Chapter 4: The Growing Power of
Western Europe
AP European History
2012-2013
Chapter 4, Section 17 – “The Grand
Monarque and the Balance of
Power”
Be sure to know the significance of the
following people:
Louis XIV
William of Orange
Charles II
Be sure to know the significance of the
following terms:
Universal monarchy
balance of power
How does the story of Charles II of
Spain reveal some of the problems
of a monarchial system?
Chapter 4, Section 18 – “The Dutch
Republic”
Be sure to know the significance of the
following people:
William the Silent
Hugo Grotius
Baruch Spinoza
Rembrandt
Vermeer
Hals
Leeuwenhoek
Be sure to know the significance of the
following terms:
House of Orange
United Provinces
Bank of Amsterdam
The Netherlands (1609)
Dutch West India
Company, 1621
Dutch East India Company, 1602
Astronomical Pioneer:
Christiaan Huygens
R
Explanation of Saturn’s rings.
R
Wave theory of light.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek:
The Microscope & the Discovery of MicroOrganisms
The Dutch Federation
REGENTS
- provincial level
- held virtually all the power
- strong advocates of local independence
STADHOLDER
- States General representative from each province
- responsible for defense and order
STATES GENERAL
- federal assembly
- foreign affairs (war)
- all issues had to be referred to the local Estates
Examine Vermeer’s The Geographer
from page 153 in your textbook.
How does this show the Dutch as a
world power? What attitudes are
demonstrated?
The Geographer
Jan Vermeer, 1668-1669
Is religious toleration a necessary
condition for cultural efflorescence?
Why/why not?
Chapter 4, Section 19 – “Britain:
The Civil War”
The Stuart Monarchy
The Coat of Arms & the Flag
of the Commonwealth
Pride’s Purge, 1648
† Cromwell purges the House of Commons of moderates
[anyone who isn’t anti-monarchy].
† The results is the “Rump” Parliament.
Regicide  Beheading of Charles I, 1649
Cromwell Dissolves the “Rump” Parliament in 1653
Cromwell—Lord Protector or King??
† England longs for an end to martial law!
† Cromwell dies in 1658 and his son, Richard, takes
over, but is weak and lasts for only two years.
Why are civil wars, it seems, so
common in the forging of the
modern nation-states?
Read “The Powers of the Monarch
in England” by James I (Western
Civilization page 49). How does
James justify the vast powers he
feels he should rightly have as king?
Read “The Powers of Parliament in
England” by the House of Commons
(Western Civilization page 50).
What are the powers which the
House of Commons and the king
disagree on? What claims do both
sides use to justify their claims?
Chapter 4, Section 20 – “Britain: the
Triumph of Parliament”
Be sure to know the significance of the
following people:
Charles II:
James II:
William III:
Be sure to know the significance of the
following terms:
• Test Act: required all office holders to be members of the Church of
England
• Declaration of Indulgence: issued by Charles II to provide religious freedom
to Dissenters
• Dissenters: refused to accept the Church of England
• Battle of the Boyne: scene of the defeat of James II forces
• Bill of Rights: set conditions for coexistence between king and parliament
• Toleration Act: allowed religious freedom to dissenters
• Act of Settlement: excluded Catholics from the throne
Be sure to know the significance of the
following terms:
• Act of Union: created the United Kingdom between England and Scotland
• Bank of England: 1694 – provided funding to William III to wage war on
France
• Irish penal code: code of laws restricting many rights of Irish Catholics
• “Squirearchy”: political power stemming from the class of landed
aristocrats
• “gentlemen”: men of strong families or higher class, who ruled Britain
through their representation in the parliament
• Glorious Revolution: name given to the settlement of 1688-1689
How did the Restoration solve – and not
solve – the religious and political conflicts?
a. Under Charles II: generally placid, aristocrats paid taxes for political power
b. Religious conflict: continued, Anglican dissenters banned from positions of power
c. Charles II and Louis XIV: Charles a supporter of Louis, worked together to wage war
on Dutch, Charles appeared to support Catholicism (which was seen as a threat)
d. Upon Charles II’s death: James became king (a Catholic); Whigs (opposed Stuart
line) and Tories (supported Stuart line); both parties lost interest in James II and
offered the crown to his daughter Mary and her husband, William of Orange (III)
e. William III’s interests: to promote Dutch interests and weaken France; William III
supported by English population which wanted to prevent restoration of royal
absolutism
English Bill of Rights [1689]
a
a
a
It settled all of the
major issues between
King & Parliament.
It served as a model
for the U. S. Bill of
Rights.
It also formed a base
for the steady
expansion of civil
liberties in the 18c and
early 19c in England.
How did the Restoration solve – and not
solve – the religious and political conflicts?
f. Bill of Rights: 1689; struck balance between king & parliament; eliminated royal
absolutist powers
g. Act of Settlement: excluded Catholics from the throne; descendants of James II
became known as “Pretenders”
h. United Kingdom: created by Act of Union; united England and Scotland; meant to
prevent Scottish support of Stuart line (Scottish family)
i. Ireland: increased persecution against Irish Catholics
j. Bank of England: 1694; means of lending William III money to pay for war against
French; wealthy were willing to make loans in exchange for power
k. Glorious Revolution: name given to the settlement of 1688-1689; established civil
rights, parliamentary power over monarchy, and rule of law in England
% Of Land Owned by Catholics in Ireland
[in green]
The Seesaw of King & Parliament:
1603-1689
Read “Leviathan: Political Order and Political
Theory” by Thomas Hobbes (Western
Civilization pages 53-55). Why do men form
commonwealths and give power to the
sovereign? How does Hobbes’ argument
compare with that of James I? Why might
the House of Commons and monarch
criticize Hobbes’ argument?
Chapter 4, Section 21 – “The France
of Louis XIV 1643-1715: The
Triumph of Absolutism”
Be sure to know the significance of the
following people:
Louis XIV:
Poussin: artist
Lorrain: artist
Corneille: author
Racine: author
Moliere: author
La Fontaine: author
These authors, artists,
and scientists
represented the standard
in Europe, and their
cultural contributions
were copied throughout
Europe.
Descartes: mathematician; scientific thinker
Pascal: scientist
Bayle: “father of modern skeptics”
Colbert: Louis XIV’s financial adviser
Mazarin: Cardinal who governed in the name of Louis XIV when he was still a child
Be sure to know the significance of the
following terms:
Salons: meeting grounds for artists, authors, and philosophers in Paris
Classicism: theory that emphasized order, harmony, and antiquity in the
arts
Fronde: 1648 rebellion against the monarchy led by parlements and
nobility
Parlements: courts in France
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes: ending religious toleration for 100
years
What distinguished France in the
seventeenth century?
a.
Population: 19 million; large population included
variety of living conditions and social classes
b.
Arts and sciences: widely copied throughout
Europe (art, literature, science, philosophy)
How absolute was French absolutism?
Why did the French people accept it?
a. Localism: in economics/political life; limited absolutism – king was
dependent on advisers and had to compromise with local interests and
traditions
b. The Fronde: rebellion in 1648 against monarchy; led to widespread
support of a strong monarchy by general population
c. Louis XIV in 1661: at 23 years old decides to rule on his own without
advisers or nobility; advanced the authority of the state and took
powers for himself (which generally were successful domestically but
unsuccessful militarily)
d. Bishop Bossuet: main defender of king’s power monopoly; argued
“divine right of kings”
How did Louis XIV achieve his goals of
centralization of political power?
a. Transforming the army: removed private control; enlarged and organized it, and created a
chain of command
b. Versailles: built outside Paris; set standard for all monarchs; elaborate daily rituals – nobles
wanted to be there, and he could keep an eye of them
c. Louis’s bureaucratic appointments: avoided hereditary nobles; chose those with common
backgrounds, ennobled by the king and positioned throughout France as liaisons to the king
(answered only to the king)
d. Mercantilist practices: through his adviser, Colbert; sought self-sufficiency
e. Finances: preoccupation of king; nobles not taxed; burden on commoners; Louis sold titles of
nobility and offices to raise money for war
f. Colbert’s policies: reduced internal tariffs; national commercial code; built roads/canals;
subsidies to industry; granted monopolies
g. Edict of Nantes: revoked in 1685; Louis sought religious uniformity; dissenters persecuted,
and many French Protestants emigrated
Louis XIII’s Old Chateau
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Chapter 4, Section 22 – “The Wars
of Louis XIV: The Peace of Utrecht,
1713”
Be sure to know the significance of
the following people:
Leopold I: Holy Roman Emperor during
the reign of Louis XIV
Be sure to know the significance of the
following terms:
The Dutch War: 1672 French attack on the United Provinces
League of Augsburg: alliance formed against Louis XIV
Franche-Comte: region in Eastern France captured by Louis XIV
Alsace and Lorraine: region in Eastern France captured by Louis XIV
Elector of Brandenburg: ally with Louis XIV against HRE
Grand Coalition: alliance against France in the War of Spanish Succession
Peace of Utrecht: treaty ending the War of Spanish Succession
Franche-Comte
Alsace
What were Louis XIV’s goals in the Dutch
War, and to what degree were they
thwarted by the European powers?
a. Weakening the Dutch: attacking the Dutch as
well as the Habsburgs in Spain and Austria; as
well as the Spanish Netherlands
b. Movement against Strasbourg: take
advantage of Leopold I already battling Turks
and Hungarians; turned away by the League of
Augsburg (balance of power)
What were Louis XIV’s goals in the War of Spanish
Succession, and to what degree were they thwarted
by the other European powers?
a. The crown of Spain: Charles II died in 1700; no successor; Louis
wanted to appoint grandson; Leopold I also had argument for throne
b. Grand Coalition: or Grand Alliance; organized by William III; all
involved for their own political/economic reasons, but all opposed
France
c. Peace at Utrecht: 1713; partitioning the Spanish empire; Louis’s
grandson becomes king, but agreement reached that no one person
could rule Spain and France
d. Effects on France and Dutch: both weakened by war; Dutch would no
longer play a major role in European affairs; French face depopulation
and poverty
What were Louis XIV’s goals in the War of
Spanish Succession, and to what degree were
they thwarted by the other European powers?
e. Savoy and Brandenburg: significantly increased their territory and
influence in Europe
f. England at end of war: biggest winner; increased influence in New
World and Mediterranean; asiento; political dominance of landed
aristocrats and merchants (in the House of Commons)
g. Characteristics of war: first major war fought by professional soldiers
(conscripted armies – drafted); little civilian damage; religion played no
role; political and economic factors; “world war”
h. Utrecht v. Westphalia: Utrecht continued practice of a congress of all
belligerents (European members that fought) to make peace