Microbiology Part 1 -- Microbiology & Immunology • Pare 2 -- Pharmaceutical Microbiology • Text Book Pharmaceutical Microbiology • By • Hugo W.B.& Russell A.D. • 6th edition (1998) • Blackwell Science • Part 2 pharmaceutical Microbiology ## introduction to pharmaceutical Microbiology • ## biology of microbes (bacteria, viruses, fungi, • parasites), with their Pathogenicity ## recombinant DNA technology • • ## antibiotics & synthetic antimicrobial agents with the mechanism of their action & the clinical uses of antimicrobial agents. ## dynamics of disinfection, antiseptics, & • evaluation of preservatives ## microbial spoilage • ## preservation of pharmaceutical products • ## sterility control of pharmaceutical products • First exam. = 20 marks • Second exam. = 20 marks • Quiz & reports = 20 marks • Final exam. = 40 marks • Total = 100 marks • Introduction Pharmaceutical Microbiology • ## is one of the many facts of applied • Microbiology === aspects of Microbiology in Pharmacy industry Pharmaceutical Microbiology Is a part of Microbiology which has a special • bearing on Pharmacy in all its aspects. It ranges from the manufacture & quality • control of Pharmaceutical products in general to an understanding of the mode of action of antibiotics Drug safety • Modern Pharmaceutical Microbiology • developed after World War II , with the introduction of the production of antibiotics All antibiotics were originally the products of • microbial metabolism &/or microbial fermentation Streptomyces hygroscopius • ** has different strains that make 200 • different antibiotics Antibiotics are made industrially by inoculating a • solution of growth medium with bacteria or mold----after the antibiotic reaches a satisfactory concentration –it is extracted & precipitated with standard industrial procedures Vaccines are a products of industrial • Microbiology Steroids are a very important chemicals that • include cortisone = which used as an antiinflammatory drug Estrogens & progesterone = used in oral • contraceptives Microorganisms can synthesize steroids from sterols • or from related compounds Most of amino acids used in medicine & foods • are produced by bacteria = lysine Corynebacterium glutamicum produce == • Lysine & glutamic acid Aspergillus niger === citric acid • Enzymes & Vitamins used in medicines & food • are produced by bacteria Scope of Microbiology The role of Microorganisms in the production of antibiotics & other pharmaceutical products Antibiotics = are substances produced by • microorganisms (bacteria & fungi) and are capable of inhibiting the growth of other microorganisms Bacteriostatics = inhibit the growth of bacteria • Bactericidal = kill the bacteria • Scope of Microbiology Alexander Flaming (1928) Penicillin ===== Penicillium notatum List of some bacteria which produce antibiotics Name of bacteria Streptomyces aureofaciens Streptomyces venezuelae Streptomyces rimosus Streptomyces erythraeus Streptomyces fradiae Streptomyces kanamyceteus Streptomyces griseus Bacillus subtillis Name of antibiotic Tetracycline Chloramphenicol Oxytetracycline Erythromycin Neomycin kanamycin Streptomycin bacitracin List of some fungi which produce antibiotics Name of fungi Name of antibiotic Penicillium notatum Penicillin Penicillium chrysogenum Penicillin Claviceps purpurea Ergot Penicillium griseofulvum Griseofulvin Scope of Microbiology In alcohol industry = yeast is used in the • fermentation of carbohydrate to produce alcohol C6H12O6 glucose yeast 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + energy • ethyl alcohol • Clostridium acetobutylicum== manufacture of • butyl alcohol • Scope of Microbiology In vinegar industry= the production of vinegar • (acetic acid) takes place with the help of bacterial actions in two steps First step • C6H12O6 glucose yeast 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + energy • ethyl alcohol • Second step – aerobic bacteria oxidize the • alcohol into acetic acid Acetobactor aceti & Mycoderm aceti • C2H5OH + O2 Ethyl alcohol Acetobacter CH3COOH + H2O • acetic acid • Scope of Microbiology Vitamin production • Vitamins obtained from bacteria: • Riboflavins - B2 = Clostridium butylicum • Cobalamins - B12= Pseudomonas denitrificans • Vitamins A,C,D,& E are mostly found in algae • Fungi (yeast) have high content of • vit.B1,B12,& C Scope of Microbiology Production of Acids & Enzymes Name of acid or enzyme Name of microorganism Citric acid Mucor Amylase Aspergillus oryzae Protease Bacillus subtilis Invertase Saccharomyces cerevisiae Streptokinase Streptococcus pyrogens Scope of Microbiology Used in cosmetics & perfumes • Some species of lichens (= combination of • green algae & fungus – rocks & trees) are used to make perfumery goods & soaps Carrageenin is extracted from sea weeds and • used in the manufacture of ice cream, paints, & shampoo Scope of Microbiology Used in Baking industry • Yeast is used in the manufacture of bread • Starch yeast sugars zymase alcohol + CO2 • • bread becomes spongy • & light weight • Scope of Microbiology Used in the production of dairy products • All milk products are manufactured from • bacterial activity Name of product Name of bacteria Cheese Lactobacillus lactis Yoghurt Lactobacillus vulgaricus Curd Streptococcus lactis Butter Streptococcus lactis Butter milk Streptococcus lactis & streptococcus cremoris Scope of Microbiology Used in agriculture or soil fertility • Nitrogen is an essential for the synthesis of • protein, nucleic acids & other nitrogen containing compounds Plants take nitrogen in the form of nitrates • Nitrogen fixation is done by many organisms • Scope of Microbiology Used as food • Many algae produce agar-agar (=a jelly-like • substance) used in the manufacture of ice cream Some seaweeds contains a lot of iodine which is • an important mineral in the thyroid gland Food for cattle & domestic animals •