History 11
End of the Byzantine/Rise of Russia
Decline
• After the great schism (1054), the Byzantine
empire was declining. The constant wars were
catching up with the empire.
• Powerful local lords started to emerge and
gain control of large areas. This created
problems internally. The peasants were no
longer a dominate force.
Seljuks
• The nomadic people of Asia minor called the
Seljuks had converted to Islam. One unique
aspect of Islam that is similar to Christianity is
the need to convert others. When the Seljuks
migrated they took Islam into the Byzantine
empire. They made up the Ottoman Turks as
well.
4th Crusade Impact
• This leads to the 4th crusade. In the 1204 the
emperor asked for help from their western
Christian brothers. The routes to Jerusalem had
been cut off and the Byzantine wanted help
getting it back. But the pope turns on them.
• The 4th crusade was about trade. Venice wanted
to control the trade of Constantinople Western
Christians sacked and took it. After that Venice
stole all the trade from them.
Ottoman Take Over
• In 1453, the Ottoman Empire surrounded the city
and laid siege. After 2 months they broke down
the walls.
• The Ottoman Turks were Muslim. They took over
the ancient Christian city and renamed it Istanbul.
They turned Hagia Sophia into a Muslim Mosque.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHE9uH1nYs
Ottoman Take Over
• The fall of the Byzantine Empire signified the
complete end of the Roman Empire. It was
also a large attack on Christendom.
• Many Popes and many different people have
desired to start crusades to regain the ancient
Christian city but nothing ever happened.
Istanbul emerged as a great center of Muslim
culture.
Origins of
the Ottoman Empire
After Muhammad’s death in 632
A.D., Muslim faith & power
spread throughout Middle East
Islam Map
THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
• By 1215, foreign invaders (Mongols from eastern
Asia) took over the lands of the Muslim empire
• Islam’s power in the Middle East started to
decline
Mongol Map
Where did the Ottomans come from?
• Name came from
“Osman,” a leader of a
western Anatolian
nomadic group who
began expansionistic
moves in the 14th century.
• Gradually these nomads
took over Anatolia and
became the border
between Islam and
Byzantine Christian
ORIGINS of the
Ottoman Empire
• It was one of the largest & longest lasting
empires in history
• It was an empire supported & inspired by
Islam
• It replaced the Byzantine Empire (former
Roman Empire) as the major power in the
Eastern Mediterranean.
Religion
•
•
•
•
Founded on the principles of Islam
United by Islamic beliefs
Churches were converted into mosques
Tolerant of other religions, especially
Christians and Jews
• Encouraged loyalty from other religious faith
groups
Sultan Mehmet II (1451-1481)
• Was one of the
greatest Sultans
• Called the Fatih (the
Conqueror)
• During his rule all of
Turkey/Anatolia was
brought under his
control and the
Byzantine Empire was
defeated
• The Conquest of
Constantinople = the
Imperial phase of the
Ottomans
– Constantinople was
renamed Istanbul
– Mehmet II cleaned up
the city and began
many building
mosques, markets,
water fountains, baths,
and other public
facilities
The Sultan’s Bedchamber
Topkapi Palace
Hamam
Mosque in Istanbul
• Mehmet II encouraged people to move to
Istanbul
– Bribed people from the Ottoman territories with
homes and jobs
The Grand
Bazzar
• Many Jewish
people, who were
cruelly oppressed
in Western Europe
(aka
Reconquista),
moved to Istanbul
and found Turkey
to be a “haven” =
a mass migration
of Jewish people
soon followed
• For the next 200 years the Ottomans will be a
significant power in the Middle East
– The Empire will continually expand
Suleiman
• Ruled from 1520-1566
• Made Ottoman Empire
the richest & most
powerful empire in
Europe and Southwest
Asia at the time
• Suleiman the
“Lawgiver”
– Sultanic law codes
– Reformed the
government
– Balanced the budget
– Reinforced Islamic
law
• Suleiman the
“Magnificent”
– Grandeur of his court
– Built palaces, mosques,
schools, libraries,
hospitals, roads, bridges,
etc.
– Cultural explosion (pax
Ottomanica) – literary,
artistic, and scientific
achievements
– Pasha Sinan – Suleiman’s
Architect
Expansion
• Suleiman believed that the entire world was
his possession as a gift of God.
• Vast amounts of Islamic territories were
annexed or invaded.
• Very strong military
• Expert in developing gunpowder as a military
tool
“Blue” Mosque
Bridge on the
Drina (Bosnia)
Mostar, BH
• Conversion to Islam
• Millet system (non-Muslims formed
small communities and were allowed
to keep their faith (Jewish or
Christian) as long as they paid the
jitza (a tax).
• Local officials were replaced by
Ottoman government officials
• Devshirme
– Christian youths captured(sometimes
given) by the Ottoman agents and recruited
for the Imperial civil service and standing
army
• Converted to Islam
• The brightest 10% entered the Palace school
and were trained for civil service
• The others were sent to Turkish farms and
were trained for toughness = Janissaries
• Janissaries were the elite army corps who were
absolutely loyal to the Sultan
Islam and
Modesty
– Women
resided in
seclusion in
the harem
– Purdah
– Sacred place, sanctuary,
place of honor, respect,
and religious purity
– Private quarters of the
family – not visited by nonfamily members (female
visitors were allowed, but
not common)
– Boys remained with their
mothers in the harem until
the ages of 10-11
The Harem
Ottoman Decline was caused by 8
Things
– Weak leadership
Selim II
(aka the Sloth)
Corrupt
government
officials
– Powerful janissaries and janissary revolts
– Heavy taxes =
revolts and
unhappy
peasantry
The Ottoman Empire was very diverse ethnically
+ nationalism = many groups wanting their
freedom
– New World silver flooding the market and causing
silver to inflate = inflation
– Trade routes changing to bypass the Middle East in favor
of water routes
The Ottomans
signed
capitulations
with the
European
countries = loss
of revenue
– Loss of intellectualism = loss of innovation = fall
behind the Europeans in technology
Quiz
1. What was the name of the Tax that was
assessed on Jews and Christians?
2. What Sultan was known as the lawgiver?
3. How were people encouraged to move to the
Ottoman Empire?
4. List 4 Reasons the Ottoman Declines?
Review
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5jE7y5vT
5M
New Turkish Republic
Modern Middle East
• In the 18th Century more wars and losses
resulted in reform attempts:
– The Tulip Period (1718-1730) = first borrowing of
European art and culture
Ottomans
continued to lose
territory to the
Russians and the
Europeans
Tanzimat Period (1839-76)
• Reforms around a new concept of justice
–Equality before the law
–Ottomanism = patriotism, but not yet
nationalism
–Constitution and a Parliament formed
• The reforms failed; Sultan Abdulahemid put
an end to the reforms while putting down
rebellions
Departure of Mehmed VI, last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, 1922.
Young Turks
•
•
•
Constitutional,
parliamentary
government
established
Growing sense of
nationalism
Ottomans entered
WWI on the side of
Germany = lost
Treaty of Versailles
•
•
Empire partitioned
Kemal Ataturk
(and others)
fought for
Independence =
new Republic of
Turkey and an end
to the Ottoman
Empire (1923).
The New
Republic of
Turkey
• Secularism
• Ataturk’s
reforms
Ataturk’s Reforms
• Six Arrows of Kemalism
– Aka Principals of Ataturk
– republicanism,
nationalism, populism,
reformism, statism, and
secularism
Ataturk’s Reforms cont.
• Republicanism:
– Only one country
of Turkey ; no
more Ottoman
Empire and no
empires ever!
– New Constitution
Ataturk’s Reforms cont.
• Populism:
– Social Reform –
– Allowed women to vote
– Required women to
attend school
– Men limited to marrying
only one wife (even
though Islam allowed
four)
– All Turks were required
to have a surname
(family name)
Ataturk’s Reforms cont.
• Secularism:
– Separation of Church
and State
– Weekends on Saturday
and Sunday (did not
match with Muslim
Religious day on Friday)
– Closed Religious Schools
– Introduced Western
Laws (instead of Muslim
Laws)
Ataturk’s Reforms cont.
• Reformism:
– Emphasized the radical
ways Ataturk was
changing Turkish Culture
– Meant to legitimize what
he was doing
Ataturk’s Reforms cont.
• Nationalism
– Established Turkish in Latin
script (not traditional
Arabic script)
– Call for prayer done in
Turkish not Arabic
(returned to Arabic in
1970s)
– Women forbidden from
wearing veil
– Fez outlawed
– Only Western clothes
allowed
Ataturk’s Reforms cont.
• Statism:
– Government controlled
economy; mixed
economy
– Focus on Turkish
investments in Turkey to
keep foreigners out
Turkish Government Today
• President elected to 4
year terms by the Grand
National Assembly
– Unicameral body that is
elected by the people
every four years
• President chooses
Prime Minister
Turkish Government Today
• Republican People’s Party
(RPP)
– Aka Kemalist Party, founded
by Ataturk
• Justice and Development
Party (AK Parti)
– Currently largest political
party in Turkey
– Prime Minister is Recep
Tayyip Erdogan
– Liberal Economy
– Muslim Conservative
Turkish Government Today
• Turkey also has more
than 100 political parties
• Includes:
– Turkish Communist Party
– Kurdistan Workers’ Party
– Kurdish Democratic
Society Party (DTP)
• Both were closed by the
Turks (DTP in 2009) because
Turkish law prohibits
political parties based on
ethnic groups
Russia
• Russia lies on the Eurasian plain that reaches
from Europe to the borders of China.
• There are 3 broad climate zones that helped
shape early Russian life. The northern forest,
supplied lumber and fur. The south had fertile
land for farming. The steppe was an open,
treeless grassland that was great for herds and
horses. Nomads stayed here.
Movie on the Mongol Empire
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2NySAt0Ii
sA
Growth of Kiev
• The Slavs expanded into southern Russia.
Similar to the Germanic people the Slavs had
clans and lived in small villages, farmed, and
traded.
• They formed small villages in the region
farmed and traded along the rivers.
Vikings
• In the 700s and 800s the Vikings took out of
Scandinavia by ship. They worked their way
through Russian rivers, trading and collecting
tribute from the Slavs.
• Right in the middle of their trade network was
the city of Kiev. Within a few generations, the
Vikings were absorbed into the local culture.
Kiev
• Kiev was also highly influenced by the
Byzantine empire. Some Christian missionaries
around 863 who wanted to convert the Slavs.
translated the Bible into Slavic languages.
They took the Greek alphabet and adapted it.
• It was called the Cyrillic alphabet and it
became the written script used in Russia and
Ukraine to the present.
Kiev
• The influence really took off when King
Vladimir converted to Byzantine Christianity. It
gained strength in Russia. The heirs saw
themselves in many ways connected to the
byzantine empire. Russians adapted Byzantine
art, architecture and music.
• They also accepted political ideas. Like
controlling the church. This created the
Russian Orthodox church.
Yaroslav
• The golden age of Russia took place under
Yaroslav the wise from 1019 to 1054.
• He issued a code of law to improve justice.
• The translated works into his language and he
arranged marriages to keep the royal family
pure. After him the royal families faded and
fought over who would rule.
• Mongols attacked and decided for them.
Mongol Conquest
• In the 1200s a young man who wanted to
unite all the nomad tribes appeared. He
gathered all the bowmen and gave them a
cause. He took the name Genghiz Khan (World
Emperor).
• The Mongol nation impacted several different
cultures.
Mongol
• The grandson of Genghiz Khan, named Betu
led the Mongol army into Russia. The Mongols
looted and burned Kiev. They came in with
their golden tents and ruled over Russia for
the next 240 years.
• It was called the Golden Horde. The Mongols
only required tribute. They allowed cultures to
remain intact.
Quiz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Who were the Seljuks?
What religion were the Ottoman Turks?
Name the 3 climate zones of Russia?
What is the name of the Russian alphabet?
What does Genghiz Kahn mean?