Chapter 3
Introduction to Engineering Design
Dr. Bahaa Al-Sheikh & Eng. Mohammed Al-Sumady
Intoduction to Engineering
1

Engineers, regardless of their backgrounds,
follow
certain steps when designing the
products and services we use in our every day
lives.
2
In this chapter we will
•
•
•
Introduce you
design process
to
the
engineering
Discuss the basic steps that most
engineers follow when designing a
product
Discuss the importance of considering
sustainability in design
3
•
•
Introduce important design factors such as
 Teamwork
 Project scheduling
 Material selection
 Economic consideration
 Engineering standards and codes
Present cases studies in civil, mechanical/
electrical engineering
4
The main objective of this
chapter is:
To
introduce
the
steps
engineers
follow
to
successfully design products
or provide services that we
use in our everyday lives
5
Design Process – Basic Steps:
1.
Recognizing the need for a product or a service
2.
Problem definition and understanding
3.
Research and preparation
4.
Conceptualization
5.
Synthesis
6.
Evaluation
7.
Optimization
8.
Presentation
6

Step 1: Recognizing the need for a product or a
service
7
Step 2: Problem definition and understanding
•
•
•
This is the most important step in any
design process
Before you move on to the next step
 Make sure you understand the problem
 Make
sure that the problem is well
defined
Good problem solvers are those who first
fully understand what the problem is.
8
Step 3:
Panning)
•
Research and preparation (Project
Collect useful information
 Search
to determine if a product
already exists
 Perhaps you could adopt or modify
existing components
 Review and organize the information
collected in a suitable manner
9
Step
4:
Brainstorming)
Conceptualization
(
Generate ideas or concepts that
could offer reasonable solutions to
your problem
10
Step 5: Synthesis
•
•
•
At this point you begin to consider details
Perform calculations, run computer models,
narrow down the type of materials to be used,
size the components of the system, and answer
questions about how the product is going to be
fabricated.
Consult pertinent codes and standards and
make sure that your design will be in
compliance with these codes and standards.
11
Step 6: Evaluation
•
Analyze the problem in more detail
•
Identify critical design parameters and consider their
influence in your final design
•
Make sure that all calculations are performed correctly
•
Experimental Investigations.
•
When possible, working models must be created and
tested.
•
Best solution must be identified from alternatives
•
Details of design must be worked out fully
12
13
Step 7: Optimization
maximization
•
•
–
minimization
or
Optimization is based on some particular
criterion such as cost, strength, size, weight,
reliability, noise, or performance.
Optimizing individual components of an
engineering system does not necessarily
lead to an optimized system
14
An optimization procedure
15

Step 8: Presentation
16
Step 8: Presentation
•
•
You need to communicate your solution to
the client, who may be your boss, another
group within your company, or an outside
customer
Engineers are required to give oral and
written progress reports on a regular basis
to
various
groups;
consequently,
presentation could well be an integral part of
many other design steps
17
•
Engineering economics
•
Material selection
•
Teamwork
•
Conflicts Resolution
•
Project scheduling and task chart
•
Evaluating alternatives
•
Patent, trademark, and copyright
•
Engineering standards and codes
18
•
•
•
Economic factors always play important roles
in engineering design decision making
Products that are too expensive cannot be
sold at a price that consumers can afford
and still be profitable to the company
Products must be designed to provide
services not only to make our lives better
but also to make good
profits for the
manufacturer
19
•
Selection of materials is an important design
decision
•
Examples of properties to consider when
selecting materials








Density
Ultimate strength
Flexibility
Machinability
Durability
Thermal expansion
Electrical & thermal conductivity
Resistance to corrosion
20
•
•
•
Material properties depend on many factors
 How the material was processed
 Its age
 Its exact chemical composition
 Any
nonhomogenity or defect within
material
the
Material properties change with temperature and
time as the material ages
In practice, you use property values provided by the
manufacturer for design; textbook values are typical
values
21
•
•
•
•
Electrical resistivity : a measure of resistance
of material to flow of electricity.
Density : : how compact the material is for a
given volume.
Modulus of Elasticity : how easily material will
stretch or shorten.
Modulus of Rigidity : a measure of how easily
a material can be twisted or sheared.
22
•
•
•
Modulus of resilience : a mechanical property of
a material that shows how effective the material
is in absorbing mechanical energy without going
through any permanent damage.
Modulus of toughness : a mechanical property
of a material that indicates the ability of the
material to handle overloading before it
fractures.
Thermal expansion : the change in the length of
a material that would occur if the temperature
of the material is changed.
23
•
•
Thermal conductivity : how good the material is in
transferring thermal energy .
Heat capacity : represents the amount of thermal
energy required to raise the temperature of one
kilogram mass of a material by one degree Celsius.
Materials with large heat capacity values are good at
storing thermal energy
24
•
•
•
Vapor pressure :Fluids with low vaporpressure values will not evaporate as quickly
as those with high values of vapor pressure.
Bulk modulus of compressibility : represents
how compressible the fluid is. How easily
can one reduce the volume of the fluid when
the fluid pressure is increased.
Viscosity : a measure of how easily the given
fluid can flow. The higher the viscosity value
is, the more resistance the fluid offers to
flow.
25
•
•
Design team
A
group
of
individuals
with
complementary
expertise,
problem
solving skills, and talent who are working
together to solve a problem or achieve a
common goal
Employers are looking for individuals who
not only have a good grasp of engineering
fundamentals but who can also work well
with others in a team environment
26
Successful teams
components:
•
•
•
have
the
following
The project that is assigned to a team must
have clear and realistic goals. These goals
must be understood and accepted by all
members of the team.
The team should be made up of individuals
with complementary expertise, problem
solving skills, background, and talent.
The team must have a good leader.
27
•
•
The
team
leadership
and
the
environment in which discussions take
place should promote openness,
respect, and honesty.
The team goals and needs should
come before individual goals and
needs.
28
•
•
•
The Organizer – experienced and confident;
trusted by members of the team and serves
as a coordinator for the entire project
The Creator – good at coming up with new
ideas, sharing them with other team
members, and letting the team develop the
ideas further
The Gatherer – enthusiastic (‫) متحمس‬and good
at obtaining things, looking for possibilities,
and developing contacts
29
•
•
•
The Motivator – energetic, confident, and
outgoing; good at finding ways around
obstacles (‫)عقبات‬.
The Evaluator – intelligent and capable of
understanding the complete scope of the
project; good at judging outcomes correctly
The Team Worker – tries to get everyone to
come together, does not like friction or
problems among team members
30
•
•
The Solver – reliable and decisive and can
turn concepts into practical solution
The Finisher – can be counted on to finish
his or her assigned task on time; detail
oriented and may worry about the team’s
progress toward finishing the assignment
31
When a group of people work together,
conflicts sometimes arise. Conflicts could
be the result of
•
Miscommunication
•
Personality differences
•
The way events and actions are interpreted
by a member of a team
32
•
•
Managing conflicts is an important part of a
team dynamic
In managing conflicts, it is important to
recognize there are three types of people:
 Accommodating
 Compromising
 Collaborative
33
•
Accommodating team members - avoid
conflicts
 Allow assertive individuals to dominate
 Making progress as a whole difficult
 Could lead to poor team decision
34
•
Compromising team members
Demonstrate moderate level of
assertiveness and cooperation. By
compromising, the team may have
sacrificed the best solution for the
sake of group unity
35
•
Collaborative Conflict Resolution Approach
 High
level
of
assertiveness
and
cooperation by the team
 No finger pointing
 Team proposes solutions
 Means of evaluation
 Combine
solutions to reach an ideal
solution
36

A process that engineering managers use to ensure that a
project is completed on time and within the allocated budget
37
•
•
When a design is narrowed down to a
few workable concepts, evaluation of
these concepts is needed before detail
design is pursued
Each design would
evaluation criteria
have
its
own
38
39
Sustainability
and
sustainable
engineering can be defined as
“design
and development that
meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet
their own needs.”
40
•
•
•
Engineers contribute to both private and
public sectors of our society
In private sector, they design and produce the
goods and services that we use in our daily
lives to allow us to enjoy a high standard of
living
In public sector, they support local, state, and
federal mission such as meeting our
infrastructure needs, energy and food
security, and national defense
41
•
•
•
Engineers contribute to both private and
public sectors of our society
In private sector, they design and produce
the goods and services that we use in our
daily lives to allow us to enjoy a high
standard of living
In public sector, they support local, state,
and federal mission such as meeting our
infrastructure needs, energy and food
security, and national defense
42
•
•
•
Increasingly, because of worldwide socioeconomic
trends, environmental concerns, and earth’s finite
resources, more is expected of engineers
Future engineers are expected to design and
provide goods and services that increase the
standard of living and advance health care, while
addressing
serious
environmental
and
sustainability concerns
In designing products and services, engineers
must consider the link among earth’s finite
resources,
environmental,
social,
ethical,
technical, and economical factors
43
•
•
You should know the basic design steps that
all engineers follow, regardless of their
background, to design products and services
You should realize that economics plays an
important role in engineering decision
making
•
You should realize that the selection of
material is an important design decision
•
You should be familiar with the common
traits of good teams
44
Questions?
45