管
理
學
(MANAGEMENT)
交通大學 管理學院
運輸科技與管理學系
任維廉 William
Feb. 2013
管 理 學
第一章 管理與組織之基礎簡介
First, make yourself a reputation for being a
creative genius.
Second, surround yourself with partners who
are better than you.
Third, leave them to get on with it.
—David Ogilvy
What is manager, management, organization?
定義最難！
完整版好？精簡版好？
MBA? EMBA?
Master of Business Administration
英文版 textbook？
3
綱 要
1.1 Why are Managers Important?
1.2 Who are Managers? Where do they Work?
1.3 What Do Managers Do?
1.4 How is the Manager’s Job Changing?
1.5 Why Study Management?
 (1.6 How Study Management? )
4
1.1 WHY ARE MANAGERS IMPORTANT?
1. Organizations need their managerial skills
and abilities more than ever in these
uncertain, complex, and chaotic times.
2. Managerial skills and abilities are critical in
getting things done.
3. The quality of the employee/supervisor
relationship is the most important variable in
productivity and loyalty.
5
1.2 WHO ARE MANAGERS?
Top
1. 定義 (definition)
2. 層級 (pyramid level)
Middle
Firstline
Non-managerial
討論: 1. 分科：產銷人發財（企業功能）
2. CEO (Chief Executive Officer)
3. The Peter Principle
6
升遷哲學（一）
by 好友 廣平兄
基層爬升靠努力，
中階突圍憑關係，
高來高去是政治，
下台背影須美麗。
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The Peter Principle:
Why things always go wrong?
In a hierarchy, every employee tends
to rise to his level of incompetence.
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Peter’s Corollary
In time, every post tends to be occupied
by an employee who is incompetent
to carry out its duties.
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1. 原因：...... always reward good work with
promotion to a more senior job, and
rarely punish bad work with demotion.
2. 有何負面影響？對員工個人，對組織。
3. 解決之道？員工個人，組織。
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升遷哲學（二）
參考柳傳志的說法
基層爬升：責任感，
中階突圍：上進心，
層峰考量：企圖心，
下台背影仍須美麗。
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WHO ARE MANAGERS?

類比：
 明星 or 導演? 千里馬 or 伯樂?
 專精一技之長 or 整合者(通才)?
 將帥無能，累死三軍?

定義：
1. 針對顧客需要，整合公司資源及人才，（提出新
方向）創造價值的人。
2. Someone who coordinates and oversees the work of
other people so that organizational goals can be
accomplished.
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CLASSIFYING MANAGERS

First-line Managers


Middle Managers


Individuals who manage the work of non-managerial
employees.
Individuals who manage the work of first-line
managers.
Top Managers

Individuals who are responsible for making
organization-wide decisions and establishing plans and
goals that affect the entire organization.
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Women in Managerial Positions Around the World
Australia
Canada
Germany
Japan
Philippines
United States
Women in
Management
Women in Top
Manager’s Job
41.9 percent
36.3 percent
35.6 percent
10.1 percent
57.8 percent
50.6 percent
3.0 percent
4.2 percent
N/A
N/A
N/A
2.6 percent
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WHERE DO MANAGERS WORK?
ORGANIZATION!
 An

Organization Defined
A deliberate arrangement of people to accomplish
some specific purpose (that individuals independently
could not accomplish alone).
 Common



Characteristics of Organizations
Have a distinct purpose (goal), 獨特目的
Composed of people, 由人組成
Have a deliberate structure, 精巧結構
比較：firm, industry, business
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THE CHANGING ORGANIZATION

Traditional organization:
*stable, inflexible,
*work is defined by job positions, permanent jobs,
*individual-oriented, command-oriented, rule- oriented……

Contemporary organization:
*dynamic, flexible,
*work is defined in terms of tasks to be done, temporary jobs,
*team-oriented, involvement-oriented, customer-oriented……
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1.3 WHAT DO MANAGERS DO?
What is Management? 定義最難！

溝通協調：整合團隊，連結資源

做人做事，分工合作

群策群力，以竟事功

更精簡的？
由人視事
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WHAT IS MANAGEMENT?
Definition:
1.
Getting things done through and with people.
2.
coordinating and overseeing the work activities of
others so that their activities are completed efficiently
and effectively.
* I’m the best! Vs. We are the best!
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MANAGERIAL CONCERNS
 Efficiency

效率
“Doing things right”

Getting the most output for the least inputs
 Effectiveness

效能
“Doing the right things”

Attaining organizational goals
討論：doing the right things right.
－doing a few right things right－
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19
 Approaches:
1. 功能 (function),
程序 (process)
2. 角色 (role)
3. 技巧 (skill)
4. Others
Content (POLC)
Management
Skill
Attitude
– Political skills
– Negotiating
– Listening
–Believes
–Action
–Guts
–Ethics 20
FUNCTIONAL APPROACH
Henri Fayol, Harold Koontz

Planning
 Defining goals, establishing strategies to achieve goals,
developing plans to integrate and coordinate activities.

Organizing
 Arranging and structuring work to accomplish
organizational goals.

Leading
 Working with and through people to accomplish goals.

Controlling
 Monitoring, comparing, and correcting work.
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MANAGEMENT ROLES APPROACH
Henry Mintzberg

Interpersonal roles
 Figurehead, leader, liaison

Informational roles
 Monitor, disseminator, spokesperson

Decisional roles
 Entrepreneur, Disturbance handler, resource allocator,
negotiator
Q. Are you a thinker or doer?
 A. Both. 1. reflection (thinking), 2. action (doing).
* 演什麼像什麼。

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SKILLS APPROACH
Robert Katz

Technical skills
 Knowledge and proficiency in a specific field

Human skills
 The ability to work well with other people

Conceptual skills
 The ability to think and conceptualize about abstract
and complex situations concerning the organization
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EXHIBIT 1-7: IMPORTANT MANAGERIAL SKILLS
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SKILLS NEEDED AT DIFFERENT
MANAGEMENT LEVELS: 由技入道
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1.4 HOW IS THE MANAGER’S JOB
CHANGING?
Changing Technology (Digitization)
 Increased Emphasis on Organizational and Managerial
Ethics
 Increased Competitiveness
 Increased Security Threats

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THE INCREASING IMPORTANCE OF CIS

Customers: the reason that organizations exist
Delivering consistent high quality customer service
is essential for survival.
Innovation: Doing things differently, exploring new
territory, and taking risks
Managers should encourage employees to be aware
of and act on opportunities for innovation.
 Sustainability
a company’s ability to achieve its business goals and
increase long-term shareholder value by integrating
economic, environmental, and social opportunities
into its business strategies.

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1.5 WHY STUDY MANAGEMENT?
1. Universality of Management: The reality that
management is needed.
2. The reality of work: Employees either manage or are
managed.
3. Rewards and challenges of being a manager.
討論：
1. 為何這麼多人申請 Harvard MBA? EDP?
2. 「非線性」的人生
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「非線性」的人生
1. 直線型人生旅程：
求學，工作，結婚，生子，養育，退休。
2.「非線性」的人生階段：
出現反反覆覆的循環。
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UNIVERSAL NEED for MANAGEMENT
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REWARDS AND CHALLENGES OF
BEING A MANAGER
Rewards:
*create a work environment in which organizational members
can work to the best of their ability,
*receive recognition and status in organization and community,
*receive appropriate compensation in form of salaries, bonuses,
and stock options……
 Challenges:
*do hard work,
*often have to make do with limited resources,
* how to deal with a variety of personalities, success depend on
others’ work performance……

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(1.6 How Study Management? )
1. Come to class, 2.Read the book, 3. Do your assignment:10組
1. Case study: a manager’s dilemma (p.32)
2. Thinking critically about ethics dilemma (p.49)
3. Skills exercise: Political skill (p.50)
4. Team exercise: characteristics of good managers (p.50)
5. To be a manager (p.50)
5 Master Managers, Internet-based exercise:
Bill Gates, Warren Buffett, 李嘉誠，蔡鴻圖，郭台銘，張
忠謀，施振榮， David Ogilvy (奧美廣告) , Charles Schwab
(嘉信理財), Richard Branson (維京航空), Louis Gerstner
(IBM), Jack Welch (GE), 松下幸之助，王雪紅
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討論：學習管理有捷徑？
1. Peters, T. J. & Waterman, R.H., In search of excellence,
八個共同特徵
2. Pascale, R.T. & Athos, A.G., The art of Japanese
management, 七S架構
3. Grove, A. S., High output management, 生產，槓桿，
組織，激勵
4. 其他：中譯本，華人企業管理，computer game, role
play……
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八個共同特徵
1. 傾向行動
2. 接近顧客
3. 給員工自主
4. 透過人員參與提高生產力
5. 公司正派，管理者主動投入問題
6. 做內行事
7. 組織結構單純，幕僚少
8. 嚴守核心價值，其餘則放手鼓勵創新
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七S架構
1. Strategy
2. Structure
3. System
4. Skill
5. Style
6. Staff
7. Shared Value
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回
顧
1. 定義：organization, management
2. 區分：first-line, middle, top manager
3. Management VS. Business functions
4. Interpersonal, Informational, Decisional roles
5. Technical, Human, Conceptual skills
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TERMS TO KNOW

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
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manager
first-line managers
middle managers
top managers
management
efficiency
effectiveness
planning
organizing
leading
controlling








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management roles
interpersonal roles
informational roles
decisional roles
technical skills
human skills
conceptual skills
organization
universality of management
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