THE MOGULS
• Who were they?
• United the subcontinent
of India in the 1500s
• Came from north of the
Indus River (not native to
India)
• Reached their peak
under Shah Akbar (came
to power at 14)
WHAT DID AKBAR DO?
1. Placed most of India under his rule (unified the region)
2. He was a Muslim but practiced great religious tolerance (what does
this mean?)
3. Established a long period of peace and economic prosperity/trade
--- his death in 1605 was the beginning of the end, Delhi was conquered by the
Persians in 1739 and the British were gaining control of the subcontinent as well
Imperialism and Colonial India
UNITED KINGDOM
Includes:
1. Northern Ireland
2. Scotland
3. Wales
4. England
GREAT BRITAIN
Includes:
1. Scotland
2. Wales
3. England
IMPERIALISM
• The extension of a nation’s power over other
lands.
(One country’s domination of the political, economic, and
social life of another country)
Why be an Imperialist?
1. Political rivalries/Prestige
• European countries needed colonies to compete with
other Europeans.
2. Desire for New Markets/Economics
• New territory to get raw materials and sell finished
goods.
3. Seeking New Opportunities
• Native Europeans could advance socially by taking an
assignment in a colony
4. “Civilizing Mission”/Racism
• Some Europeans thought it was their duty to impose
their culture on other, less “civilized” peoples.
Forms of Imperialism
1. Colony: territory that an imperial power ruled directly
2. Protectorate: territory that had its own government, but
its policies were guided by a foreign power.
3. Sphere of Influence: a region in which the imperial
power had exclusive investment or trading rights.
BRITISH COME TO INDIA
BRITISH IN INDIA
• Involvement in India dates
back to the 1500s
• 1650 – British trading forts
established – British took
Indian cotton goods to the
East Indies, where they
traded them for spices
• Mid-1700s – Britain,
through the East India
Company, strengthened its
control of Indian territory
The Sepoy Mutiny
• By 1857, the East India Co. controlled most of India
• 1857: The sepoys (Indian soldiers) rebelled against their British
commanders, many people on both sides were killed
• The Indians resented Christianity and European customs
Results of the Sepoy Rebellion
• Rebellion spread across northern and central India
• Forced British to take “direct control” of India (Queen Victoria became
the Empress of India in 1876)
• Viceroy System Imposed: A viceroy ruled India as the monarch’s
representative
• Fueled Indian Nationalism
NATIONALISM
• The unique cultural identity of a
people based on common
language, religion, and national
symbols
EFFECTS OF BRITISH RULE
Cons /Negatives
• Destroyed local industries
• Caused millions to starve
• Disrespect of Indian culture
• High taxes; many lost their land
Pros/Positives
• Created order and stability;
more efficient government
• Increased education
• Building of new hospitals, roads,
canals, schools….
CREATION OF MODERN
INDIA
Reactions to British Rule
• 1885: Indian National Congress (INC) formed
•
•
•
•
Accepted ideas of democracy and equality
Initially used peaceful protests to gain more power for the Indians.
Leader in Indian struggle for independence.
The INC was divided by religion
• The Hindus (majority) and Muslims (minority) did not trust each other.
GANDHI
• Worked for Indian
independence starting
before WWI (1914-1918)
• Known as India’s “Great
Soul”
• Was a lawyer in England
and South Africa before
returning to India
--- Gandhi practiced
civil disobedience – nonviolent refusal to obey
unjust laws
--- Satyagraha: a term
which means “truth
force” and describes the
nonviolent protests
He believed nonviolence would embarrass and humiliate the
British, eventually forcing them to grant India freedom
Killed in 1948 by a Hindu extremist who believed Gandhi
was too generous to the Muslims
The Amritsar Massacre
• 1919 - 10,000 unarmed Indians gathered for a political meeting
• British troops blocked the only entrance and began firing upon the crowd.
• 400 people were killed, 1200 wounded.
• The Amritsar Massacre spurred even more Indian people to join the fight for
independence.
The Salt March
• The British controlled (and
taxed) all salt in India
• 1930: Gandhi led thousands
on a march to the sea
• They made salt out of sea
water
• Eventually, Gandhi was
arrested like many of his
followers already had been.
Limited Self-Rule
• 1935: Government of India Act
• Created a constitution for India that gave provincial (local) legislatures control
over areas such as agriculture, education, public health, and public works.
• Also gave 5 million Indians the right to vote and increased the role of Indians
in government
• The INC (at the urging of Gandhi) accepted the act even though it didn’t offer
complete independence.
Hindu-Muslim Relations
• Hindus outnumbered Muslims 3 to 1 in India
• 1937: The Muslim League, led by Mohammad Ali Jinnah, split with the Congress
Party
• The Muslim League demanded a separate Muslim nation (Pakistan).
• Hindus, led by Jawaharlal Nehru, wanted a united India.
• The independence movement was permanently fractured.
• Gandhi did not want the creation of Pakistan
POST-WORLD WAR II
• British colonial
control of South
Asia ended after
WWII (1945)
• The Indian
subcontinent was
divided into two
countries, Pakistan
and India (August
15, 1947)
ON THE MOVE
• 12 million Muslims and Hindus moved across the borders of
the newly created countries
• Violence broke out and more than a 200,000 people were
killed (including Mohandas Gandhi)
South Asia
Modern India & Pakistan
Jawaharlal Nehru
Congress Party (Old INC)
• First prime minister of
India
• 1947-1964
• Nehru’s Goals:
• Economic: Modern,
Industrial
• Religious Freedom
• Social Equality
• Agricultural Growth
• Cold War: Non-alignment
Indira Gandhi
Congress Party
• Daughter of Nehru
• No relation to “Mahatma”
• India’s PM from 1966-1984
• Green Revolution (see article)
• India’s greatest challenge has
been to FEED its own people.
• High-yield Seeds
• Fertilizers
• Incredible population growth
• 1900 – 350 millions Indians
• 2013 – 1.2 billion Indians
• Dealt with Sikh separatist
movement.
Indira Gandhi Assassinated
• Faced opposition from
Sikh nationalists
• Was assassinated by
Sikh bodyguards.
• Revenge for Golden
Temple attack.
• Nationalism continues,
but is weaker . . .
India’s persecution
of the Sikhs
Push for
Independence
Sikh Nationalism
• Sikhs resented partition of
Punjab between Pakistan and
India
• Sikh nationalists called for
own nation: Khalistan.
• 1984: Sikh separatists took
over Golden Temple.
• Indian army attacked.
• 600 killed.
• 1985: Sikh terrorist blew up
Air India flight leaving
Canada.
• 200+ killed
INDIA TODAY
GOVERNMENT………
FEDERAL
REPUBLIC
(same 3
branches of
gov’t as U.S.)
Prime Minisster Dr. Manmohan Singh
POPULATION: 1.2 billion
………..2ND LARGEST IN THE WORLD BEHIND
CHINA……THE UNITED STATES IS 3RD
Pakistan: QUICK HISTORY
• Independence – 1947
• Created as a home for
Muslims
• 97% Muslim today
• Jinnah died in 1948
• Originally created as one
country on two sides of
India (West and East
Pakistan)
• Pakistan has had an
unstable story since
1947.
Pakistan
1950-Present
• East Pakistan  Bangladesh
(1971)
• India helped Bangladesh break
away
• West Pakistan  Pakistan
• Unstable
• Military rule
• Pervez Musharraf was most recent
military ruler
• Resigned in 2008
PAKISTAN SPLITS
Bangladesh – in
1971 East
Pakistan
declared its
independence
and became
Bangladesh
Pakistan Today
• President : Asif Ali Zardari
• Osama Bin Laden was
found in Pakistan
• Tense relations w/U.S.
• Ally or Enemy??
• Tension still exists
w/India
Modern India
Modern Pakistan
• Languages: Hindi and English (many others)
• Languages: Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%
• Monetary Unit: Indian Rupee ($1.00 = 50
rupees)
• Monetary Unit: Pakistani Rupee
• GDP/capita:
$3900
• GDP/capita:
$2900
• Life Expectancy: 67 years
• Life Expectancy: 66 years
• Education: 10 years (literacy rate: 61%)
• Education: 7 years (literacy rate: 54%)
• Suffrage:
• Suffrage:18 yrs and universal
18 yrs and universal
South Asia’s Issues
1950-Present
• Population exploded, causing
mass poverty/slums
• Mother Teresa 
• Nationalism: Sikh’s want
freedom
• Caste System outlawed, but still
exists
• Tense Foreign Relations
w/Pakistan over Kashmir region
• 1998: both nations tested nuclear
weapons
• 2003: nations agreed to uneasy
cease fire
South Asia’s Issues
1950-Present
• Pollution (Ganges River article)
• Overpopulation (food supply, poverty, slums…)
• Religious Conflict between Hindus and Muslims/Sikhs
• Tension between India and Pakistan (Kashmir)
What does this cartoon depict?
Mohammed Ali Jinnah
Jawaharlal Nehru
A Prayer for the Ganges
• In 2007, Joshua Hammer travelled down the Ganges to get a sense of
how bad the pollution has become.
• He wrote this article for Smithsonian magazine.
• Closely read the article and answer the provided questions.
Thursday
Thursday
3/21/13