EDUCATION PROFILE AND
ISSUES OF ASEAN COUNTRIES
Prepared and Presented by
M. YAHYA AHMAD
Doctoral Degree Student
Philippine Chistian University
On the fulfillment of subject :
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Comparative
Education
TOPIC OF INTEREST
• Compulsory Education
• Basic Education
Definition
• Country Profile
• Issues and Challenges
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Key treaty provisions on free and
compulsory education
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Key treaty provisions on free and
compulsory education

UNESCO Convention against Discrimination in
Education (1960):
 The
States Parties to this Convention undertake to
formulate, develop and apply a national policy
which, ... will tend to promote equality of
opportunity and of treatment ... and in particular:
(a) To make primary education free and
compulsory.
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Key treaty provisions on free and
compulsory education

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights (1966):
 Primary
education shall be compulsory and available free for
all.

Protocol of San Salvador to the American Convention on
Human Rights (1988)
 The
States Parties to this Protocol recognize that in order to
achieve the full exercise of the right to education:
 a.
Primary education should be compulsory and accessible to all
without cost.
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Key treaty provisions on free and
compulsory education

Convention on the Rights of the Child:
(1989):
States
Parties recognize the right of the child
to education, and with a view to achieving
this right progressively and on the basis of
equal opportunity, they shall, in particular: (a)
Make primary education compulsory and
available free for all.
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Key treaty provisions on free and
compulsory education

Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the
African Child (1990):
States
Parties to the present Charter shall
take all appropriate measures with a view to
achieving the full realization of [the right to
education] and shall in particular: a) provide
free and compulsory basic education;
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Key treaty provisions on free and
compulsory education

(Revised) European Social Charter (1996):
 With
a view to ensuring the effective exercise of the right of
children and young persons to grow up in an environment which
encourages the full development of their personality and of
their physical and mental capacities, the Parties undertake,
either directly or in co-operation with public and private
organizations, to take all appropriate and necessary measures
designed:
 2.
to provide to children and young persons a free primary and
secondary education as well as to encourage regular attendance at
schools.
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Content of the Right to Education and
State Obligations
Equal enjoyment of, and equal access to,
educational opportunities and facilities
 Compulsory and free primary education
 Generally available and accessible secondary
education, and equally accessible higher
education
 Freedom of choice in education, and freedom
to establish private institutions

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Definition of Basic Education
(Jomtiem Conference, 1990)


The definition of basic education must be in terms of
levels to be attained, and knowledge and skills to
be acquired along the lines of the Jomtien
'enlarged vision', not in terms of a period of
compulsory school education
Basic education allows personal development,
intellectual autonomy, integration into professional
life and participation in the development of the
society in the context of democracy.
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FOUR As EDUCATION

Availability


Accessibility


`that the system is non- discriminatory and accessible to all, and that positive steps
are taken to include the most marginalised.
Acceptability


that education is free and government-funded and that there is adequate
infrastructure and trained teachers able to support education delivery.
that the content of education is relevant, non-discriminatory and culturally
appropriate, and of quality; that the school itself is safe and teachers are
professional.
Adaptability

that education can evolve with the changing needs of society and contribute to
challenging inequalities, such as gender M.discrimination,
and that it can be adapted
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locally to suit specific contexts.
COUNTRY
CONSTITUTION MANDATE OF EDUCATION
Brunei
(mandate is not clear)
Darussalam
(1) The State shall protect and upgrade citizens' rights to quality education at
all levels
(2) The state shall establish a comprehensive and standardized educational
Cambodia system
(3) The State shall provide free primary and secondary education to all citizens
in public schools
(1) The State shall recognise and guarantee that every citizen has the right to
education
East Timor
(2) Everyone has the right to equal opportunities for education and vocational
training
(3) The State should ensure the access of every citizen, in accordance to their
abilities, to the highest levels of education
(1) Lao citizens have the right to receive education
Lao-PDR
(2) The State pays attention to developing education in combination with the
building of a new generation to be good citizens
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(3) The State implement the compulsory
system at primary levels.
COUNTRY
CONSTITUTION MANDATE OF EDUCATION
(1) Every citizen has the right to education
Indonesia
(2) The government shall establish and conduct a national educational system
(3) Every person shall have the right to better him/herself through the fulfilment of
his/her basic needs, the right to education
Malaysia
(1) In providing out of the funds of a public authority financial aid for the
maintenance or education of pupils or students in any educational institution
(1) Every citizen have the right to education
(2) Every citizen shall be given basic education prescribed by the law as compulsory
Myanmar
Philippines
(3) The State shall earnestly strive to improve education
(4) The State shall implement free compulsory primary education system
(5) The State shall implement a modern education system
(1) The State shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality education
at all levels
(2) The State will establish, maintain, and support a complete, adequate, and
(3) The state will establish and maintain, a system of free public education in the
elementary and high school levels
(4) Elementary education is compulsory for all children of school age;
(5) Academic freedom shall be enjoyed in all institutions of higher learning
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COUNTRY
CONSTITUTION MANDATE OF EDUCATION
(1) Rights in respect of education ..... There shall be no discrimination against any
citizens of Singapore
Singapore
(2) ... providing out of the funds of a public authority financial aid for the
maintenance or education of pupils or students in any educational institution
(1) A person shall enjoy an equal right to receive education for the duration of not
less than twelve years which shall be provided by State thoroughly
Thailand
(2) The indigent, disabled or handicapped, or destitute person shall enjoy an equal
right and shall be supported by State to receive equal education
(3) A person shall enjoy an academic freedom
(4) Children and youth with no guardian shall have the right to receive appropriate
care and education from the State
(1) The citizen has both the right and the duty to receive training and instruction.
Vietnam
(2) Primary education is compulsory and dispensed free of charge.
(3) The citizen has the right to get general education and vocational training in
various ways.
(4) The State and society shall create the necessary conditions for, handicapped
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children to acquire general knowledge
and appropriate
job training
BRUNEI DARUSSALAM
Laws and other basic regulations concerning education
The Education (Brunei Board of Examinations ) Act of 1976
Education Order 2003
Child Care Centre Order 2006
Compulsory Education Order 2007
Administration and management of the education system
The Ministry of Education (MOE)
Curriculum Development Department (CDD)
Schools Inspectorate under MOE
National Education Council
National Accreditation Council
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Technical and Vocational Education Council
CAMBODIA
Laws and other basic regulations concerning education
Constitution of 1993
The Education Law 2007
Administration and management of the education system
Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MoEYS)
Curriculum Development Department
Supreme National Council for Education,
Cambodian National Council for Children
National Training Board
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Ahmad (ACC)
Accreditation Committee of
Cambodia
INDONESIA
Laws and other basic regulations concerning education
Constitution of 1945 and its ammendment
National Education System Law No. 20/2003
National Guidelines of the State Policy of 1993
Presidential Decree of 1994
Decision of the People's Consultative Assembly No. IV of 1999
Law No. 22 on Local Governance of 1999
Teacher and Lecturer Law No. 14 of 2005
Administration and management of the education system
Ministry of Education and Culture (MOEC)
Ministry of Religious Affairs (MORA
Ministry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection
Ministry of Social Affairs
National Accreditation Board for Higher Education
Board of National Education Standards
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National Board of School M.
Accreditation
School/Madrasah Committee
LAO-PDR
Laws and other basic regulations concerning education
Constitution, promulgated in 1991 and amended in 2003
Decree on Compulsory Primary Education No.138/PMO/96
Decrees No. 0922, 0923 and 0924 dated 17 July 2001
Education Law No. 03/AN was enacted on 8 April 2000
Administration and management of the education system
Ministry of Education (MOE)
Provincial Education Services (PES)
District Education Bureaus (DEB)
Village Education Development Committees
Research Institute for the Educational Sciences (RIES),
Educational Standards and Quality Assurance Center (ESQAC)
Inclusive Education Center,
Strategic Research and Educational Analysis Center
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare (MLSW)
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National Training Council
MALAYSIA
Laws and other basic regulations concerning education
Education Amendment Act 2002 (Act A1152),
Childcare Centres (Amendment) Act 2007.
Universities and University Colleges Act (Amendment) 1996
Private Higher Education Institutions Act (1996)
National Council on Higher Education Act (1996)
National Skills Development Act 2006 (Act 652)
Administration and management of the education system
Ministry of Education (MOE)
School Inspectorate , a MOE division
Curriculum Development Centre (CDC)
Educational Planning Committee (EPC)
Educational Planning and Research Division (EPRD
Ministry of Higher Education
Malaysian Qualifications Agency
Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development
Ministry of Rural and Regional Development
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National Unity Department
Republic of the Union of
MYANMAR (BURMA)
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PHILIPPINES
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SINGAPORE
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THAILAND
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TIMOR LESTE

Upppsss .....I am Sorry......
 Data Not Available
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Socialist Republic of
VIETNAM
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Country
Score of
mandate
Brunei
Cambodia
East Timor
Lao-PDR
Indonesia
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Vietnam
1
4
2
4
4
4
4
4
2
3
4
Human
Compulsory Development
Education Index (World
rank)
12 years
33/187
6 years
139/187
n/a
147/187
n/a
138/187
9 years
124/187
9 years
61/187
5/6 years
149/187
7 years
112/187
n/a
26/187
9 years
103/187
5/6 years
128/187
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HDI Score
HDI_Education
Score
0.838/0.671
0.523/0.671
0.495/0.671
0.524/0.671
0.617/0.671
0.761/0.671
0.483/0.671
0.644 /0.671
0.866/0.671
0.682/0.671
0.593/0.671
0.733
0.523
0.371
0.432
0.584
0.730
0.404
0.684
0.751
0.597
0.503
Implementation of compulsory education
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ABOVE AVERAGE
BELOW AVERAGE
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Primary Teacher Age Proportion Under 30
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Number of children of primary school age who were out of
school in 2008, selected countrie
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Pupil/Teacher Ratio
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OVER STANDARD
BELOW STANDARD
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Problem of Equity in Education



Lack of available school building and classroom with all
required facilities
Shortage of teachers, especially in remote areas; That is
one of the reason in countries like Thailand and Indonesia
there are multi grade teachers where one teacher teaches
more than one grades of primary school
Uneven spread of population, which also creates serious
disparities in educational opportunity; especially in a big
country like Indonesia.
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Problem of Equity in Education
Lack of good textbooks and other learning materials.
Due to financial and geographical reason this
problem can easily be found in remote schools.
 Geographical location
 Student’s and parent’s low appreciation toward
education
 Level of socio-economic condition of the family
 Lack of budget for building more schools, classrooms,
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learning facilities

Problem of Quality Education

Dakar’s Framework of Action:
A
good quality education requires:
Healthy,
well nourished and motivated students,
Well motivated and professionally competent
teacher,
Active learning techniques,
A relevant curriculum
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Problem of Quality Education
 Adequate,
environmentally friendly and easily
accessible facilities,
 Healthy, safe and protective learning environments,
 A clear definition and accurate assessment of learning
outcomes, including knowledge, skills, attitude and
values
 Participatory governance and management, and
 Respect for and engagement with local communities
and cultures
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