greater than
that of seedlings grown in soil at 15°C. In phosphate poor soils low
temperature depression of root growth will seriously restrict phosphate
uptake. A modification of the scanning method for uptake sites along
roots showed translocation to occur from all parts of the root with
rather less translocation from the apical centimetre than from other
parts.
http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/SR9700031.htm…… diunduh 6/2/2012
Soil temperature and root growth
T. C. Kaspar, W. L. Bland . Soil Science (1992) Vol 154, Issue: 4,
p. 290-299
Soil temperature affects both the rate and thoroughness with
which a plant root system permeates soil. Root system
expansion is a function of two temperature-dependent
processes, growth and development. Growth processes, like
cell elongation, increase root length and diameter.
Development controls duration of growth and initiation of
new roots and reproductive organs. Interpreting root
temperature responses requires an understanding of how
development and growth interact.
Soil temperature affects growth of root system components,
initiation and branching, orientation and direction of growth,
and root turnover. Genotypic differences in root response to
soil temperature exist between and within plant species. In
natural soil profiles, root system expansion is affected by
seasonal patterns of soil temperature. As soil warming
advances downward, progressively deeper soil layers become
suitable for root growth. In temperate regions, soil
temperature often limits the rate of rooting-depth increase
and the maximum depth attainable.
A simple temperature-based model to predict rooting depth
with time indicates that rooting depth may follow the
downward progression of a particular isotherm, which has
sometimes been observed in the field.
http://www.mendeley.com/research/soil-temperature-and-rootgrowth/…… diunduh 6/2/2012
Effect of soil temperature on root growth in top and small
fruit crops.
Trunov-IA . SadovodstvoiVinogradarstvo 1994 No 56 78 (1994) .
"In root growth studies between 1967 and 1985 numerous
top and small fruit crops were assessed for minimum
temperature requirement to initiate growth in primary,
secondary and tertiary roots in spring and autumn.
The data are tabulated. In spring, primary roots were
observed to start growth at temperatures as low as 0.56.5ÂC. The least demanding in this respect was wild pear
followed by Paradizka Budagovskogo rootstock, Malus
prunifolia, plum and sour cherry.
In small fruit crops these roots started growth at 1-4Â;
strawberry primary roots started to grow at the lowest
temperature followed by black currants and raspberries.
Secondary roots started to grow at 8.8-14Â in top fruit crops
and at 6.5-12Â in small fruit crops, and tertiary roots at
12.2-18.5Â in top fruit crops, and 9-16Â in small fruit crops.“
http://www.mendeley.com/research/effect-of-soil-temperature-on-rootgrowth-in-top-and-small-fruit-crops/…… diunduh 6/2/2012
Effect of root temperature on budbreak, shoot growth,
and fruit-set of'Cabernet Sauvignon'grapevines
W. Mark Kliewer . American Journal of Enology and Viticulture
(1975) . Vol 26, Issue: 2. Pages: 82-89.
Three-year-old dormant 'Cabernet Sauvignon' vines, growing in
5-gallon containers in a greenhouse, were pruned to two 10node canes and then grown for 9 weeks in water baths With
root temperatures kept at 11, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 C. Air
temperatures were the same for all treatments, fluctuating
between a minimum of 20 C at night and a maximum of 32 C
in the day.
Budbreak and bloom occurred 3 to 8 days earlier at 25-30 C
than at 11 C. The number of buds that broke per vine
increased with temperature, and was 2 to 3 times as great at
30-35 C as at 11-15 C. Total shoot growth per vine, measured
as length or dry weight, was maximal at 30 C root temperature,
as was also the total number of leaves and leaf area per vine.
Average shoot length, dry weight per unit length of stem, leaf
area, and leaf and cluster dry weights were significantly less at
35 C than at lower root temperatures. With an increase in
temperature between 15 and 35 C, there was a decrease in
percent dry matter in stems but an increase in leaves. The
number of cluster per vine was proportional to the number of
buds that broke. The number of berries set per vine did not
differ significantly with temperature. However, the number of
berries per cluster was significantly greater at 11 C than at root
temperatures of 20 C or higher, with berry set approximately
proportional to leaf area per cluster.
http://www.ajevonline.org/content/26/2/82.short…… diunduh 6/2/2012
Influence of Root Temperature and Rootstock on
Budbreak, Shoot Growth, and Fruit Composition of
Cabernet Sauvignon Grapevines Grown under Controlled
Conditions
Asfaw Zelleke and W. Mark Kliewer. Am. J. Enol. Vitic 1979 vol.
30 no. 4 312-317 .
Two-year-old Cabernet Sauvignon vines grafted to
rootstocks A x R #1, Rupestris St. George, SO4, and ownrooted growing in 20-liter containers were pruned to two
10-node canes and placed in water baths maintained at 12
or 25°C in a greenhouse. Air temperature was the same for
all treatments.
Total vine growth (shoot length, dry weight, and leaf area)
was about threefold greater at 25°C than at 12°C root
temperature. Budbreak was also greater at 25°C than at
12°C; however, the number of berries set per vine did not
differ significantly between root temperatures. Fruitset per
dm2 leaf area with St. George stocks was about half that of
the other rootstocks at both root temperatures. Degree Brix,
pH, proline and K were significantly less in fruits grown at
12°C root temperature than at 25°C. However, the level of
total acidity and malate in fruits were higher for all stocks at
12°C root temperature than at 25°C.
The level of arginine in berries was little affected by soil
temperature. Fruits from vines on St. George stock had the
highest level of arginine, proline, K, and pH and the lowest
total acidity.
http://www.ajevonline.org/content/30/4/312.short…… diunduh 6/2/2012
Effect of root temperature, rootstock and fertilization on budbreak, shoot growth and composition of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’
grapevines
Asfaw Zelleke, W.Mark Kliewer. Scientia Horticulturae. Vol 13, Issue 4,
December 1980, Pages 339–347.
Two-year-old ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapevines on own-roots or on A×R No.
1 (Ganzin 1) rootstock were grown at low (12°C) or high (25°C) root
temperatures in combination with 2 fertilizer treatments (0 and 2.4, 1.2 and
1.2 grams of N,P,K, respectively, per 20-liter pot) in a greenhouse for a
period of 15 weeks. The dormant vines were pruned to two 10-node canes
just prior to initiation of temperature and fertilizer treatments. Air
temperatures ranged between 15°C at night and 30°C during the day, and
were the same for all treatments.
The time of bud-break was earlier at high root temperature than at low
temperature, with fertilization than without fertilization, and with ownrooted vines than with vines on A × R stock. The number of buds that
broke and total shoot growth were significantly higher at 25°C than at
12°C. Fertilized vines also had significantly greater bud-break and shoot
growth than unfertilized vines at both 12 and 25°C root temperatures. More
buds broke and developed on A × R vines than on own-rooted vines at
12°C; whereas, at 25°C they did not differ significantly. Shoot growth of
own-rooted vines, on the other hand, was significantly greater than vines
on A × R stock at both low and high root temperatures.
The levels of arginine, NO3 and total N in roots was greater at low root
temperature than at high root temperature. High root temperature,
however, increased the concentration of total N in leaf blades and NO3 in
blades and petioles of own-rooted vines compared to low root temperature.
Fertilization increased the concentration of nitrogenous substances in leaves
and roots of all vines. The levels of K, Ca and Mg in leaf blades, petioles
and roots were generally higher at 25 than at 12°C root temperature. The
level of K was higher in leaves and roots of vines on own-roots than vines
on A × R; however, the Ca and Mg content of these tissues did not show
any consistent trends between A × R and own-rooted vines.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0304423880900928……
diunduh 6/2/2012
Grapevine Response to Soil Temperature: Xylem
Cytokinins and Carbohydrate Reserve Mobilization from
Budbreak to Anthesis
Stewart K. Field, Jason P. Smith, Bruno P. Holzapfel, W. James Hardie and
R.J. Neil Emery. Am. J. Enol. Vitic June 2009 vol. 60 no. 2 164-172
Potted Shiraz grapevines, in a glasshouse, were exposed to two
different soil temperatures (13°C and 23°C) to evaluate the effects on
vegetative growth and floral development from dormancy to anthesis.
Soil temperature had no effect on the time of budbreak, anthesis, or
the number of flowers per inflorescence.
At anthesis total biomass was similar for both treatments, whereas
shoot biomass was greater in the warm soil. From dormancy to
anthesis, both root and trunk biomass decreased in the cool soil and
only root biomass decreased in the warmer soil, but by twice as much
as that in the cool soil. During dormancy to anthesis decreases in total
nonstructural carbohydrate accounted for most of the decrease in root
biomass. At budbreak, 14 cytokinins representing four recognized
classes were present in bleeding sap, with trans-zeatin riboside and
isopentenyl adenosine as the dominant forms.
Total and active free base cytokinin concentrations were similar for
both treatments, while sap from vines in the warm soil had significantly
lower concentrations of nucleotide cytokinins. However, delivery of
cytokinins was significantly greater in the warm soil treatment. By
anthesis, cytokinin concentrations were similar for both treatments, but
total cytokinin concentrations in xylem sap had decreased by almost
90% from budbreak.
Root-generated cytokinins appear to be associated with the
mobilization of the carbohydrate reserves at the end of dormancy and
the ensuing shoot growth. Comparison of results with those of
previous studies reveals that, because of apical dominance and
correlative inhibition, the response to soil temperature in terms of
number of buds to break and time of budbreak is conditioned by the
number of nodes per cane.
http://ajevonline.org/content/60/2/164.short…… diunduh 6/2/2012
Heat stress affects flowering, berry growth, sugar
accumulation and photosynthesis of Vitis vinifera cv.
Semillon grapevines grown in a controlled environment
Dennis H. Greer, Chris Weston. 2009.
Functional Plant Biology 37(3) 206–214
High temperatures during the growing season characterise
many grape growing regions in Australia and elsewhere in
the world, and impact on many processes including growth
and berry development. To quantify the impact of heat on
the Vitis vinifera L. cv. Semillon, potted vines were grown in
controlled environments and exposed to a temperature
regime of 40/25°C at flowering, fruit set, veraison and midripening stages. Vegetative and reproductive development
was measured throughout and leaf photosynthesis and
stomatal conductance tracked during heat exposures.
Accumulation of soluble solids was determined during
ripening. Leaf growth and stem extension were unaffected
by heat whereas flowers completely abscised. Berries treated
at fruit set developed normally and those treated at veraison
and mid-ripening stopped expanding and sugar content
stopped increasing.
Photosynthesis was also affected on each occasion, with
rates declining by 35% and taking 12 days to recover. Up to
10 mg carbon g (berry dry weight)–1 day–1 was required for
ripening after veraison. For vines heat treated at veraison
and mid-ripening, net carbon acquisition rates fell to below
4 mg carbon g (leaf dry weight)–1 day–1, which is inadequate
to supply berry carbon requirements. This suggests that the
impacts of heat on the ripening process can be traced back
to the supply of carbon.
http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/FP09209…… diunduh 6/2/2012
Impacts of using polyethylene sleeves and wavelength
selective mulch in vineyards. I. Effects on air and soil
temperatures and degree day accumulation
P. A. Bowen, C. P. Bogdanoff, B. Estergaard
Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 2004, 84:(2) 545-553.
Effects on soil and air temperatures of wavelength-selective
polyethylene mulch applied in planted rows, and clear polyethylene
enclosures (sleeves) applied around vine canes or cordons for 7 wk in
the spring were determined in three Merlot vineyards in the Okanagan
Valley, British Columbia. Three sleeve configurations were studied:
single-layer and closed at bottom; single-layer with bottom ventilation
added after 5 wk; and double-layer with bottom ventilation added
after 5 wk. All sleeves were perforated at the top between two
supporting trellis catch wires, and were stapled closed at the bottom
under the cordon or cane. Sleeve removal was either all at once or in
two stages by first opening the top then removing the sides 6 d later.
The sleeves increased mean air temperatures by ca. 1 to 2°C and
maximum temperatures by ca. 5 to 8°C, and decreased minimum
temperatures by ca. 1 to 2 °C, depending on the vineyard,
measurement period, and sleeve configuration. Adding bottom
ventilation to sleeves increased the mean minimum nighttime
temperature by ca. 1°C at one vineyard but had no effect at the other
two sites.
Degree day (base 10°C) accumulati on inside sleeves was 1.5 to 2
times that of ambient, depending on the site, which increased total
degree day accumulations for the season by 4.1 to 7.9%. The
polyethylene mulch increased soil temperatures by ca. 2°C
continuously over the diurnal period at two of the vineyards, but at the
third where there was significant weed growth under the mulch the
increase was less and only at night.
http://pubs.aic.ca/doi/abs/10.4141/P03-093…… diunduh 6/2/2012
Plant and Soil
Volume 93, Number 2, 183-193, DOI: 10.1007/BF02374220
The effects of soil temperature on the response of lettuce
seedlings to starter fertilizer
P. A. Costigan.
A pot experiment is described which investigated the
effects of placing starter fertilizer, 1 cm beneath the seeds,
on growth and nutrient uptake in lettuce seedlings at two
soil temperatures (10°C and 20°C).
At both temperatures the presence of starter fertilizer
increased nutrient concentrations within the plants. At
20°C there was no growth response to the starter
treatments. However, at 10°C there was a large response
to the application of starter fertilizer.
The best treatment was a combination of NH4H2PO4 and
KH2PO4 which increased plant dry weight by 64% at 19
days from sowing. Nutrient deficiency caused a significant
increase in the root length/shoot weight ratio of the control
plants at 10°C.
The responses to the starter were shown to be determined
by the balance between the demand for nutrients from the
shoots and the supplying power of the roots.
http://www.springerlink.com/content/n0m9p8723j56xg78/…… diunduh
6/2/2012
The Effects of Soil Temperature on Plant Growth, Nodulation and
Nitrogen Fixation in Casuarina cunninghamiana Miq.(pp. 441450)
Paul Reddell, G. D. Bowen, A. D. Robson
New Phytologist Vol. 101, No. 3, 441-450 Nov., 1985
The effects of soil temperatures between 15 and 30oC on plant
growth, nodulation and nitrogen fixation in seedlings of Casuarina
cunninghamiana Miq. inoculated with Frankia from two different
sources were examined. The optimum soil temperature for the
growth of plants dependent on symbiotic nitrogen fixation was 25
oC. Decreasing the soil temperature below 25oC markedly decreased
plant growth that was reliant on symbiotically fixed nitrogen, effects
on the growth of plants supplied with mineral nitrogen were much
smaller. At 15oC there was no response in plant growth to
inoculation after 148 d, whereas plants supplied with nitrogenous
fertilizer were 10 times the weight of uninoculated plants.
Nodulation was delayed at 15 and 20oC with nodules formed at
15oC fixing no nitrogen in these studies. The production of fewer
nodules at 20oC than at 25oC was partly compensated by the
production of larger nodules. Nodule growth at 20 to 30oC was a
prime determinant of nitrogen fixed, with the exception of one
Frankia at 20oC. The amount of nitrogen-fixed g-1 nodule was the
same for the two Frankia sources at 25 and 30oC, differences in
effectiveness being due to nodule development. However, differences
in the effectiveness of the two Frankia sources at 20oC were related
to differences both in nodule development and in nitrogen-fixing
ability. The absence of nitrogen fixation at 15oC would be expected
to limit the natural distribution of Casuarina species reliant on
symbiotically fixed nitrogen to areas where soil temperatures exceed
15oC for a major part of the potential growing season.
http://www.jstor.org/pss/2432946…… diunduh 6/2/2012
Interactive effects of soil temperature, atmospheric
carbon dioxide and soil N on root development, biomass
and nutrient uptake of winter wheat during vegetative
growth
Mayra E. Gavito, Peter S. Curtis, Teis N. Mikkelsen and Iver Jakobsen.
J. Exp. Bot. (2001) 52 (362): 1913-1923.
Nutrient requirements for plant growth are expected to rise in
response to the predicted changes in CO2 and temperature. In this
context, little attention has been paid to the effects of soil
temperature, which limits plant growth at early stages in temperate
regions. A factorial growth‐room experiment was conducted with
winter wheat, varying soil temperature (10 °C and 15 °C), atmospheric
CO2 concentration (360 and 700 ppm), and N supply (low and high).
The hypothesis was that soil temperature would modify root
development, biomass allocation and nutrient uptake during vegetative
growth and that its effects would interact with atmospheric CO2 and N
availability. Soil temperature effects were confirmed for most of the
variables measured and 3‐factor interactions were observed for root
development, plant biomass components, N‐use efficiency, and shoot
P content.
Importantly, the soil temperature effects were manifest in the absence
of any change in air temperature. Changes in root development,
nutrient uptake and nutrient‐use efficiencies were interpreted as
counterbalancing mechanisms for meeting nutrient requirements for
plant growth in each situation. Most variables responded to an
increase in resource availability in the order: N supply >soil
temperature >CO2.
http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/52/362/1913…… diunduh 6/2/2012
ISCO 2004 - 13th International Soil Conservation Organisation
Conference – Brisbane, July 2004
Conserving Soil and Water for Society: Sharing Solutions
Paper No. 648 page 1
EFFECT OF SOIL USE CHANGE ON SOIL TEMPERATURE REGIME
M. Tejedor, C. Jiménez, M. Rodríguez and G. Morillas
A main objective today is to protect soils against external aggression.
The type of use to which the soil is put plays an important role in that
it can help protect or, conversely, accelerate degradation processes.
Among the parameters affected are structure, soil moisture regime
and soil temperature regime. In this paper we examine the changes
in soil temperature regime caused by a modification of vegetation.
The study was carried out on the island of Tenerife (Canary Islands,
Spain) on a site with Andisols. The site is situated on the north face
of the island, at 870 m.a.s.l., in an area with annual rainfall of around
650 mm, and frequently influenced by the trade winds. Three
adjacent plots originally covered with cloud forest were put to
different uses.
The natural, but degraded, vegetation of tree-heath (Erica arborea,
Chamaecytisus proliferus, Cistus symphytifolius) was maintained in
one case, but removed from the other two plots. One of the two was
used for cultivation (Solanum tuberosum) while the other was
abandoned and gradually taken over by herbaceous plants (Pteridium
aquilinum, Cistus symphytifolius, Rumex maderensis, Rubus
ulmifolius). Soil temperature at 50 cm was measured monthly over a
period of 4 years (2000-2003).
The results obtained show the influence of the type of covering:
whereas the soil with natural vegetation has an isomesic temperature
regime, the regime in the cultivated soil is thermic, as is the case of
the soil with the herbaceous plant cover, albeit bordering on isomesic.
The decisive effect of the natural vegetation in capturing atmospheric
moisture is therefore evident.
http://tucson.ars.ag.gov/isco/isco13/PAPERS%20R-Z/TEJEDOR%202.pdf……
diunduh 6/2/2012
Effect of mulch on soil temperature, moisture, weed
infestation and yield of groundnut in northern Vietnam
A. Ramakrishna, Hoang Minh Tam, Suhas P. Wani, Tranh Dinh Long. Field
Crops Research 95 (2006) 115–125
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the chief foreign exchange
earning crops for Vietnam. However, owing to lack of appropriate
management practices, the production and the area under cultivation
of groundnut have remained low. Mulches increase the soil
temperature, retard the loss of soil moisture, and check the weed
growth, which are the key factors contributing to the production of
groundnut. On-farm trials were conducted in northern Vietnam to
study the impact of mulch treatments and explore economically
feasible and eco-friendly mulching options.
The effect of three mulching materials (polythene, rice straw and
chemical) on weed infestation, soil temperature, soil moisture and
pod yield were studied. Polythene and straw mulch were effective in
suppressing the weed infestation. Different mulching materials
showed different effects on soil temperature.
Polythene mulch increased the soil temperature by about 6 8C at 5
cm depth and by 4 8C at 10 cm depth. Mulches prevent soil
water evaporation retaining soil moisture. Groundnut plants in
polythene and straw mulched plots were generally tall, vigorous
and reached early flowering. Use of straw as mulch provides an
attractive and an environment friendly option in Vietnam, as it is
one of the largest rice growing countries with the least use of rice
straw. Besides, it recycles plant nutrients effectively.
http://openaccess.icrisat.org/bitstream/10731/492/1/Effect%20of%20mulch%20on
%20soil%20temperature.pdf…… diunduh 7/2/2012
Hu, W., Duan, S., Sui, Q., 1995. High yield technology for groundnut. Int.
Arachis Newsletter 15 (Suppl.), 1–22..
Mulches are known to increase the soil temperature
since the sun’s energy passes through the mulch and
heats the air and soil beneath the mulch directly and
then the heat is trapped by the ‘‘greenhouse effect’’
(Hu et al., 1995).
http://jakartacity.olx.co.id/polybag-mulsa-iid-253436225…… diunduh 15/2/2012
The effect of soil temperature and moisture on organic
matter decomposition and plant growth.
R C Hood . Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies (2001)
Volume: 37, Issue: 1, Pages: 25-41.
The effect of soil temperature and moisture on plant growth and
mineralisation of organic residues was investigated using 15Nlabelled soybean residues and temperature-controlled tanks in the
glasshouse. Treatments were arranged in a factorial design with:
three soil temperatures (20, 26 and 30 degrees C), two soil
moisture regimes (8% (-800 Kpa) or 12% (-100 Kpa)), soybean
residues added (enriched at 1.82 atom % 15N excess) or no
residues; and either sown with ryegrass or not sown. Pots were
sampled six weeks after planting and 15N-enrichment and
delta13C of the plant and soil fractions were determined. Soil
inorganic N was also periodically measured.
Available inorganic N increased significantly with addition of
residues and generally decreased with increasing temperature.
Plant dry matter decreased significantly with increase in soil
temperature and increased with increasing moisture. Root-toshoot ratio declined with increased temperature and moisture.
Percentage nitrogen derived from residues (%Ndfr) increased
linearly with increased temperature and moisture. Delta13C
decreased linearly with increasing temperature and decreasing
moisture status. There was a significant correlation between
transpiration and dry matter production, but there was no
correlation between water use efficiency and delta13C. The results
suggest that C: N ratio of the root material effects the root
turnover and in turn the water supply capacity of the root system..
http://www.mendeley.com/research/effect-soil-temperature-moisture-organicmatter-decomposition-plant-growth/…… diunduh 7/2/2012
JSTOR: Florida Entomologist Vol.75, No. 4, p.539,1991.
TEMPERATURE TANAH
Soil temperature greatly influences the rates of biological, physical,
and chemical processes in the soil. Within a limited range, the rates
of chemical reactions and biological processes double for every 10
degree increase.
Soil temperature governs the rates and directions of soil physical
processes and chemical reactions, and influences biological
processed.
Different pathogen species and strains have different thermal limits
for survival, germination and infection
Phytophthora clandestina caused pre- and post-emergence
damping-off in subterranean clover under a range of soil
temperature (10, 15, 20 and 30 °C) and moisture (65 and 100%
WHC and flooding) conditions in a glasshouse.
The greatest reductions in seedling survival occurred in saturated
and flooded soil conditions. Most severe root disease occurred at a
soil temperature of 10°, followed by 15 and 20°. P. clandestina
interacted with F. oxysporum, but not with Fusarium avenaceum,
Phoma medicaginis, Pythium irregulare and Rhizoctonia solani, to
produce more severe root rot than did each fungus alone.
Influence of soil temperature, moisture and other fungal root pathogens on
pathogenicity of Phytophthora clandestina to subterranean clover
D.H. Wong, K. Sivasithamparam, M.J. Barbetti
Transactions of the British Mycological Society. Vol. 86, Issue 3, 1986, Pages
479–482
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007153686801930…… diunduh 7/2/2012
Sci. agric. (Piracicaba, Braz.) vol.52 no.3 Piracicaba Sept./Dec. 1995
Effect of polyethylene mulches on soil temperature and tomato yield in
plastic greenhouse.
N.A. Streck; F.M. Schneider; G.A. Buriol; A.B. Heldwein
The effect of soil mulching with transparent, black, white, and
co-extruded white-on-black polyethylene sheets on soil
temperature and tomato yield was evaluated in the Subtropical
Central Region of the Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
The experiment was carried out from August 21, 1994 to
December 2, 1994 in a 10m x 25m nonheated plastic
greenhouse located at the county of Santa Maria. Highest soil
temperatures were obtained under transparent mulch.
Maximum amplitude of soil temperature waves was smaller
under opaque mulches.
Tomato yield was not significantly affected by mulch
treatments, however, a tendency of greater yield was observed
for opaque mulches as compared to transparent mulch. Among
opaque mulches, the highest yield was obtained from white
mulches.
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S010390161995000300028…… diunduh 7/2/2012
MULSA DAN SUHU TANAH
Soil temperature can be differentially affected by the type of PE mulch with
temperatures generally following the order: transparent mulch > black mulch >
white mulch (HAYNES, 1987). This is caused primarily through changes in the
components of the radiation balance, due to the effect of mulches on albedo,
sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, and soil heat flux (ROSENBERG, 1974;
LIAKATAS et al., 1986).
Transparent materials present high transmissivity to solar radiation and thus
they are more effective in increasing soil temperature in comparison to the
opaque materials, which higly reflect or absorb solar radiation (ROSENBERG,
1974).
Mulsa sangat berguna untuk membantu pertumbuhan tanaman. Mulsa berguna untuk
menjaga kelembaban tanah serta menekan pertumbuhan gulma dan penyakit. Bahan
mulsa dibedakan menjadi mulsa organik dan anorganik.
HAYNES, R.J. The use of polyethylene mulches to change soil microclimate as revealed by enzyme
activity and biomass nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus. Biology and Fertility of Soil, v.5, n.3,
p.235-40, 1987.
ROSENBERG, N.J. Microclimate: the biological environment. New York: John Wiley, 1974. 315p.
LIAKATAS, A.; CLARK, J.A.; MONTEITH, J.L. Measurements of the heat balance under plastic
mulches. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, v.36, p.227-39, 1986. .
ISHS Acta Horticulturae 156: XII Working Party on Greenhouse
Cucumbers
EFFECT OF SOIL TEMPERATURE ON GROWTH OF CUCUMBER IN
DIFFERENT AIR TEMPERATURE AND RADIATION REGIME – POSTER
H. Krug, F. Thiel.
In model experiments (s. Krug and Liebig, 1979a + b, 1984) using
temperature controlled beds (figure 1) in greenhouses with different set
points for the heating unit of the air, the effect of soil temperature, air
temperature, irradiance and ontogenetic growth and their interactions on
wilting, vegetative growth, and yielding of cucumber plants (c.v. 'Pepinex
69') were investigated. Ontogenesis was regarded by the growth phases. 1.:
one week after planting, 2.: one week after planting to anthesis at the 8th
node, 3.: following growth. Wilting was valued by grades from 0 (fully
turgescent) to 4 (strong) wilting. Soil temperatures causing wilting ≥ 1 were
16° C during the 1. phase, close below 16° C during the 2. and 3. phase in
spring and autumn and close below 14° C during the 2. phase and at 12° C
during the 3. phase in summer.
There was no significant effect of air temperature caused by heating.
Sensibility increased with short term high irradiance in winter, but decreased
with long term high irradiance (and higher temperatures) in summer.
Moreover sensibility decreased with ontogenesis.
Length growth of the stems was significantly promoted by higher soil
temperature (up to 23° C) only during the 1. phase . Leaf growth was
promoted by higher soil temperature during the 1. and 2. phase, especially
in combination with high irradiance and high air temperature . In the 3.
phase there was no significant reaction to soil temperature. Low soil
temperature causing wilting during the 1. phase showed a long term
retartation of stem and leaf growth .
Start of harvest (1 kg fruits) was earlier with higher air temperature
(checked up to 23° C) and delayed by low soil temperature which caused
wilting during the 1. phase. Yield of stem fruits was increased by soil
temperature increasing from 16 to 18° C, especially of those cucumbers
planted in winter. Market quality was not significantly effected by soil
temperature (15 – 25° C).
http://www.actahort.org/members/showpdf?booknrarnr=156_16…… diunduh
7/2/2012
Effect of Soil Moisture and Soil Temperature on the
Development of Stemphylium Blight of Lentil
MI Huq, ZMNA Khan. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 46(1), 83-88,
2011.
The soil moisture and the soil temperature at 7 a.m. and
1 p.m. were monitored in the lentil field.
During the years of studies it was observed that the
highest PDI was recorded on March 12 with
corresponding soil temperature at 7 a.m. and 1 p.m. and
soil moisture were maximum while the lowest PDI was
recorded on January 30 when the aforesaid soil factors
were minimum.
The soil temperature and soil moisture were found
positively correlated with disease development.
http://www.banglajol.info/index.php/BJSIR/article/view/8111…… diunduh 7/2/2012
J. Amer. Soc. Hort Sci. 94(6):619-621. 1969.
The Response of Avocado and Mango to Soil
Temperature. Ibrahim M. Yusof2,3, David W. Buchanan2 and John F.
Gerber. University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
Mexican avocado seedlings and grafted 'Irwin' mangos grown
under soil temperatures of 21, 27 and 32°C responded
differently. The soil temperature statistically influenced the
growth of the avocado seedlings but not the mangos.
A soil temperature range of 21 to 27° was best for the growth of
the avocado seedlings but temperatures greater than 27°
reduced growth. The number of growth flushes was greater at
27° than either 21 or 32°. The avocado seedlings were tall and
upright at 21° and were short and spreading at 32°.
The mineral composition of both the avocado and the mango
leaves changed with soil temperatures. The content of N and P
in avocado and mango leaves was highest at 32° and lowest at
27°. The K content of the avocado leaves increased with
temperature, but the Fe and Zn content decreased.
In the mango Mg and Fe content was highest at 27° and lowest
at 21°. Calcium content of the mango leaves decreased with soil
temperature.
http://www.avocadosource.com/journals/ashs/ashs_1969_94_pg_619-621.pdf……
diunduh 7/2/2012
Haas, A. R. C. 1939. Root temperature effects on the growth of walnut
and avocado seedlings. Calif. Avo. Soc. Yrbk. 1939:96-102.
Leal, F. J., and A. H. Krezdorn. 1964. Rooting of avocado cuttings. Proc.
Fla. State Hort. Soc. 77:358-362.
The 'Puebla‘ avocado seedlings showed the greatest
fresh and dry weight of leaves and trunk when the soil
temperature was near 31 °C.
The root fresh weight was greatest at 24°. Soil
temperatures ranging from 24 to 31° produced the
largest plants (Haas. 1939).
Leal and Krezdorn (1964) found the 'Brogden' and
'Mexicola' avocado cuttings rooted best when no
bottom heat was used.
The 3 races of avocado, Mexican, Guatemalan and
West Indian, come from different climatic regions and
may show different responses to soil temperature.
Mangos, on the other hand, may be less responsive to
such temperatures.
…… diunduh 7/2/2012
Akinremi, O. O., McGinn, S. M. and McLean H. D. J. 1999.
Effects of soil temperature and moisture on soil respiration in
barley and fallow plots.
Can. J. Soil Sci. 79: 5–13.
Agricultural systems are sources and sinks for carbon and to quantify the
net effect of these systems on atmospheric CO2 concentration, the amounts
of carbon fixed in primary production and that respired by the soil must be
known. The objectives of our study were (1) to quantify the amount of soil
respiration from fallow and barley plots during the growing season; and (2)
to determine the relationship between these fluxes and soil temperature
and moisture.
This study was conducted on field plots measuring 200 by 200 m with one
plot planted to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) while the other plot was in
fallow. Two automated chambers were permanently installed in the fallow
plot and three in the barley plot at the start of the growing season. When
CO2 fluxes were integrated over a 24-h period, the daily soil respiration
under fallow ranged from a low of 1.6 g CO2 m–2 d–1 on a dry day to a
high of 8.3 g CO2 m–2 d–1 on a wet day. The corresponding values for
barley were 3.3 and 18.5 g CO2 m–2 d–1 in 1994. Similar values were
obtained in 1996 and, on average, daily soil respiration under barley was
twice of that under fallow.
The integrated daily CO2 flux under fallow was strongly related to daily soil
moisture and mean soil temperature with moisture alone accounting for 76
to 80% of the variation in CO2 flux. While good relationships were obtained
between soil moisture and CO2 flux under fallow, the relationship under
barley was not as good.
The CO2 fluxes, measured eight times per day, displayed a diurnal pattern
similar to that of soil temperature; however, there was no consistent
quantitative relationship between these 3-hourly fluxes and temperature.
A poor relationship was obtained when the fluxes during several days were
related to soil temperature as soil moisture confounded flux-temperature
relationship. Under the semi-arid conditions of southern Alberta, moisture is
the main parameter controlling soil respiration during the growing season.
…… diunduh 7/2/2012
Soil temperature at 2.5 cm depth under fallow and barley in
1994 (a) diurnal trend during an 8-d period (days 183–190), (b)
daily mean during the growing season..
Akinremi, O. O., McGinn, S. M. and McLean H. D. J. 1999.
Effects of soil temperature and moisture on soil respiration in
barley and fallow plots. Can. J. Soil Sci. 79: 5–13.
Diurnal trend of soil respiration and soil temperature
under fallow in 1994..
Akinremi, O. O., McGinn, S. M. and McLean H. D. J. 1999. Effects
of soil temperature and moisture on soil respiration in
barley and fallow plots. Can. J. Soil Sci. 79: 5–13.
Diurnal trend of soil respiration and soil temperature
under barley in 1996..
The effect of soil temperature on nodulation of cowpeas (Vigna
sinensis)
H Philpotts
Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal
Husbandry 7(27) 372 - 376 . 1967.
SUHU TANAH – NODULASI BINTIL AKAR
In two pot experiments at Narrabri, New South Wales,
Poona cowpeas (Vigna sinensis) were sown in a black
chernozemic soil at 1, 2, and 4 inches, and at 1 1/2 and 4
inches with and without a straw mulch, to give a range of
soil temperatures at the depth of sowing.
It was found that the higher the soil temperature at
sowing depth the lower was the percentage of plants
with nodules and the number of nodules per plant..
http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/EA9670372.htm …… diunduh
7/2/2012
Soil Temperature and Nitrogen Effects on Yield and Phosphorus
Uptake by Sugar Beets'
s. DUBETZ AND G. C. RUSSEI.L2
Received for jmhlication April I}, ' 964.
JOURNAL OF THE A. S. S. B. T. VOL. 13, No.3, OCrol\ER F)6"1
SUHU TANAH – KETERSEDIAAN N
In general, these results showed that as the soil
temperature increased from 7 to 27° C the dry matter
and total phosphorus increased in both roots and tops
of sugar beet seedlings.
The early applications of nitrogen resulted in the
highest dry matter and phosphorus content of
seedling' roots.
Time of nitrogen application had no effect on seedling
beet tops.
The results would indicate that early availability of
nitrogen to the seedling would promote a more rapid
root growth..
…… diunduh 7/2/2012
KETCHESON. J. T. 1957. Some effects of soil temperature all
phosphorus requirements of young corn plants in the
greenhouse.
Can. J. Soil Sci. 37: 41-47.
Low soil temperature depressed the growth of
corn seedlings and the percentage phosphorus
and total phosphorus were also lower at the low
temperature.
http://www.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110801145616&type_id=4……
diunduh 7/2/2012
DUBETZ, S., G. C. R USSELL, and D. T. ANDERSON. 1962. Effect
of soil temperature on seedling emergence. Can. J. Plant Sci. 42:
481-487.
The percentage emergence of sugar beet seedlings at soil
temperatures of 13°, 18°, and 24° C was significantly
increased over that at 6° C, and the speed of emergence
increased as the temperature increased.
Mulsa plastik untuk memperbaiki pertumbuhan kecmabah
melon
…… diunduh 7/2/2012
NIELSEN, K. F., R. L. HALSTEAD, A. J. IVIACLEAN, R. M. HOLMES, and S. J .
BOURGET. 1960a. Effects of soil temperature on the growth and chemical
composition of lucerne. Proc. 8th Intern. Grassland Congo pp. 287-292.
NIELSEN, K. F., R. L. HALSTEAD, A. J. MACLEAN, R. M. HOL,\IES, and S. J.
BOURGET. 1960b. The influence of soil temperature all the growth and mineral
composition of oats. Can. J. Soil Sci. 40: 255-263.
Nielsen et al. (1960a) found that the yield of roots
and foliage of lucerne increased with increase in
temperature to at least 19.4° C.
The phosphorus content of the roots and foliage
tended to increase with increasing temperature.
Oats produced higher yields (1960b) of grain and
straw when soil temperature was increased from 41 °
to 67° F (19.4° C).
There was a trend toward increased concentration of
phosphorus in the oat plants with increasing
temperature.
…… diunduh 7/2/2012
EFFECTS OF MULCHING ON SOIL TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE, YIELD ANT)
QUALITY OF TOMATO (L YCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL.) UNDER KENYAN
HIGHLAND GREENHOUSE CONDITIONS
A THESIS SUBMITTED TO GRADUATE SCHOOL, EGERTON UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN HORTICULTURE
EGERTON UNIVERSITY, NJORO. NAOMI BOKE RIOBA. 2002.
Two experiments were conducted in a greenhouse at Egerton University,
Tatton Farm, in Kenya. The main objective was to determine the effects of
mulching on soil temperature and moisture, and if the practice can improve
tomato yield and quality under greenhouse conditions. The experimental design
was a two factor Randomised Complete Block design with three replications. The
mulch treatments were black (Ml), clear (M2), white painted (M3) and wheat
straw (M4). Two tomato cultivars 'Money Maker' and 'Cal J' were used. Data on
soil moisture and temperature were collected weekly for nine weeks beginning
two weeks after transplanting. Plant height data were taken on weekly basis
starting two weeks from transplanting up to the tenth week after transplanting.
Yield and quality data were taken after harvesting. Weed and root length data
were taken after removing the plastic mulches, while samples for carbohydrate
partitioning analysis were also taken at the end of each experiment.
Mulching significantly (P< 0.05) influenced soil moisture, temperature and
weed weight and population density. Soil moisture was lower on bare soil
compared to mulched plots, with plastic mulches being superior over the wheat
straw. Significantly lower soil temperatures were recorded on wheat straw and
the unmulched, while higher temperatures were recorded on the plastic mulched
plots with the_black mulch giving the highest temperature. Significantly lower
weed population density and weights were observed on the black mulch
compared to the other types of mulches and bare ground. Mulching did not
significantly affect plant height, root distribution, and carbohydrate partitioning
among roots, stems, and leaves. The response of tomato plant growth to
mulching depended on cultivar, 'Money Maker' giving higher plant height.
Mulching did not significantly influence fruit yield and quality.
Cultivar significantly (P< 0.05) influenced soil moisture, plant height, root growth,
marketable fruit numbers, weight and size. On the other hand, cultivar did not
significantly (P< 0.05) influence the total non-structural carbohydrates
partitioning among tomato leaves, stems, and roots, weed population density and
dry weight, fruit numbers and weight per plant, fruit numbers and weight per
hectare, percent marketable fruit numbers and weight and total soluble solutes..
Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 61 (1992) 23-38
Simulation of soil temperature in crops. Y. Luo, R.S. Loomis and
T.C. Hsiao
This paper presents a model that simulates soil temperature
realistically with variable crop cover and soil water content and is also
sufficiently small and fast to be included in a crop simulator. The
model is developed according to principles of energy balance and soil
heat transfer. Net radiation. sensible. latent. and ground-conductive
heat fluxes are modified by foliage cover and cumulative evaporation
as a basis for calculating the energy balance at the soil surface.
Soil temperature at various depths is estimated with Fourier's heat
transfer equation. One experiment measuring relative humidity at the
soil surface was conducted to develop an equation for predicting vapor
pressure at the soil surface. Two other field experiments measuring air
and soil temperatures and energy balance components were carried
out for model validation.
The model well predicts energy fluxes at the soil surface. soil surface
temperature. and soil temperature at various depths in crops. Canopy
cover and soil surface wetness strongly influence energy balance and
soil temperature whereas variation in soil porosity and soil thermal
conductivity have little effect on soil temperature.
http://bomi.ou.edu/luo/pdf/simulation_of_soil_temperature.pdf…… diunduh
7/2/2012
ISHS Acta Horticulturae 148: III International Symposium on
Energy in Protected Cultivation EFFECT OF SOIL HEATING ON
PLANT PRODUCTIVITY AND ENERGY CONSERVATION IN
NORTHERN GREENHOUSES.
A. Gosselin, M.J. Trudel.
Soil warming (22–24°C) increased total yields of greenhouse
tomato by 40% in the spring and by 8% in the fall. When
grown under reduced air temperature in a plastic tunnel,
tomato plant yields were increased by 27 and 24% for the
spring and fall crops, respectively.
In the fall, soil warming caused greater effects when night air
temperature was reduced. Cucumber yields were increased by
36% by soil warming at spring, but were not significantly
affected when grown in the fall.
Economic and energetic studies showed that soil warming
was profitable under the climatic conditions of Eastern
Canada. .
http://www.actahort.org/members/showpdf?booknrarnr=148_111……
EFFECTS OF SOIL TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE ON THE
VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF EUROPEAN CHAFER
LARVAE
SHOREY, H. H.; GYRISCO, GEORGE G.
Annals of the Entomological Society of America, Vol. 53, No 5, September
1960 , pp. 666-670(5)
Larvae of the European chafer, Amphimallon majalis (Raz.), in
the field, moved down in the soil as it dried, though no
pronounced change in their vertical distribution was observed
until after the drying had proceeded below the range of
available soil moisture.
In laboratory studies, first- and second-instar larvae responded
to a small moisture difference between two adjoining very dry
soils, but did not respond to a similar slight moisture
difference between two wetter soils.
Overwintering second-instar larvae migrated downward earlier
in the fall, arrived at a greater winter depth, and moved back
toward the surface later in the spring than did third-instar
larvae. In the laboratory, secondinstar larvae responded to an
artificially created temperature gradient by moving in largest
numbers to soils having temperatures between 17° and 27°C.
.
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/esa/aesa/1960/00000053/00000005/art000
16…… diunduh 7/2/2012
The effects of soil temperature on germination
February 4th, 2011
Germination of seeds or growth of plant roots may be
affected more by soil temperature than by any other physical
factor except moisture. In temperate climates, soil
temperatures may be too low for rapid germination and if
adequate moisture is present, the seed or seedling may fall
victim of diseases because of low vigor.
In tropical climates, soil temperatures, particularly near the
surface, may be too high for the seedling to get off to a
vigorous start. Some seeds are particularly susceptible to
high temperatures and germination and seedling vigor are
reduced if the seeds must be stored at above-optimum
temperatures.
http://www.crop-production.org/agriculture/the-effects-of-soiltemperature-on-germination…… diunduh 7/2/2012
Effects of soil temperature and depth on colonization and
root and shoot growth of barley inoculated with
vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae indigenous to Canadian
prairie soil
K. M. Volkmar, W. Woodbury
Canadian Journal of Botany, 1989, 67:(6) 1702-1707, 10.1139/b89-215.
The ability of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae indigenous to
the Canadian prairie to colonize roots and promote growth of
barley in 38 × 11 cm plastic tubes at soil temperatures of
12, 16, or 20 °C was examined. Mycorrhizal inoculum was
placed 5 cm below the soil surface (PI) or dispersed
throughout the soil (DI) prior to planting. Plants were
harvested at stage 10.1 (Feeke's scale). Infection levels on PI
and DI treatments were about 2 and 7%, respectively, with
more infection occurring on DI roots. Soil temperature did not
influence infection of DI plants but infection development
beyond the inoculum source was greatest at 12 °C in PI
plants.
The dry shoot mass of DI plants was larger, but root mass
was smaller than the PI and control plants irrespective of soil
temperature. Root lengths of PI and DI plants were about 80
and 40% of control plants, irrespective of soil temperature
with root length declining with soil depth on PI and control
plants but not on DI treatments. Low infection level despite
high inoculum potential indicated either a low rate of
overwinter inoculum survival or an incompatibility between
the host and endophyte. Significant growth promotion in spite
of low levels of infection suggests that the mycorrhizal species
that do colonize the root could be of economic value.
http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/b89-215…… diunduh 7/2/2012
Soil & Tillage Research 80 (2005) 233–249
Strip-tillage effect on seedbed soil temperature
and other soil physical properties
Mark A. Licht, Mahdi Al-Kaisi∗.
The no-tillage system is perceived as having lower soil temperatures, wetter soil
conditions, and greater surface penetration resistance compared with
conventional and other conservation tillage systems. Concerns associated with
the effect of the no-tillage system on certain soil physical properties (i.e. soil
temperature, moisture, and compaction) prompted this study to evaluate the
effect of an alternative tillage system, strip-tillage, on these physical properties,
compared with chisel plow and no-tillage systems. The study was conducted on
two Iowa State University research and demonstration farms in 2001 and 2002.
One site was at the Marsden Farm near Ames, where the soils were Nicollet loam
(Aquic Hapludolls) andWebster silty clay loam (Typic Haplaquolls). The second
site was at the Northeast Research and Demonstration Farm near Nashua, where
the soils were Kenyon loam (Typic Hapludolls) and Floyd loam (Aquic Hapludolls).
Soil temperature increased in the top 5 cm under strip-tillage (1.2–1.4 ◦C) over
no-tillage and it remained close to the chisel plow soil temperature. This increase
in soil temperature contributed to an improvement in plant emergence rate index
(ERI) under strip-tillage compared with no-tillage. The results show no significant
differences in soil moisture status between the three tillage systems, although
the strip-tillage soil profile has slightly greater moisture content than chisel plow.
Moisture content through the soil profile particularly at the lower depths under all
tillage treatments was greater than the plant available water (PAW). However, the
changes in soil moisture storage were much greater with strip-tillage and chisel
plowthan no-tillage from post-emergence to preharvest at 0–30 and 0–120 cm. It
was observed also that most change in soil moisture storage occurred between
post-emergence and tasseling.
Penetration resistance was similar for both strip-tillage and no-tillage, but
commonly greater than chisel plow. In general, the findings show that strip-tillage
can contribute effectively to improve plant emergence, similar to chisel plowing
and conserve soil moisture effectively compared with no-tillage.
http://www.agronext.iastate.edu/smse/tillage/pdfs/3StSoilProp.pdf…… diunduh
7/2/2012
Effect of ridge tillage, no-tillage, and conventional tillage on soil
temperature, water use, and crop performance in cold and semiarid areas in Northeast China.
He, Jin; Li, Hongwen; Kuhn, N. J.; Wang, Qingjie; Zhang, Xuemin.
Australian Journal of Soil Research. (December 1, 2010)
Results from this research indicated that the RT system (no-tillage,
residue cover, and ridge planting) was effective in improving soil
temperature and water use in cold and semi-arid areas of Northeast
China. Mean data indicate that adoption of the RT system increased soil
temperature by 0.7-2.4[degrees]C in cold conditions and enhanced
WUE by 4.0-11.7%, which has profound implications in this
environment of insufficient accumulative temperature and drastically
decreasing water availability.
The faster crop growth and improved (9.9%) mean yield in the RT
treatment also demonstrated that the radical change from the
conventional fiat planting, ploughing, and residue removal system to
the permanent ridge planting, no-tillage, and residue cover system did
not negatively affect maize production. No tillage with residue cover
also appeared to provide some advantage in soil temperature, yield,
and WUE, compared with CT.
Ridge tillage cropping systems clearly have the potential to make an
important contribution to agricultural productivity. Ongoing research is
needed on several aspects of this cropping system, including the
balance of soil temperature and water content and the relationships
between ridge tillage, productivity, soil quality, and environmental
conditions. The absence of a suitable no-tillage planter for ridge tillage
is likely to be a significant constraint to adoption and must be
investigated in cold and semi-arid Northeast China.
…… diunduh 7/2/2012
Effect of water hyacinth mulch on soil temperature,
moisture and yield of Chinese cabbage (brassica
campestris L.) in Shanghai village .
Mechanic Automation and Control Engineering (MACE), 2010 International
Conference on 26-28 June 2010 . Wuhan . P 3952 - 3955
The effect of water hyacinth mulching on soil temperature,
moisture and Chinese cabbage yield were investigated. The
water hyacinth mulched soil compared to unmulched
treatments generally had higher temperature at 0-5 cm and
5-10 cm soil depths, and provided the higher soil
accumulated temperature to the soil.
The average diurnal temperature variation of water hyacinth
mulched soil at 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm depth were 5.5°C and
6.1°C, respectively, which was 1.8°C lower than unmulched
soil. Water hyacinth mulch increases the soil moisture
content both at the 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm depth. Compared to
unmulched soil, mean soil moisture content at 0-5 cm depth
and at 5-10 cm depth of mulched soil were 12.24% and
11.81% higher, respectively.
Water hyacinth mulch treatments increased the Chinese
cabbage yield significantly over unmulched treatments that
mulched plots produced the highest yields 257.1% higher
than the unmulched plots. Use of water hyacinth as mulch
provides an attractive and an environment friendly option in
Shanghai village, as it is one of the most serious water
hyacinth pollution areas with most fresh water hyacinth
residues.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=5535931……
diunduh 7/2/2012
Effects of Low Soil Temperature on Transpiration,
Photosynthesis, Leaf Relative Water Content, and Growth
Among Elevationally Diverse Plant Populations
Jay E. Anderson and S. J. McNaughton. 1973. Ecology 54:1220–1233.
The effects of low soil temperature on photosynthesis and water
relations were examined in 17 populations of 12 vascular plant
species from native elevations ranging between 10 m and 3,170 m.
Root permeability to water was sufficient in the majority of
populations studied so that neither transpiration nor net
photosynthesis was reduced at 3 degrees C soil temperature
compared to the rates at 20 degrees C soil temperature. There was
no evidence of differential natural selection along altitudinal
gradients for ability to maintain photosynthesis rate when roots were
chilled. Leaf relative water content was typically reduced in response
to soil cooling.
There is a critical relative water content above which both
transpiration and photosynthesis are insensitive to water content
reductions. Root chilling failed to reduce relative water content below
this level in most populations studied. Low soil temperatures which
had no adverse effects on transpiration or photosynthesis were
found to significantly retard plant growth. The observed relative
water content reductions might limit growth despite their failure to
affect photosynthesis.
Evidence for natural selection for ability to maintain turgor upon root
chilling in high elevation populations was provided by an inverse
relationship between the magnitude of depression in relative water
content and native elevation. Thus, growth reduction at low soil
temperatures must result from impaired turgor, decreased root
growth and metabolism, or impaired cytokinin synthesis and
translocation rather than direct limitation of carbon assimilation.
http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.2307/1934185 …… diunduh 7/2/2012
EFFECT OF SOIL MANAGEMENT ON THEIR THERMAL
PROPERTIES. Dorota Dec1, José Dörner1 and Rainer Horn.
J. Soil Sc. Plant Nutr. 9 (1) 2009 (26-39)
In order to determine the effect of soil management on its thermal
properties, undisturbed soil samples were taken from two tillage
treatments (conventional and conservation treatment) at two depths
(0-30cm and 30-60cm) of a Stagnic Luvisol (silt loam) before and after
directly wheeling. The experimental field, located in Harste/Goettingen,
Germany, was cultivated with sugar beet (Beta vulgaris). To calculate
thermal properties of the soil, the volumetric water content (TDR
needles) and temperature (pT 100 thermistors) during the simulation of
the daily fluctuation of temperature were registered in laboratory and
then the thermal conductivity, volumetric heat capacity and heat
diffusivity were calculated following the damping depth method and the
statistical-physical model.
The results showed that different tillage systems as well as compaction
influenced soil thermal properties. Conservational tillage treatment with
more stable and better developed soil structure at a depth of 0-30cm
(which represents ploughing depth and decides differences between
soil management) presented higher water content as the main factor
deciding soil thermal properties.
Values of thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity under this
treatment were greater than under conventional. Thermal diffusivity,
however, was lower. From the latter we can conclude that under
conservation tillage treatment the soil can store more heat, but at the
same time and as a result of the lower thermal diffusivity, the
atmospheric variations do not affect the soil thermal regime strongly..
http://www.scielo.cl/pdf/rcsuelo/v9n1/art03.pdf …… diunduh 7/2/2012
Tyson, E. Ochsner, R. Horton., Tusheng Ren. 2001. A new perspective on soil
thermal properties. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 65: 1641-1647.
Hillel, D. 1998. Environmental Soil Physics. Academic Press, London, 771 P.
Soil temperature and, consequently their thermal properties
are one of the most important factors governing the
exchange of energy and mass between the soil and the
atmosphere (Tyson et al., 2001)..
The influence of temperature on soil is noticeable already at
the level of their formation, through their direct influence on
the weathering of bedrock to produce mineral particles.
The temperature influences biological processes, like the
uptake of water and nutrients by roots, germination, seedling
emergence and plant growth as well as influences
decomposition of organic matter by microbes rising with a
temperature increase (Hillel 1998).
…… diunduh 7/2/2012
Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 130 (2005) 237–253
Interacting effects of temperature, soil moisture and
plant biomass production on ecosystem respiration
in a northern temperate grassland
Lawrence B. Flanagan *, Bruce G. Johnson
Chamber measurements of total ecosystem respiration (TER) in a native
Canadian grassland ecosystem were made during two study years with
different precipitation. The growing season (April–September) precipitation
during 2001 was less than onehalf of the 30-year mean (1971–2000), while
2002 received almost double the normal growing season precipitation. As a
consequence soil moisture remained higher in 2002 than 2001 during most of
the growing season and peak aboveground biomass production (253.9 g m2)
in 2002 was 60% higher than in 2001. Maximum respiration rates were
approximately 9 mmol m2 s1 in 2002 while only approximately 5 mmol m2 s1
in 2001. Large diurnal variation in TER, which occurred
during times of peak biomass and adequate soil moisture, was primarily
controlled by changes in temperature. The temperature sensitivity coefficient
(Q10) for ecosystem respiration was on average 1.83 0.08, and it declined in
association with reductions in soil moisture. Approximately 94% of the
seasonal and interannual variation in R10 (standardized rate of respiration at
10 8C)
data was explained by the interaction of changes in soil moisture and
aboveground biomass, which suggested that plant aboveground biomass was
good proxy for accounting for variations in both autotrophic and heterotrophic
capacity for respiration. Soil moisture was the dominant environmental factor
that controlled seasonal and interannual variation in TER in
this grassland, when variation in temperature was held constant.We compared
respiration rates measured with chambers and that determined from nighttime
eddy covariance (EC) measurements. Respiration rates measured by both
techniques showed very similar seasonal patterns of variation in both years.
When TER was integrated over the entire growing season period, the
chamber method produced slightly higher values than the EC method by
approximately 4.5% and 13.6% during 2001 and 2002, respectively, much less
than the estimated uncertainty for both measurement techniques. The two
methods for calculating respiration had only minor effects on the seasonalintegrated estimates of net ecosystem CO2 exchange and ecosystem gross
photosynthesis..
http://research.eeescience.utoledo.edu/lees/papers_PDF/%5B33%5D.pdf ……
diunduh 7/2/2012
Seasonal variation in the temperature response of ecosystem
respiration rate during (a) 2001 and (b) 2002. Individual points
represent the mean of measurements made at six different
collars..
Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 130 (2005) 237–253
Interacting effects of temperature, soil moisture and
plant biomass production on ecosystem respiration
in a northern temperate grassland
Lawrence B. Flanagan *, Bruce G. Johnson
Diurnal variation in: (a) net ecosystem CO2 exchange
(NEE), (b) chamber measurements of ecosystem respiration rate,
and (c) soil temperature near the time of peak aboveground biomass
production in 2001 (June 7) and 2002 (July 11). NEE measurements
are the mean S.E. for a 14-day period centered on the day
chamber respiration measurements were made. Chamber respiration
rate values represent the mean (S.E.), n = 6..
Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 130 (2005) 237–253
Interacting effects of temperature, soil moisture and
plant biomass production on ecosystem respiration
in a northern temperate grassland
Lawrence B. Flanagan *, Bruce G. Johnson
The effect of changes in available soil moisture (Aw) on the
temperature sensitivity coefficient (Q10) of ecosystem
respiration.
The line represents a fitted regression for data from both
years combined (Q10 = 0.9021Aw + 1.3887, r2 = 0.439).
Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 130 (2005) 237–253
Interacting effects of temperature, soil moisture and
plant biomass production on ecosystem respiration
in a northern temperate grassland
Lawrence B. Flanagan *, Bruce G. Johnson
Effect of soil temperature on nitrate formation.
Adapted from Frederick, L. R. and F. E. Broadbent. 1966. Biological
interactions, p. 198–212. In M. H. McVicker et al. (ed.).
Agricultural anhydrous ammonia technology and use. ASA, Madison, WI..
http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/node/197/print …… diunduh 7/2/2012
Effects of environmental factors on N2O emission from and CH4
uptake by the typical grasslands in the Inner Mongolia
Yuesi Wang, Min Xue, Xunhua Zheng, Baoming Ji, Rui Du, Yanfen Wang.
Chemosphere. Volume 58, Issue 2, January 2005, Pages 205–215
Effects of soil temperature on N2O emissions, CH4 uptake fluxes in the
ungrazed, moderately grazed LC steppe and ungrazed SG steppe in the
growing and the non-growing seasons. (a,b) Effects of soil temperature on
N2O emission flux in the ungrazed and moderately grazed LC steppes, (c,d)
effects of soil temperature on CH4 uptake flux in the ungrazed and moderately
grazed LC steppes..
…… diunduh 7/2/2012
Effects of environmental factors on N2O emission from and CH4
uptake by the typical grasslands in the Inner Mongolia
Yuesi Wang, Min Xue, Xunhua Zheng, Baoming Ji, Rui Du, Yanfen Wang.
Chemosphere. Volume 58, Issue 2, January 2005, Pages 205–215
The fluxes of N2O emission from and CH4 uptake by the typical semi-arid
grasslands in the Inner Mongolia, China were measured in 1998–1999.
Three steppes, i.e. the ungrazed Leymus chinensis (LC), the moderately
grazed Leymus chinensis (LC) and the ungrazed Stipa grandis (SG), were
investigated, at a measurement frequency of once per week in the
growing seasons and once per month in the non-growing seasons of the
LC steppes. In addition, four diurnal-cycles of the growing seasons of the
LC steppes, each in an individual stage of grass growth, were measured.
The investigated steppes play a role of source for the atmospheric N2O
and sink for the atmospheric CH4, with a N2O emission flux of 0.06–0.21
kg N ha−1 yr−1 and a CH4 uptake flux of 1.8–2.3 kg C ha−1 yr−1. Soil
moisture primarily and positively regulates the spatial and seasonal
variability of N2O emission.
The usual difference in soil moisture among various semi-arid steppes
does not lead to significantly different CH4 uptake intensities. Soil
moisture, however, negatively regulates the seasonal variability in CH4
uptake. Soil temperature of the most top layer might be the primary
driving factor for CH4 uptake when soil moisture is relatively low.
The annual net emission of N2O and CH4 from the ungrazed LC steppe,
the moderately grazed LC steppe and the ungrazed SG steppe is at a CO2
equivalent rate of 7.7, 0.8 and −7.5 kg CO2-C ha−1 yr−1, respectively,
which is at an ignorable level. This implies that the role of the semi-arid
grasslands in the atmospheric greenhouse effect in terms of net emission
of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4 and N2O) may exclusively depend upon
the net exchange of net ecosystem CO2 exchange..
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653504003042 …… diunduh
7/2/2012
Biomass crops can be used for biological disinfestation and remediation of
soils and water.
California Agriculture 63(1):41-46. January-March 2009.
James J. Stapleton, and Gary S. Bañuelos .
Effects of soil temperature and time on relative concentration dynamics of three
volatile chemicals in soil during a laboratory study. The chemicals are
nonglucosinolate-derived decomposition products of cabbage plant residues, which
were incorporated in soil microcosms 3, 7 and 14 days prior to headspace sampling
and analysis by gas chromatography (adapted from Gamliel and Stapleton 1993)..
ucanr.org …… diunduh 7/2/2012
BIOMASS CROPS CAN BE USED FOR BIOLOGICAL
DISINFESTATION AND REMEDIATION OF SOILS AND WATER.
California Agriculture 63(1):41-46. January-March 2009.
James J. Stapleton, and Gary S. Bañuelos .
Many plants that are candidates for refining into biofuels also
possess qualities that make them potentially useful for
managing soilborne pests, reclaiming polluted soils,
supplementing animal feed and other purposes.
Phytoremediation with these plants may provide a practical
and economical method for managing the movement of trace
elements into water tables, surface- and tail-water runoff, and
drainage effluent.
Mustards (Brassicaceae) are of particular interest for
biodiesel, and grasses (Gramineae) for bioethanol production.
These plants, as well as others such as certain members of
the onion family (Alliaceae), also possess properties that
could make them effective natural biofumigants for soil.
Some of these crops have high allelopathic activity and must
be employed carefully in rotations to avoid damaging
subsequent crops..
…… diunduh 7/2/2012
Effect of soil temperature on emergence of corn and soybeans.
Emergence is slow at temperatures near 50 F (10 C). Emergence is rapid
near 90 F (32.2 C). Graphic assumes that soil moisture is near ideal for
plant establishment. Graphic from Elwynn Taylor
Elwynn Taylor is Iowa State University Extension Climatologist and can be
reached at setaylor@iastate.edu or by calling (515) 294-1923.
http://www.extension.iastate.edu/CropNews/2010/Issues/20100426.htm ……
diunduh 7/2/2012
D. Brian Fowler
Crop Development Centre
University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
Copyright © 2002. D.Brian Fowler
URL:http://www.usask.ca/agriculture/cropsci/winter_cereals/.
The effect of soil temperature on speed of germination and
emergence of Norstar winter wheat (from Lafond and Fowler,
1989)..
http://www.usask.ca/agriculture/plantsci/winter_cereals/Winter_wheat/CHAPT11/cvc
hpt11.php …… diunduh 7/2/2012
THE VETIVER GRASS SYSTEM: POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS FOR SOIL AND
WATER CONSERVATION
IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA. (Invited paper presented at the STIFF GRASS
TECHNOLOGY Seminar, sponsored by the Yolo County Flood Control & Water
Conservation District
and Family Water Alliance at Woodland on 9 May 2 000)
Dr Paul Truong
The effect of soil temperature on the root growth of
vetiver.
http://www.vetiver.com/USA_Yolo%20Agric.htm …… diunduh 7/2/2012
The Effect of Mulching and Row Covers on Vegetable Production
Toshio Hanada. Chugoku Agr. Exp. Stn. Ueno 200, Ayabe city,
Kyoto Pref. 623, Japan, 1991-08-01
Growth of Pak-Choi under Different Soil Temperatures
http://www.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110801145616&type_
id=4 …… diunduh 7/2/2012
Soil Temperatures at a Depth of 0 CM, 10 CM and 30 CM
under Various Mulching Materials during Summer in
Okinawa
http://www.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110801145616&type_
id=4 …… diunduh 7/2/2012
.
Fluctuations in Soil Temperature (5CM below Surface) in
Carrot Fields with and without Mulch.
http://www.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110801145616&type_id=4 ……
diunduh 7/2/2012
The Effect of Mulching and Row Covers on Vegetable Production Toshio
Hanada.
Chugoku Agr. Exp. Stn. Ueno 200, Ayabe city, Kyoto Pref. 623, Japan, 1991-08-01
Mulching with appropriate materials has a number of effects: it increases
the soil temperature, conserves soil moisture, texture and fertility; and
controls weeds, pests and diseases.
Various kinds of mulching material are available for vegetable production
in temperate regions, depending on their purpose. However, mulching
with plastic film caused an extreme increase in soil temperature during
summer in the subtropics. Organic matter such as fresh leaves, fresh
grass or straw are better mulching materials than plastic in a hot climate.
The effect of row covers, another way of stabilizing vegetable production,
was also investigated in the tropics and the subtropics. Covering crops
with plastic net or non-woven fabrics, especially when these were
supported by a framework, increased the yield of vegetables, especially of
leafy vegetables, in both subtropical and tropical areas.
These yield increases were found to be the combined results of shading,
suppression of increases in soil temperature, conservation of soil
moisture, and protection from wind and pests.
The use of plastic nets as row covers and mulching with freshly cut grass
seem to be highly promising techniques of vegetable production in the
tropics.
.
http://www.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110801145616&type_id=4 …… diunduh
7/2/2012
Bekal, S. and Becker, J.O. 2000. Population dynamics of the sting
nematode in California turf grass. Plant Disease 84:1081-1084.
Nematode population trend plotted along with soil
temperature..
http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/advanced/topics/EcologyAndEpidemiologyInR/DiseaseProgress/Pa
ges/StingNematode.aspx…… diunduh 7/2/2012
Interactive effects of soil temperature and moisture on Concord
grape root respiration
Xuming Huang, Alan N. Lakso and David M. Eissenstat. J. Exp. Bot.
(October 2005) 56 (420): 2651-2660.
Root respiration has important implications for understanding plant
growth as well as terrestrial carbon flux with a changing climate. Although
soil temperature and soil moisture often interact, rarely have these
interactions on root respiration been studied.
This report is on the individual and combined effects of soil moisture and
temperature on respiratory responses of single branch roots of 1-year-old
Concord grape (Vitis labruscana Bailey) vines grown in a greenhouse.
Under moist soil conditions, root respiration increased exponentially to
short-term (1 h) increases in temperature between 10 °C and 33 °C.
Negligible increases in root respiration occurred between 33 °C and 38
°C. By contrast to a slowly decreasing Q10 from short-term temperature
increases, when roots were exposed to constant temperatures for 3 d, the
respiratory Q10 between 10 °C and 30 °C diminished steeply with an
increase in temperature. Above 30 °C, respiration declined with an
increase in temperature. Membrane leakage was 89–98% higher and
nitrogen concentration was about 18% lower for roots exposed to 35 °C
for 3 d than for those exposed to 25 °C and 15 °C.
There was a strong interaction of respiration with a combination of
elevated temperature and soil drying. At low soil temperatures (10 °C),
respiration was little influenced by soil drying, while at moderate to high
temperatures (20 °C and 30 °C), respiration exhibited rapid declines with
decreases in soil moisture. Roots exposed to drying soil also exhibited
increased membrane leakage and reduced N.
These findings of acclimation of root respiration are important to
modelling respiration under different moisture and temperature regimes. .
http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/420/2651.full…… diunduh 7/2/2012
Bryla DR, Bouma TJ, Hartmond U, Eissenstat DM.2001. Influence of
temperature and soil drying on respiration of individual roots in citrus:
integrating greenhouse observations into a predictive model for the field.
Plant, Cell and Environment24,781–790..
Palta JA, Nobel PS.1989. Influence of water status, temperature and
root age on daily patterns of root respiration for two cactus species.
Annals of Botany63,651–662.
Huang B, Fu J.2000. Photosynthesis, respiration and carbon allocation of
two cool-season perennial grasses in response to surface soil drying. Plant
and Soil227,17–26.
RESPIRASI AKAR
Fluctuations in soil temperature and soil moisture are closely
linked, but rarely studied together (but see Bryla et al., 2001).
Soil moisture not only directly affects root physiology, but also
indirectly by affecting soil thermal properties. Thus, dry soils
typically fluctuate much more widely in daily temperature than
wet soils.
At moderate temperatures, soil moisture exerts a substantial
influence on root respiration. Root respiration decreases as soil
moisture is depleted
(Palta and Nobel, 1989; Huang and Fu, 2000; Bryla et al., 2001).
…… diunduh 7/2/2012
Eissenstat DM, Whaley E, Volder A, Wells C.1999. Recovery of citrus
roots following prolonged exposure to dry soil. Journal of Experimental
Botany50,1845–1854.
Eissenstat DM, Wells CE, Yanai RD, Whitbeck JL.2000. Building
roots in a changing environment: implications for root longevity. New
Phytologist147,33–42..
Bouma TJ, Yanai RD, Elkin AD, Hartmond U, Flores-Alva DE,
Eissenstat DM.2001. Estimating age-dependent costs and benefits of
roots with contrasting life span: comparing apples and oranges. New
Phytologist150,685–695.
Comas LH, Eissenstat DM, Lakso AN.2000. Assessing root death and
root system dynamics in a study of grape canopy pruning. New
Phytologist147,171–178.
SUHU TANAH – LENGAS – RESPIRASI AKAR
In previous work on citrus (Bryla et al., 2001), strong interactions
of soil moisture with temperature on root respiration were found
that have important implications on how respiration should be
modelled under different climate-change scenarios, where both
elevated temperatures and increasing drought occur.
Citrus may be unique in its temperature and moisture responses,
not only because it is a subtropical evergreen, but also because
of its tough, coarse roots with relatively slow respiration rates and
long lifespan, even in very dry soils (Bryla et al., 1997; Eissenstat
et al., 1999; Bouma et al., 2001).
Concord grape is more typical of temperate fruit crops in that its
finest lateral roots tend to be thin and succulent with high uptake
capacity and metabolism in young roots and a fairly short lifespan
(grape: Comas et al., 2000; apple: Eissenstat et al., 2000).
…… diunduh 7/2/2012
Interactive effects of soil temperature and moisture on Concord
grape root respiration.
Xuming Huang, Alan N. Lakso and David M. Eissenstat. J. Exp. Bot.
(October 2005) 56 (420): 2651-2660.
Effects of soil temperature and moisture on nitrogen concentration in Concord
grape roots. Dashed line and open circles, roots experienced soil drying under
different temperatures. Samples were analysed when the soil moisture was
reduced to around 5%. Continuous line and closed circles, roots exposed to
different temperatures in well-watered soil for 3 d. Different letters above
each point indicate significant difference at P=0.05 based on LSD test, oneway ANOVA. .
http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/420/2651/F9.expansion.html…… diunduh 7/2/2012
Interactive effects of soil temperature and moisture on Concord
grape root respiration
Xuming Huang, Alan N. Lakso and David M. Eissenstat. J. Exp. Bot.
(October 2005) 56 (420): 2651-2660.
Respiratory responses of roots in moist soil to changes in temperature. (A)
Respiration of roots exposed to each temperature for 1 h (n=6; filled circles
and continuous line between 10 °C and 32 °C; y=6.04e0.0599x, R2=0.988) and
for 3 d (n=5; open circles and dashed line between 10 °C and 28 °C;
y=18.3ln(x)−32.3, R2=0.987). (B) Respiratory Q10 of roots exposed to each
temperature for 1 h (continuous line; y=−0.039x+2.63, R2=0.809) and 3 d
(dashed line; y=−0.106x+3.98, R2=0.899). The temperature shown on the xaxes represents the middle value between each temperature increase. .
…… diunduh 7/2/2012
Interactive effects of soil temperature and moisture on Concord grape
root respiration
Xuming Huang, Alan N. Lakso and David M. Eissenstat. J. Exp. Bot. (October 2005)
56 (420): 2651-2660.
Relationships Between Soil Temperature and Plant Growth.
http://soilslab.cfr.washington.edu/esrm210/11_07_08.html…… diunduh 7/2/2012
Interactive effects of soil temperature and moisture on Concord grape
root respiration
Xuming Huang, Alan N. Lakso and David M. Eissenstat. J. Exp. Bot. (October 2005)
56 (420): 2651-2660.
Effects of Mulch on Soil Temperature in Relationship to Time
http://soilslab.cfr.washington.edu/esrm210/11_07_08.html…… diunduh 7/2/2012
PROFIL SUHU TANAH
The interplay among these varying properties combines to affect the rate of heating,
total heat exchanged, and temperature profile (gradient = dT/dz, where z is
thickness or depth) within the layers in the top 30 cm (1.2 ft) or so, beneath the
Earth's surface.
This profile can change considerably during the diurnal cycle. Different temperature
vs depth profiles characterize different times of the day and night, as summarized in
this diagram (for a low density soil with very low thermal inertia).
http://www.fas.org/irp/imint/docs/rst/Sect9/Sect9_4.html…… diunduh 7/2/2012
Variasi suhu tanah dengan kedalman lapisan tanah
http://www.000webhost.com/admin-review…… diunduh 7/2/2012
Influence of different colour plastic mulches used for sol
solarization on the effectiveness of soil heating
A.W. Alkayssi and A.A. Alkaraghouli. Solar Energy Research Center,
Baghdad, Iraq.
Maximum (A) and minimum (B) soil temperature variations for
different soil depths..
http://www.fao.org/docrep/T0455E/T0455E0o.htm…… diunduh 7/2/2012
FAO PLANT PRODUCTION AND PROTECTION PAPER 109
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS.
Rome, 1991
Proceedings of the First International Conference on Soil Solarization. Amman,
Jordan, 19-25 February 1990.
Day time soil temperature variation at different soil depths (Cavazza,
1981).
…… diunduh 7/2/2012
Soil Thermal Conductivity: Effects of Density, Moisture, Salt
Concentration, and Organic Matter
Nidal H Abu-Hamdeh, Randall C Reeder
Soil Science Society of America Journal (2000)
Vol. 64, Issue: 4, Soil Science Society of America, 677 South Segoe Road,
Madison, WI, 53711, USA. p. 1285-1290.
The thermal conductivity of soil under a given set of conditions is most
important as it relates to a soils microclimate. The early growth and
development of a crop may be determined to a large extent by
microclimate.
The effect of bulk density, moisture content, salt concentration, and organic
matter on the thermal conductivity of some sieved and repacked Jordanian
soils was investigated through laboratory studies. These laboratory
experiments used the single probe method to determine thermal
conductivity.
The soils used were classified as sand, sandy loam, loam, and clay loam.
The two salts used were NaCl and CaCl2 , while addition of peat moss was
used to increase the organic matter content. For the soils studied, thermal
conductivity increased with increasing soil density and moisture con- tent.
Thermal conductivity ranged from 0.58 to 1.94 for sand, from 0.19 to 1.12
for sandy loam, from 0.29 to 0.76 for loam, and from 0.36 to 0.69 W/m K
for clay loam at densities from 1.23 to 1.59 g cm3 and water contents from
1.4 to 21.2%.
The results also show that an increase in the amount of added salts at
given moisture content (volumetric solution contents ranged from 0.030.12
m3 m3 sand and from 0.090.30 m3 m3 for the for the clay loam) decreased
thermal conductivity. Increasing the percentage of soil organic matter decreased thermal conductivity.
Finally, it was found that the sand had higher values of thermal conductivity
than the clay loam for the same salt type and concentrations.
http://www.mendeley.com/research/soil-thermal-conductivity-effects-of-densitymoisture-salt-concentration-and-organic-matter/…… diunduh 7/2/2012
Thermal stability and composition of mineral-bound organic
matter in density fractions of soil
by H R Schulten, P Leinweber
European Journal of Soil Science (1999)
Volume: 50, Issue: 2, Pages: 237-248.
Heavy density fractions of soil contain organic matter tightly bound to the
surface of soil minerals. The chemical composition and ecological meaning of
non-metabolic decomposition products and microbial metabolites in organicmineral bonds is poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the heavy
fraction (density >2 g cm(-3)) from the topsoil of a Gleysol (Bainsville,
Ottawa, Canada). It accounted for 952 g kg(-1) of soil and contained 19 g
kg(-1) of organic C. Pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectra showed intensive
signals of carbohydrates, and phenols and lignin monomers, alkylaromatics
(mostly aromatic) N-containing compounds, and peptides. These classes of
compound have been proposed as structural building blocks of soil organic
matter.
In comparison, the light fraction (density > 2 g cm(-3)) was richer in lignin
dimers, lipids, sterols, suberin and fatty acids which clearly indicate residues
of plants and biota. To confirm the composition and stability of mineral-bound
organic matter, we also investigated the heavy fraction (density > 2.2 g cm(3)) from clay-, silt- and sand-sized separates of the topsoil of a Chernozern
(Bad Lauchstadt, Germany).
These heavy size separates differed in their mass spectra but were generally
characterized by volatilization maxima of alkylaromatics, lipids and sterols at
about 500 degrees C. We think that the observed high-temperature
volatilization of these structural building blocks of soil organic matter is
indicative of the organic-mineral bonds.
Some unexpected low temperature volatilization of carbohydrates, Ncontaining compounds, peptides, and phenols and lignin monomers was
assigned to hot-water-extractable organic matter which accounted for 7-27%
of the carbon and nitrogen in the heavy fractions. As this material is known to
be mineralizable, our study indicates that these constituents of the heavy
density fractions are degradable by micro-organisms and involved in the
turnover of soil organic matter.
http://www.mendeley.com/research/thermal-stability-composition-mineralbound-organic-matterdensity-fractions-soil/…… diunduh 7/2/2012
FLUKTUASI SUHU TANAH
At Narabri, a mulch consisting of straw was applied to the soil
surface and the effects were monitored. Figure below shows that
the temperature at 1 cm depth was decreased due the mulch
absorbing the heat and not conducting it through the profile.
The effects of the mulch include:
Initially the mulch had an instaneous affect on the 1cm level of soil,
the mulch had an instantaneous cooling effect.
The mulch acts to remove reduce the amplitude (i.e. knocks out
peaks and trouphs)
The low thermal conductivity of the mulch reduces heat transferr
over the surface of the soil, giving a damping effect.
By the second day after the addittion of the mulch, the mulch
reduced the amplitude of the 1cm by 17C and 10 cm by 7C.
http://www.usyd.edu.au/agric/ACSS/sphysic/temperature.html…… diunduh
7/2/2012
FLUKTUASI SUHU TANAH
The simplest mathematical representation of the fluctuating thermal
regime in a soil profile, is to assume that at all depths in the soil the
temperature oscillates as a pure harmonic (sinusoidal) function of time
around an average value (Hillel, 1980).
At each succeeding depth, the peak temperature is dampened and shifted
progressively in time.
The degree of damping increases with depth and is related to the thermal
properties of the soil and the frequency of the temperature fluctuation.
Plots of temperature verses time were fitted with a sinusoidal function for
depths of 1cm, 10cm and 25cm.
http://www.usyd.edu.au/agric/ACSS/sphysic/temperature.html…… diunduh
7/2/2012
The effect of soil water content, soil temperature, soil pH-value and the
root mass on soil CO2 efflux – A modified model
Sascha Reth, Markus Reichstein and Eva Falge. Plant and Soil . Volume 268,
Number 1, 21-33.
To quantify the effects of soil temperature (Tsoil), and relative soil water
content (RSWC) on soil respiration we measured CO2 soil efflux with a
closed dynamic chamber in situ in the field and from soil cores in a
controlled climate chamber experiment. Additionally we analysed the effect
of soil acidity and fine root mass in the field. The analysis was performed
on three meadow, two bare fallow and one forest sites.
The influence of soil temperature on CO2 emissions was highly significant
with all land-use types, except for one field campaign with continuous rain.
Where soil temperature had a significant influence, the percentage of
variance explained by soil temperature varied from site to site from 13–46%
in the field and 35–66% in the climate chamber.
Changes of soil moisture influenced only the CO2 efflux on meadow soils in
field and climate chamber (14–34% explained variance), whereas on the
bare soil and the forest soil there was no visible effect. The spatial variation
of soil CO2 emission in the field correlated significantly with the soil pH and
fine root mass, explaining up to 24% and 31% of the variability.
A non-linear regression model was developed to describe soil CO2 efflux as
a function of soil temperature, soil moisture, pH-value and root mass. With
the model we could explain 60% of the variability in soil CO2 emission of all
individual field chamber measurements. Through the model analysis we
highlight the temporal influence of rain events.
The model overestimated the observed fluxes during and within four hours
of the last rain event. Conversely, after more than 72h without rain the
model underestimated the fluxes. Between four and 72 h after rainfall, the
regression model of soil CO2 emission explained up to 91% of the variance..
http://www.springerlink.com/content/0032-079x/ …… diunduh 7/2/2012
Soil moisture effect on the temperature dependence of
ecosystem respiration in a subtropical Pinus plantation of
southeastern China
Xue-Fa Wen a, Gui-Rui Yu, Xiao-Min Sun, Qing-Kang Li,
Yun-Fen Liu, Lei-Ming Zhang, Chuan-You Ren,
Yu-Ling Fu, Zheng-Quan Li.
Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 137 (2006) 166–175
Variation in temperature accounts for most of the seasonal fluctuation
of terrestrial ecosystem respiration. However, other factors, such as
soil moisture, also influence ecosystem respiration. In this study,
continuous measurement of carbon dioxide exchange was made over
a subtropical Pinus plantation of southeastern China using the eddy
covariance (EC) technique.
The effect of soil water content on ecosystem respiration and its
sensitivity to temperature (Q10) were examined during the unusual
dry summer of 2003.
The results indicate that soil water content significantly affected the
dynamics of respiration rate and its relationship with temperature in
the drought-stressed ecosystem.
The effect of soil water content on the Q10 value of ecosystem
respiration is described best by a quadratic function, instead of the
commonly used multiplicative model. The regression model analysis
revealed that ecosystem respiration was more sensitive to soil water
content than is estimated by the multiplicative model.
The multiplicative model led to an overestimation of response of the
respiration to warming under the dry soil condition. Sensitivity of the
ecosystem respiration to temperature was found to vary with air
temperature and soil water content. This, to a considerable extent,
precludes accurate estimates of the seasonal dynamics of ecosystem
respiration.
http://www.chinaflux.org/manage/eWebEditor/uploadfile/2006828131610585.pdf
…… diunduh 7/2/2012
EFFECTS OF SOIL TEMPERATURE ON PHOSPHORUS
EXTRACTABILITY. I. EXTRACTIONS AND PLANT UPTAKE OF SOIL
AND FERTILIZER PHOSPHORUS
S. C. SHEPPARD, G. J. RACZ
Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 1984, 64:(2) 241-254.
The effect of 10, 15, 20 and 25 °C soil temperatures on the extractability of
soil and fertilizer phosphorus (P) was examined in two soils, one containing
free carbonate (pH 7.8) and the other non-carbonated (pH 6.9). The time
course of fixation and desorption reactions were monitored. The extractability
of P was also assessed using sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) extractions,
desorption curves, and short-term uptake by wheat seedlings. Phosphorus-32
was used throughout.
Opposing effects of temperature were found. An increase in incubation
temperature from 10 to 25 °C decreased the amount of applied P extracted
probably due to accelerated fixation reactions. This effect was established 1
day after the P was applied and persisted for 57 days. An increase in
extraction temperature over the corresponding incubation temperature
increased the extractability of P, indicating endothermic desorption reactions.
This effect was established 1 h after the extraction began and persisted for
48 h. Hence, the net effect of temperature on the extractability of P will
depend upon the balance of these opposing processes. The time course of
these processes had two phases. The effects of temperature were established
during the initial phase (< 1 day) of each process.
The reactions continued more slowly after the initial phase but the later
phases were not significantly affected by temperature. The P-desorption
buffer capacity increased as temperature increased in the fertilized,
carbonated soil.
Isotopic exchange of applied 32P with native soil 31P increased as temperature
increased. Isotopic exchange appeared to be more extensive when measured
by plant uptake as opposed to NaHCO3 extraction, suggesting that the plants
had access to a larger pool of soil 31P..
http://pubs.aic.ca/doi/abs/10.4141/cjss84-025 …… diunduh 7/2/2012
The interdependent effects of soil temperature and water
content on soil respiration rate and plant root decomposition in
arid grassland soils
R.E. Wildung, T.R. Garland, R.L. Buschbom. Soil Biology and
Biochemistry. Volume 7, Issue 6, November 1975, Pages 373–378.
Soil respiration (CO2 evolution), soil temperature (1 dm) and water
content (0–1dm) were determined over a 2 yr period in a grassland
soil of the arid shrub-steppe. Respiration was due primarily to
decomposition of plant roots by soil organisms. Although respiration
rate was generally limited by soil temperature in the fall, winter and
early spring and by soil water content in the late spring and
summer, temperature and water content were interdependent in
their effects on soil respiration rate.
Soil organisms responded to changes in soil temperatures at water
contents as low as 1–2 per cent (106-88 bar suction). Above
approximately 6° C, increased soil water content resulted in
increased soil respiration rate. but the extent of the increase was
non-linear and dependent upon soil temperature.
Respiration rate approached a maximum at soil water contents of
6–10 per cent (35-13 bar suction) depending upon soil temperature
and was generally optimum at temperatures above 15° C. The
mutual regulation of soil respiration rate by temperature and
moisture during this study was best described by a soil
temperature-water interaction or multiplicative term, and regression
equations which included this term served to accurately predict
seasonal changes in soil respiration rate.
Using a simple regression equation which included only the
interaction term, it was possible to account for 70 per cent of the
total variation in soil respiration rate during the monitoring period..
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0038071775900528 ……
diunduh 7/2/2012
Soil & Tillage Research, 8 (1986) 101-111
Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam -Printed in The
Netherlands
CROP RESIDUE EFFECTS ON SOIL ENVIRONMENT AND DRYLAND
MAIZE AND SOYA BEAN PRODUCTION*
J.F. POWER , W.W. WILHELM and J.W. DORAN.
The research reported here provides data on the effects of crop
residues on the surface of no-till soil upon the soil environment and
resulting biological activity, including crop growth. For maize (Zea
mays L.) and soya bean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production in eastern
Nebraska, U.S.A. (4 years of data), increasing crop residue rate
decreased maximum soil temperatures at the soil surface by at least
5"C, and generally increased soil water storage by at least 50
mm.
Availability and uptake of nitrogen from the soil organic matter and
applied fertilizers (and for soya bean from decomposition of crop
residues) were increased by increasing the crop residue rate from 0
to 150% of the quantity left after grain harvest of the previous crop.
Hardly any of the nitrogen in maize residues was used by the next
crop. These changes in the soil environment resulted in less stress on
crops produced on residuecovered soil than for those on bare soil.
Consequently, each Mg ha-' of crop residues on the soil surface
increased grain and stover production by approximately 120 and 270
kg ha-' for maize, and 90 and 300 kg ha-' for soya bean, respectively.
Results show that there are major direct crop growth benefits from
leaving crop residues on the soil surface, in addition to cumulative
benefits that may result from reduced erosion losses and enhanced
soil organic-matter contents..
http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1124&context=usdaarsfacpub&seiredir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.id%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Def
fects%2Bof%2Bsoil%2Btemperature%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D38%26ved%3D0CGcQFjAHOB
4%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%252Fcgi%252Fviewcontent.cgi%2
53Farticle%253D1124%2526context%253Dusdaarsfacpub%26ei%3DSUyT5e2F6nNmQXc8NC5BQ%26usg%3DAFQjCNGSzhDFE_25dyX_yhQGEetmQ5y5xA#search=%22
effects%20soil%20temperature%22 …… diunduh 7/2/2012
Effects of environmental factors on N2O emission from and CH4
uptake by the typical grasslands in the Inner Mongolia
Yuesi Wang, Min Xue, Xunhua Zheng, Baoming Ji, Rui Du, Yanfen Wang
Chemosphere, Volume 58, Issue 2, January 2005, Pages 205–215.
Effects of soil temperature on N2O emissions, CH4 uptake fluxes in the
ungrazed, moderately grazed LC steppe and ungrazed SG steppe in the growing
and the non-growing seasons.
(a,b) Effects of soil temperature on N2O emission flux in the ungrazed and
moderately grazed LC steppes,
(c,d) effects of soil temperature on CH4 uptake flux in the ungrazed and
moderately grazed LC steppes..
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653504003042 …… diunduh 7/2/2012