Indoor Air Quality / L.E.E.D. Gold and Net-zero
IAQ = Dollars, Energy Savings,
reduced absenteeism,
and increased productivity
GSA Moves to LEED Gold for All New
Federal Buildings and Major
Renovations
•
The U.S. General Services Administration’s upgraded requirement for LEED
Gold certification as a minimum in all new federal building
construction and substantial renovation projects will move the
government’s federal inventory into a more sustainable future. By using
the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED®) Green
Building Rating System established by the U.S. Green Building Council,
GSA can evaluate and measure achievements in sustainable design.
•
For projects funded prior to FY 2010 that are in design, GSA is requiring that
LEED Gold be incorporated into ongoing designs where possible, after
considering budget and schedule constraints on the current design and
construction contracts. GSA's Facilities Standards will be updated to reflect
these changes by the end of calendar year 2010. For GSA's leased
properties, the requirement remains at the LEED Silver certification for new
construction lease projects of 10,000 square feet or more. For leases in
existing buildings, LEED for Commercial Interiors is optional, at the request
of the tenant agencies.
https://www.leedonline.com/irj/go/km/docs/documents/usgbc/leed/config/terms/Le
edCertificationManual/LEEDCertificationPolicyManual.pdf
http://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/197325
Executive Order 13514
•
Executive Order 13514 is an executive order titled Federal Leadership in Environmental,
Energy, and Economic Performance that U.S. President Barack Obama issued on October 5,
2009.[
•
This executive order mandates that at least 15 percent of existing federal buildings and leases
meet Energy Efficiency Guiding Principles by 2015, and that annual progress be made toward 100
percent conformance of all federal buildings, with a goal of 100% of all new federal buildings
achieving zero-net-energy by 2030. The U.S. government is the largest consumer of energy in
America. It has roughly 500,000 buildings, and most of these buildings are energy-inefficient.
Fifteen percent of 500,000 buildings is 75,000 buildings.
•
The executive order states that "the Federal Government must lead by example ...
increase energy efficiency; measure, report, and reduce their greenhouse gas emissions from
direct and indirect activities ... design, construct, maintain, and operate high performance
sustainable buildings in sustainable locations; strengthen the vitality and livability of the
communities in which Federal facilities are located; and inform Federal employees about and
involve them in the achievement of these goals.“
•
"Zero-net-energy building" is defined in Executive Order 13514 as "a building that is
designed, constructed, and operated to require a greatly reduced quantity of energy to
operate, meet the balance of energy needs from sources of energy that do not
produce greenhouse gases, and therefore result in no net emissions of greenhouse gases
and be economically viable".
Current standard HVAC sizing methodology and Net-zero
ASHRAE Standard 62-1989
(and the subsequent Standard 62-1999)
ASHRAE Standard 62-1989 raised the outdoor air requirements for acceptable indoor
air quality for very high occupant density buildings such as schools and auditoriums from
its previous level of 5 cfm per occupant to 15 cfm per occupant.
Since occupant densities in these buildings can be very high (e.g. 30-150 occupants per
1000 square feet), the absolute increase in outdoor air volumes in these buildings due to
ASHRAE Standard 62 is exceptionally large, and outdoor air fractions (proportion of
supply air which is outdoor air) rise significantly.
Therefore, air flows in these buildings become heavily dominated by indoor air
quality requirements rather than by thermal load requirements.
• Peak cooling loads increased 20%-32% when raising outdoor air flow rates from 5-15 cfm per occupant.
• The HVAC energy cost increase of raising outdoor air flow rates is 17% to 39% for CV systems (constant Volume) in education
buildings, and 26% to 58% for CV systems in auditoriums.
• The HVAC energy cost impact for VAV systems was 15% to 35% in education buildings, and 35% to 81% in auditoriums.
ASHRAE 62.1 IAQ Procedure an
alternative design method
The Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Procedure is a performance-based design approach.
The building and its ventilation system are designed to maintain the concentrations
of specific contaminants at or below certain limits identified during the building
design. The goal is to achieve the design target level of perceived indoor air quality
acceptability by building occupants and/or visitors.
ASHRAE 62.1 Ventilation Rate Procedure
Considerations
Considerations : Using outdoor air to improve IAQ
1. Is the outdoor air clean? 62.1 assumes it is.
2. ASHRAE 62.1 uses CO2 load in space to determine
amount of Out Door Air needed to dilute pollutants in
occupied space. It does not allow for in TVOC (Total
Volatile Organic Compounds) or bio aerosols introduced
by outdoor air. Introducing dirty ODA into a space does not
necessarily improve indoor air quality even if CO2 levels
are lowered.
3. Higher energy cost are associated with more outdoor air.
IAQ Credit 2 for LEEDs
Increased Ventilation Effectiveness
INTENT:
Provide for the effective delivery and mixing of fresh air to building occupants to
support their health, safety, and comfort.
REQUIREMENT:
For mechanically ventilated buildings, design ventilation systems that result in
an air change effectiveness (E) greater than or equal to 0.9 as determined by
ASHRAE 129-1997. For naturally ventilated spaces demonstrate a distribution
and laminar flow pattern that involves not less than 90% of the room or zone
area in the direction of air flow for at least 95% of hours of occupancy.
TECHNOLOGIES/STRATEGIES:
Employ architectural and HVAC design strategies to increase ventilation effectiveness
and prevent short-circuiting of airflow delivery. Techniques available include use of
displacement ventilation, low velocity, and laminar flow ventilation (under floor or
near floor delivery) and natural ventilation. Operable windows with an architectural
strategy for natural ventilation, cross ventilation, or stack effect can be appropriate
options with study of inlet areas and locations. See the LEED Reference Guide for
compliance methodology guidelines
Possible solutions that do not solely depend on clean ODA:
1. Use energy recovery devices to lower energy cost
2. Use Demand Control Ventilation
3. Use ASHRAE 62 I.A.Q. Procedure
Challenges:
1. Energy Recovery devices require space, money, maintence and can become source of bio
aerosols.
2. Demand Control Ventilation requires clean outdoor air and must assume reducing the outdoor
air that is diluting airborne contaminant load will still be enough to deal with space TVOC load
and bio aerosols.
3. I.A.Q. Procedure; does the device works as claimed (Are both 3rd Party Testing and Job Site
Testing available?), will the product deal with TVOC, bio aerosols and CO2 loads (Current
filtration products allow designer flexibility in dealing with inorganic particulate. It is assumed
here that inorganic particulate is part of the filter design apart from the outdoor air
requirement.) Warning: Manufacturers of IAQ equipment generally manipulate CO2
numbers, if the solution does not deal with CO2, I.A.Q. Procedure is not valid with that
product.
Simple Answer: Combination of solutions
1. ASHRAE 62.1 Ventilation Rate Procedure (Base of Design) (Energy Recovery if practical)
2. Demand Control Ventilation (To deal with actual CO2 Load)
3. I.A.Q. Procedure (Use for min. ODA damper settings) to destroy TVOCs and bio aerosols
rather than dilute.
Energy Savings
Combining methods that allow for reduced operational
outdoor air intake rates. Resulting in lower energy
consumption.
• First, reduced outdoor air intake rates translate
directly into reductions in ventilation fan energy use.
• Second, reduced outdoor air intake rates reduce
energy use associated with the conditioning of
outside ventilation air (e.g. heating, cooling, and
dehumidification of outside ventilation air).
Everyone can enjoy clean air !!!!
Why capture a problem ?
Destroy It.
What do
these units
have in
common?
Photo Catalytic Oxidation
Panels
Remember a dead or destroyed
spore, bacteria or virus
will not be back
to infect another day
PCO field
of
destruction
Defining Process
ox·i·da·tion (ks-dshn)n. (electron
production and migration)
1. The combination of a substance
with oxygen.
2. A reaction in which the atoms in
an element lose electrons and the
valence of the element is
correspondingly increased.
re·duc·tion (r-dkshn)n.
Also called reduction division.
Chemistry ( Typically H2O )
a. A decrease in positive valence
or an increase in negative valence
by the gaining of electrons.
b. A reaction in which hydrogen is
combined with a compound.
c. A reaction in which oxygen is
removed from a compound.
Photo Catalytic Oxidation
Passive (Does not broadcast or
create ROS in Occupied Space)
• All create Hydroxyl Radicals
•
•
•
All use a noble metal (TiO2)
All collect contaminate & use a blower to
move air through the reaction panel
Residence time, energy distribution,
type of contaminate & concentration
determine effectiveness
How does the panel work?
Have you ever used hydrogen peroxide on a cut?
Did it bubble and boil up?
What was it doing? Destroying infection causing virus, bacteria and spores.
Our panels create OH. We are trying to replicate the natural process the troposphere uses to clean the air
we breathe.
“Detergent of the atmosphere”
Katja Riedel and Keith Lassey explain how OH, the hydroxyl radical, works to cleanse
the atmosphere of harmful trace gases.
“Introducing OH, the hydroxyl radical
Although it makes up about a fifth of our atmosphere, oxygen (O2) is not the main oxidant. Other
molecules that are produced naturally in the atmosphere, including ozone (O3), the nitrate radical (NO3),
and the hydroxyl radical (OH), are much more reactive, even if their atmospheric concentrations are low.
Radicals are highly reactive because they have unpaired electrons which tend to transfer to other
molecules.
The OH radical is the most important oxidant in the troposphere, the lowest part of the atmosphere (below
about 10 km). Nobel Prize winner Paul Crutzen coined the phrase “detergent of the atmosphere” to
describe this important cleansing role of OH. Most of the trace gases found in the troposphere are
oxidised by OH into water-soluble products that are washed out by rain and snow. Specifically, OH is
responsible for oxidising carbon monoxide (CO) and other carbon-based molecules, such as methane
(CH4).”
Water & Atmosphere 16(1) 2008
http://www.niwa.co.nz/sites/default/files/import/attachments/detergent.pdf
Equipment Offerings
Media Panel last
15 years of
continuous
operation
Easy to Maintain:
12,000hr Bulb replacement
Factory mounted AHU Catalogue /
Custom)
Bush Presidential
Library
JFK Airport
John Muir Hospital
Cypress
Fairbanks
AHU Retrofit:
St Luke’s
Hospital
UT MB
Galveston
Atlanta
Medical
Curb Mounted RTU
Norman OK Police Station
Norman OK Police Station
Norman OK Police Station
Helping Hands for Humanity
Induct:
Fort Sam
Houston
Dorm
Standalone:
Inlet
Ducted
Attached
to
Filter
grilles
Western Bowl Bar
Google, Chicago
Portable:
Sundown Post
Office
Personal
Spaces:
Protect your yourself & family with a proven
commercial solution scaled down for smaller
spaces
Improve the air quality in classroom, home or
work
A personal solution to an age old problem.
2006 D & L
Small: Hangs on the wall, sits on floor,
on a desk or table