Which of the following is not one of the
processes essential to stabilizing body fluid
volumes, solute concentration, or pH of the ECF?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Fluid balance
Acid-base balance
Hormone balance
Electrolyte balance
What factor contributes to the relatively higher
water content of adult males compared to
adult females?
1. Males’ urinary bladders hold a larger volume
of urine.
2. Males have a higher percentage of adipose
tissue.
3. Males have a higher percentage of proteins,
minerals and carbohydrates.
4. Males have higher average muscle mass.
Which of the following are the primary ions
present in ECF?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Na+, Cl-, and HCO3Na+, K+, Mg2+, and SO42Na+, K+, and HPO42None of the above is correct
Why do homeostatic mechanisms that adjust
composition of body fluids respond to changes in
the ECF, rather than ICF?
1. The receptors monitoring electrolytes are
only found in ECF.
2. A change in one ECF component rapidly
affects all body cells.
3. ECF is contained within cells, which are
physically and chemically isolated.
4. 1 and 3 are correct.
Which hormone affecting fluid and electrolyte
balance is responsible for determining the rate of
Na+ absorption and K+ loss along the DCT?
1.
2.
3.
4.
The natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP)
ADH
Aldosterone
All of the above are correct
Wayne’s cardiac muscle cells have been releasing
ANP in response to overstretching of his heart
walls. What is the effect of the release of ANP?
1. ANP release could cause a heart attack.
2. ANP blocks the release of ADH and
aldosterone.
3. Water is conserved at the kidneys.
4. Blood volume and blood pressure increase.
Which of the following is true concerning
metabolic generation of water?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Breaking down 1 g of lipid generates more water
than breaking down 1 g of carbohydrate.
Metabolic generation of water is the result of
overhydration.
Metabolic generation of water generates about
1200 ml per day.
Metabolic generation of water occurs when you
lose water, but not electrolytes.
If the osmotic concentration of ECF increases,
which of the following happens?
1.
2.
3.
4.
ICF volume increases.
Metabolic generation of water decreases.
ECF becomes hypotonic to ICF.
Water moves from cells into ECF.
What effect does drinking a pitcher of distilled
water have on ADH secretion?
1. Secretion of ADH increases.
2. Secretion of ADH decreases.
3. Increased ADH secretion prompts secretion
of renin in the kidney.
4. It is impossible to predict.
What effect would being in the desert without
water for a day have on plasma osmotic
concentration?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Increase of osmotic concentration
Decrease of osmotic concentration
No effect on osmotic concentration
Impossible to predict because of
previous hydration level
Mr. Proctor has high blood pressure. As his
physician, why do you counsel him to limit his
intake of sodium?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Sodium causes ICF volume to increase and
increased ADH secretion.
Sodium causes an increase in fat storage and
increased ECF osmolarity.
Sodium causes an increase in blood volume and
blood pressure, and decreased ADH secretion.
Sodium causes loss of other electrolytes and
decreased blood volume.
Why does prolonged sweating increase
plasma sodium ion levels?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Sodium is excreted with sweat.
Sodium decreases water retention.
Potassium is lost during sweating.
Sweating causes a greater loss of water
than sodium.
Which is more dangerous, disturbances of sodium
balance or disturbances of potassium balance?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Disturbances of sodium balance
Disturbances of potassium balance
They are equally dangerous
Neither is particularly dangerous
What is the primary cause of hypercalcemia?
1. Hyperparathyroidism
2. Excessive consumption of vitamin D
supplements
3. Chronic renal failure
4. Alcoholism
Which of the following characteristics
distinguishes a strong acid from a weak acid?
1. Weak acids dissociate completely in solution.
2. Weak acids have more profound effect on the
pH of a solution.
3. Strong acids dissociate completely in solution.
4. 1 and 2 are correct.
What is the effect of acidosis on the
circulatory system?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Cardiac arrhythmias
Peripheral vasoconstriction and rise in BP
Peripheral vasodilation and drop in BP
Cardiomyopathy
Which of the following is not one of the three
major buffer systems?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Phosphate buffer system
Potassium buffer system
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
Protein buffer system
Which of the following is/are true of the
hemoglobin buffer system?
1. It is the only intracellular buffer system that
has an immediate effect of the pH of ECF.
2. It helps prevent drastic changes in pH
when plasma PCO2 is rising or falling.
3. It prevents changes in pH caused by
organic acids and fixed acids in the ECF.
4. 1 and 2 are correct.
Why does the tubular fluid in nephrons
need to be buffered?
1. Buffers allow for tubular modification of fluids.
2. Lacking buffers, the kidneys would secrete
too much acid.
3. Buffers prevent increasing respiratory rate.
4. Buffers keep the pH high enough for H+ ion
secretion to continue.
What effect does a decrease in the pH of
body fluids have on respiratory rate?
1. Respiratory rate increases
2. Respiratory rate decreases
3. Rate of respiration remains the same, but
depth of respiration increases
4. Impossible to predict
During an asthma attack, Kristen’s bronchioles
constrict, reducing pulmonary exchange. Which of
the following scenarios will result?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Increased breathing rate, increased plasma pH,
and metabolic acidosis
Decreased breathing rate, increased plasma pH,
and hypocapnia
Decreased breathing rate, increased plasma pH,
and respiratory alkalosis
Increased breathing rate, decreased plasma pH,
and hypercapnia
How does a prolonged fast affect the body’s pH?
1.
2.
3.
4.
pH increases after a fast
pH decreases after a fast
No effect on pH
Impossible to predict
Mrs. Adams has diabetes mellitus, but rarely
eats “diabetic friendly” meals. What condition
may result from her poor eating behavior?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Lactic acidosis
Ketoacidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Glomerulonephritis
Why can prolonged vomiting produce
metabolic alkalosis, while prolonged diarrhea
produces metabolic acidosis?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Diarrhea causes loss of HCO3- in the ECF/
vomiting causes increase of HCO3- in the ECF.
Diarrhea causes H+ ions to be replenished from
blood stream/vomiting generates HCl.
1 and 2 are correct.
None of the above is correct.
Why are effects of diet more profound and
immediate in infants compared with adults?
1. Infants’ energy sources and mineral reserves
are smaller.
2. Infants have less body water, making fluid
shifts more profound.
3. Infants have a much higher bicarbonate
content in their ECF.
4. None of the above is correct.
What change in an elderly person’s body
contributes to poor acid-base balance?
1. Reduction in ability to concentrate urine
2. Reduction in total body water content
3. Reduction in GFR and reduction in number
of functional nephrons
4. Reduction in ADH and aldosterone sensitivity