Chapter 5 Challenges To Spanish Power (1497-1610)
Section 1: Search for the Northwest Passage
MAIN IDEA: NORTHERN EUROPEAN EXPLORERS MADE IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES IN NORTH
AMERICA WHILE SEARCHING FOR A WATER ROUTE TO ASIA.
OBJECTIVES:
1. What was the outcome of John Cabot’s voyage across the Atlantic?
2. What voyages of exploration did France support and what was their goal?
3. What areas of North America did Henry Hudson explore?
JOHN CABOT’S VOYAGE: He was Italian (Giovanni Caboto), Born in Genoa.
A. 1497 CABOT sails from ENGLAND, and reaches NORTHEASTERN COAST of NA
B. He sees the plentiful forests.
C. Discovers the GRAND BANKS: the rich fishing area off the NEW FOUNDLAND COAST.
D. IMPORTANT: GRAND BANKS England, France and Holland all take advantage and become
wealthy and can feed their country’s starving population.
E. 1498 Cabot sails again and disappears, is never seen again.
FRANCE’S EXPLORATIONS: 3 EXPEDITIONS LOOKING FOR THE NORTHWEST PASSAGE.
1. GIOVANNI da VERRAZANO: Italian sailing for FRANCE
A. 1524 Verrazano sails to coast of NOW North Carolina, then north to be the 1st to see NY Bay.
B. Never finds NW Passage.
2. JACQUES CARTIER: Frenchman sails to Americas.
A. 1534 Finds and explores GULF of ST. LAWRENCE, kidnaps 2 Indians and returns home.
B. 1535 Returns and is guided up the ST. LAWRENCE RIVER to NOW Montreal Canada.
C. IMPORTANT: His efforts gave FRANCE claims to areas around the ST LAWRENCE RIVER.
3. SAMUEL de CHAMPLAIN: Frenchman sails to Americas in the early 1600s
A. CHAMPLAIN explores Atlantic Coast from mouth of St. Lawrence to southern part of NOW MASS.
B. 1608 Founded QUEBEC as a FUR TRADING POST the 1st permanent French settlement in NA.
C. IMPORTANT: He learned and taught others about the Indians and Geography leading to French
colonization of NA.
***IMPORTANT: These explorers help open NA to French to settle***
HOLLAND SENDS AN EXPLORER TO FIND NORTHWEST PASSAGE
HENRY HUDSON’S VOYAGE: Englishman sailing for HOLLAND (the DUTCH)
A. 1609 HUDSON sails to NA in the Half Moon, he finds the Hudson R. and sails north to ALBANY.
B. 1610 Hudson tries again NOW for ENGLAND and finds Hudson Bay.
C. He searches all summer for the NW Passage, found nothing, makes camp on the frozen Bay’s shore.
D. In spring his crew mutinies and sets Hudson his young son and some loyal crewmembers adrift, they
are never seen again.
***IMPORTANT: These early explorers/navigators turned the attention of EUROPE from ASIA to the
AMERICAS***
Section 2. Religious Challenge
MAIN IDEA: Religious disputes during the 1500s challenged Spain’s authority both in Europe and the
Americas.
OBJECTIVES:
1. How and why did a split in Christianity take place?
2. What effect did the religious disputes have on European history and on events in the Americas?
IN THE EARLY 1500s THE CATHOLIC CHURCH TOLD PEOPLE THEY COULD FREE THEIR SOULS
FROM SINS BY PAYING THE CHURCH MONEY. MANY PEOPLE WERE OUTRAGED AT THIS.
THE REFORMATION: The period of REFORM of the Catholic Church.
A. MARTIN LUTHER a Catholic Priest thought Church leaders had become corrupt.
B. He writes his 95 THESES and posts it on his Church opening a public debate across EUROPE.
C. Many people could now read and thought that the Church had grown rich, powerful, corrupt.
D. These people agreed with LUTHER start a revolt to REFORM the Church, THE REFORMATION.
E. Those who protested were called PROTESTANTS.
F. EUROPE becomes divided in two
a. PROTESTANT: do not recognize the authority of the POPE.
b. CATHOLICS: recognize the authority of the POPE
G. Religious wars spread across Holland France Germany
H. SPAIN saw themselves as defenders of the CATHOLIC CHURCH
PROTESTANTS in FLORIDA: The French want to settle in the Americas
A.FRENCH KING WAS CATHOLIC
B. French PROTESTANTS called HEUGONOTS (HYOO-guh-nahts)
C. HEUGONOTS want to settle in Americas because:
a. HEUGONOTS could freely practice their religion
b. Catholics wanted to get rid of HEUGONOTS.
c. King of France wanted a settlement in Americas
D. 1564: Gaspard de COLIGNY (kaw-lee-NYEE) establishes FORT CAROLINE in FL.
E. None of them could Hunt, Fish, Farm.
F. They had help from the TIMUCUA (tim-uh-KOO-uh) Indians.
G. Then they angered them with their greed and the Timucua abandoned them.
H. The French had to wait for Supplies from France until September of 1565.
THE SPANISH RESPOND:
A. Spain arrives at Fort Caroline as the French are anchored offshore.
B. The Spanish tell the French Fleet they are there to kill Lutherans (Protestants) the French leave.
C. The Spanish set up a fort at NOW St. Augustine FL. the oldest permanent European settlement in
America.
D. The French fleet regroups to attack the Spanish and strand them in FL.
E. A vicious storm prevented the French attack, but Commander Menendez of Spain attacked Fort
Caroline with 500 men destroying it and killing 142 Frenchman, sparing 50 women and children.
F. After the storm several French ships were wrecked on the sandbars,
***IMPORTANT: MENENDEZ KILLED ALL SURVIVORS EXCEPT A FEW CARPENTERS HE
COULD USE NOT BECAUSE THEY WERE FRENCH BUT BECAUSE THEY WERE
PROTESTANTS***
Section 3: The English Challenge at Sea
MAIN IDEA: Divided by issues of religion and power Spain and England clashed during the 1500s. This
conflict would effect the future of the Americas.
OBJECTIVES:
1. How and why did England raid Spanish shipping?
2. What was the outcome of Spain’s attempt to conquer England?
ENGLAND WAS A CATHOLIC COUNTRY UNTIL KING HENRY VIII (8TH) ASKS THE POPE FOR A
DIVORCE FROM HIS WIFE CATHERINE OF ARAGON, THE DAUGHTER OF KING FERDINAND
QUEEN ISABELLA OF SPAIN, THE POPE SAYS NO AND KING HENRY STARTS THE CHURCH OF
ENGLAND (PROTESTANT).
CONFLICT WITH SPAIN:
A. 1547 Queen Elizabeth I rules ENGLAND after Henry’s death. England grows Powerful.
B. Elizabeth vows to keep England Protestant and Independent.
C. She kept leading on KING PHILIP II of SPAIN but they never married.
D. Elizabeth never marries and is known as the VIRGIN QUEEN.
E. Fishing voyages encouraged the building of FAST and LIGHT ships and skilled sailors.
F. These ships were perfect for pirates looking for huge slow Spanish ships.
DRAKE AND THE SEA DOGS
A. Francis Drake a pirate Captain or SEA DOG wanted revenge on Spain for attacking him in 1567.
B. DRAKE raided Spanish Ships and Towns they called him the DRAGON.
C. King Philip II offers a huge reward to kill him.
D. DRAKE sailed into the PACIFIC OCEAN and attacked PERU then sailed west to ENGLAND
E. DRAKE 1st Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and was KNIGHTED.
F. Half of DRAKE’s stolen treasure went into the ENGLISH TREASURY.
THE SPANISH ARMADA:
A. King Philip II of Spain had enough and plans to conquer ENGLAND and restore CATHOLICISM.
B. 1588 Spain sends an ARMADA with 130 ships, 8,000 sailors and 19,000 soldiers to ENGLAND.
C. Spain had huge ships with large heavy canons and an inexperienced Commander who was seasick.
D. ENGLISH: lighter, faster ships with experienced PRIVATEERS and lighter, longer range canons.
E. The English inflicted damage in the first attack in the ENGLISH CHANNEL.
F. Spanish stopped to pick up reinforcements in a French Harbor and was attacked by ENGLISH.
G. ENGLISH sent their own ships into the harbor on fire crashing into the Spanish ships.
H. The Spanish tried to sail home but was caught in a terrible storm…the PROTESTANT WIND.
I. The Spanish lost half their ships in the battles and storm.
J. ENGLAND remains free and Protestant.
***SPAIN IS DEFEATED AND SEEN AS NOT ALL POWERFUL, OTHER NATIONS START SEEKING
COMMERCE AND SETTLEMENTS IN NORTH AMERICA***
Section 4: The First English Colony: England was now RICH and POWERFUL.
MAIN IDEA: The first English efforts to establish a colony in North America failed. This failure taught the
English valuable lessons for the future.
OBJECTIVES:
1. Why did the English decide to establish colonies?
2. What problems did the first English colony face?
3. What lesson did the English learn about building colonies?
RICHARD HAKLUYT (HAK-loot), AN ENGLISH GEOGRAPHER REALIZED ENGLAND HAD NO
LAND IN AMERICA. HAKLUYT URGED ENGLAND TO START A COLONY OR “A WESTERN
PLANTING”.
ADVANTAGES of an ENGLISH COLONY:
A. It would provide a place to send petty criminals
B. it would allow England to build overseas bases.
C. Provide a market for English exports and serve as a source of raw materials.
D. Bring Protestant faith will be brought to America and Spanish Catholicism will be stopped.
***THEY DID NOT SAY IT SHOULD BE SELF SUFFICIENT***
THE FOUNDING OF ROANOKE: 1585 the first English colony begins
A. Sir Walter Raleigh claims the land from NOW North Carolina to Maine for Queen Elizabeth.
B. He calls this new land VIRGINIA after “the virgin Queen”.
C. Raleigh Sponsors the colony on ROANOKE ISLAND.
D. The Roanoke and Croatoan Indians helped the English survive at first.
E. After misunderstanding and a lack of respect for the Indians ways led to violence the Indians stopped
giving food to the English and after a miserable year the survivors left.
A SECOND ATTEMPT:
A. John White convinced Raleigh to try again with families who would pay for 500 acres of land.
B. 1587 White and his daughter and son-in-law and 100 others went to rebuild the Roanoke Colony.
C. White realizes that they need more supplies, He did not want to leave the new colony.
D. White’s daughter gives birth to VIRGINIA DARE the first English child born in America.
E. 1587 White must leave anyway and goes for more supplies that summer.
F. White gets to England but is stuck there because of the war with Spain and the ARMADA.
THE MYSTERY OF ROANOKE: 1591 White returns.
A. White finds all colonists gone only the letters CRO carved on a tree and CROATOAN on a door post.
B. 20 years later new settlers heard many stories of what may have happened.
a. They went to live with the Chesapeake Indians
b. They were killed when other Indians attacked the Chesapeake.
c. They were captured by Spanish Pirates
d. Some said the survivors remained among the other Indian groups
***TO THIS DAY NO ONE KNOWS WHAT HAPPENED TO THE “LOST COLONY OF ROANOKE” ***
LESSONS OF ROANOKE: IMPORTANT
A. LITTLE FUNDS, SUPPLIES AND PEOPLE, MADE A SUCCESSFUL
COLONY IMPOSSIBLE
B. ROANOKE ISLAND HAD NO PROTECTED HARBOR, SHALLOW WATER AND
SHIFTING TIDES RAN SHIPS AGROUND.
C. ENGLISH REALIZE IF AMERICAN COLONIES ARE GOING TO THRIVE BETTER
PLANNING IS NECESSARY.