Classification
“You failed
your Latin
exam?!!
But
Sweaty, all
you friends
names
have Latin
roots….”
http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/cga/lowres/cgan893l.jpg
5.5.1 Why Classify?

The classification system we use was invented by Carolus
Linneus (1707-1778)

It is called the Binomial system because all organisms are
given 2 names – their Genus name and their species name.
e.g Homo sapiens, (man), Mytilus edulis (common mussel)
Homo sapiens?
Mytilus edulis
http://www.marlin.ac.uk/imgs/Species/Mollusca/o_Mytedu.jpg

Classification is the process of putting
species of living organisms into groups.

Biologists that specialize in classification
are taxonomists.

Natural classification is based on the
characteristics shared within a group that
has evolved from a common ancestral
species.

It is important that when scientists in Mongolia work on
a species, a scientist in Brazil knows which one.
Anemone
http://www.nmessences.com/healing_
images/anemone_white_b1.jpg
Anemone
http://www.sydneyaquarium.com.au/Dow
nloads/INT/Wallpaper_1024x768_Warat
ahAnemone.jpg
•It allows us to group similar organisms
http://www.tigertouch.org/images/cats/l
ion.jpg
http://www.felinest.com/images/bengal
-tiger.jpg
http://www.nopest.com/MountainLion6.jpg
http://i1.treknature.com/photos/6688/imgp1500a1a-copy1.jpg
http://media.photobucket.com/image/genus%20felidae/crowskyler/animania/clouded_leopard3.jpg
Domains
• The evidence for this classification came from base sequences of
ribosomal RNA
• Note that viruses are not included
Classification within taxa
Kingdom Make up a pneumonic to
Phylum remember this list in order.
Class
King Philip Comes Over For
Order
Great Sausages.
Family
Genus
Species
Classification within taxa
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Animalia
Plantae
Chordata
Coniferophyta
Mammalia
Pinopsida
Cetacea
Pinales
Balaenopteridae
Cupressaceae
Balaenoptera
Sequoia
musculus
giganteum
The 5 Kingdoms
Activity 1:

Identify the 5 kingdoms

What characteristics allow you to differentiate
them?
The 5 Kingdoms
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protist
Bacteria
No cell
walls
Cellulose
cell walls
Chitin cell
walls
Many
types of
cell wall
Cell walls
Multicellular
Multicellular
Single +
Multicellular
Single
cellular
Single
cellular
Many
feeding
types
Many
feeding
types
Heterotroph Photoautotroph
Saprotroph
A closer look at Plants:
There are 4 main types of phyla:
1.
Bryophyte – The mosses
2.
Filicinophyte – The Ferns
3.
Coniferophyte – The Conifers
4.
Angiospermophyte – The flowers
Bryophytes – The mosses

Simple non, vascular (no xylem and phloem.) no proper roots but have rhizoids,
reproduce with spores. Male gamete swims to female!
http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural_heritage/images/TIa_ph
oto1_500.JPG
http://www.anbg.gov.au/bryophyte/photos800/grrimmia-sp-exposed-rock-WA.jpg
Filicinophytes – the ferns

Has stems roots and leaves. Reproduces by spores. Male gamete swims to female.
http://farm1.static.flickr.com/205/519433609_f1a29201d7.jpg
http://www.centralfloridafarms.com/fernvine/foxtail-ferndrm-web.jpg
Coniferophytes – The conifers
Truly vascular. Reproduce
with pollen. Make cones
with seeds in.
 Leaves are needle shaped
to conserve water.

http://www.cambridge2000.com/gallery/images/
P3075134.jpg
http://www.denverevergreen.com/images/pi
ne_cones-left.gif
Angiospermophytes- Flowering plants

Have proper flowers. Truly vascular.
http://www.umanitoba.ca/Biology/BIOL1030/Lab8/imag
es/Helianthus_spp(Sunflower).jpg
http://www.ipaw.org/invaders/reed_cana
ry_grass/ReedCanaryGrassC_lg.jpg
Activity 2:

Draw a data table describing the specific characteristics
of each of the plant phyla.

Include drawings
The Animal invertebrates in detail
Invertebrates are animals without backbones there are 6 phyla:
1.
Porifera – sponges.
2.
Cnidaria - corals.
3.
Platyhelminthes – flat worms.
4.
Annelida – segmented worms.
5.
Mollusca – snails, octopi.
6.
Athropoda – insects, spiders, crustaceans
Porifera – the sponges

No clear symmetry, attached to a surface, pores
through body, No mouth or anus.
http://www.middleschoolscience.com/spong.jpg
Cnidaria – Corals, hydra, jellyfish

Have a mouth but no anus. Have radial symmetry,
tentacles and stinging cells.
http://www.sydneyaquarium.com.
au/Downloads/INT/Wallpaper_10
24x768_WaratahAnemone.jpg
Platyhelminthes- flatworms

Have mouth but no
anus.

Bilateral symmetry.

Soft with no skeleton.

Flat bodies

No segments
http://rivers.snre.umich.edu/www311/Or
ganismPhotos/Platyhelminthes.GIF
Annelida – segmented worms
Bilateral
symmetry
Bristles often
present
Mouth and anus
Segmented
http://www.southtexascollege.edu/nilsson/4_GB_Lecture_figs_f/4_GB_23_AnimaliaInvert_Fig_f/Annelid.GIF
Mollusca – snails, octopi
Have a mouth and anus.
Most have a calcium carbonate shell.
Bilateral symmetry.
Muscular foot and mantle
Segmentation not visible
Hard rasping ‘radula’ is used for feeding.
http://z.about.com/d/animals/1/0/V/7/shutte
rstock_701650.jpg
http://www.americanaquariumproducts.com/images/
graphics/octopus.jpg
Athropoda – insects, spiders,
crustaceans

Bilateral symmetry

Jointed appendages.

Hard chitin exoskeleton.

Segmented body
http://img.quamut.com/chart/6861/01_atlantic_common_crab.jpg
http://tintedglasses.files.wordpress.com/2007/06/cockroach-3.jpg
http://www.hhcc.com/wp-content/uploads/2006/03/spider.jpg
Activity 3:

Draw a data table describing the specific characteristics
of each of the invertebrate phyla

Include drawings
Chordata

Notochord

Dorsal nerve cord

Pharyngeal gill slits

Post-anal tail
http://threeroadstrivia.com/deeper-into-jeopardy-xxxi-anatomical-etymology-1200/
Activity 4.
Characteristics of vertebrates


Draw a data table describing the specific characteristics
of the main clases of chordates:

Bony ray finned fish

Amphibians

Reptiles

Birds

Mammals
Include drawings
Bony ray finned
fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
Scales
Soft moist skin
Scales of keratin
Feathers made of
keratin
Hair made of
keratin
Gills
Simple lungs
No limbs
Lungs
Penta dactyl limb
Four legs when
adult
Fins
Four legs (mostly)
External fertilization
Eggs with no shell
Eggs coated with
protective jelly
Metamorphosis
(larval stage)
Four legs (mostly)
Internal fertilization
Eggs with soft shell
Cold blooded
Swim bladder for
buoyancy
Two legs two wings
Eggs with hard
shells (oviparous)
Viviparous
Warm blooded
Teeth all of one
type
Beak, no teeth
Teeth of different
types
1
2
7
8
3
4
9
10
5
6
11
12
Dichotomous keys

A dichotomous key is a tool that allows you to identify living (or
non living) things, such as trees, wildflowers, mammals,
reptiles, rocks, and fish.

Keys consist of a series of choices that lead to the correct name
of a given thing.

"Dichotomous" means "divided into two parts". Therefore,
dichotomous keys always give two choices in each step.
Oregon State University: http://oregonstate.edu/trees/dichotomous_key.html
Simple dichotomous key
http://biology-igcse.weebly.com/dichotomous-keys.html
Deerus dichotomous key:
http://biology-igcse.weebly.com/dichotomous-keys.html
http://biology-igcse.weebly.com/dichotomous-keys.html
Norns dichotomous key
Now it is your turn to make your own
dichotomous key:

1.
Use the provided material to make a dichotomous
key.
Objects that erase….. Go to 2
objects that don´t….. erase go to 3
2. Blue…board eraser
White… nb eraser
Cladistics and Cladograms
Cladistics is the method of classifying organisms
based on their genetic sequences.
Cladograms are three diagrams that show the most
probable sequence of divergence in clades
Branching points on a cladogram are called nodes.
The node represents a hypothetical ancestral species
that split to form two or more species.
Cladograms have been used to re-evaluate the
classification of many groups of organisms.
http://357163546355864778.weebly.com/process.html
Clades

A clade is a group of organisms that have evolved from a common
ancestor
Evidence for which species are part of a
clade can be obtained from the base
sequences of a gene or the corresponding
amino acid sequence of a protein.
Sequence differences accumulate
gradually
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/
evo_08
There is a positive correlation between
the number of differences between two
species and the time since they diverged
from a common ancestor.
Analogous vs homologous traits
Homologous structures are
similar because of similar
ancestry
Analogous structures are
similar because of
convergent evolution:
same selective pressure.
Time for some questions…