Science
AHSGE
Numbered Flash Cards
Created by Lauderdale County School
District
By Stephen Phillips, Paul Crawford,
and Pam Tanner
1. SI Units of
Volume
Liters, millileters, and cubic
centimeters
2. SI units of
distance
Kilometers, meters,
centimeters, and millimeters
3. SI units of mass
Kilograms, grams milligrams
4. Lab safety
review






When combining an acid or base with water, always pour the acid
or base into the water.
When lighting a Bunsen burner, hold a lighted match next to the
barrel and turn on gas
Never smell a chemical directly from a container. Always use
your hand to wave (waft) some of the odors toward your nose.
Never pour any unused chemical back into its original container.
In case of an accident in a lab, always tell the teacher first.
Always point a heated test tube or bottle away from yourself and
others.
5. Steps of the
scientific method
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Observe/state the problem/ask a
question
Form a hypothesis
Test the hypothesis (perform an
experiment)
Analyze and record data
Form a conclusion
6. Phrases that
describe a
hypothesis
A preliminary conclusion, a
suggested answer, a possible
solution
7. Compare control
(control setup) and
variables:
 Control:
part of the experiment
that does not change during the
experiment (no change)
 Variables : part of the
experiment that changes during
the experiment
8. Compare
autotrophs and
heterotrophs:


Autotrophs: organisms that have the
ability to produce their own food
Heterotrophs: organisms that depend on
other organisms for a source of food;
they can not make their own food
9. Producers
Autotrophs that are eaten by
heterotrophs
10. Consumers
Heterotrophs that eat other organisms such as
 Herbivores – plant eaters
 Carnivores – animal eaters
 Omnivores – eat both plants and animals
 Parasites – live in or on other organisms and
do harm
11. Decomposers
Heterotrophs that decompose
organic material; can be
called saprophytes; best
examples – fungi and
bacteria
12. Water cycle
Evaporation, condensation,
and precipitation
13. Nitrogen cycle
a.
b.
c.
Aided by decomposers
Animals and humans get
nitrogen from eating protein
Nitrogen from atmosphere
fixed by lightning, bacteria, or
the roots of plants.
14. Transpiration
Evaporation of water out of
plants; when water is pulled out
of plants into the environment;
90% of evaporation from
terrestrial environments is
caused by transpiration
15. Compare
aerobic and
anerobic.
Aerobic processes require
oxygen while anerobic
processes do not require
oxygen
16. Photosynthesis
Sunlight + CO2 + H2O  C6H2O6 +O2
17. Cellular
respiration (anerobic
respiration)
C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + ATP
18. Define food chain and
list an example that
includes at least 5
organisms.
A food chain is a simple or
single line feeding
relationship; example –
grass->grasshopper->small
bird->snake->hawk
19. Define food
web and diagram
an example.
A food web is a series of
complex interconnecting
food chains
20. Draw and label
an ecological
(energy) pyramid.
Ecological pyramid (also called an energy pyramid)
4th
3rd order consumer
2nd order consumer
1st order consumer
Autotrophs/Producers
AAAAA Number of organisms and
Amount of energy
decreases from the bottom
to the top
Each level receives
approximately 10% of the
energy that the previous
level used
21. Define and draw
an example of the
molecules in a solid.
Particles are packed together tightly; has a
definite shape and volume
22. Define liquid and
draw an example of the
molecules in a liquid.
Particles are not held together as tightly as a solid;
has a definite volume but not a definite shape
23. Define gas and draw
an example of the
molecules in a gas.
Particles in a gas move around; has no definite
shape nor volume
24. Factors that
affect the rates of
change.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Increasing the surface or contact area (breaking
materials down into smaller pieces)
Increasing concentration
Stirring
Adding a catalyst (increases the reaction rate by
lowering the amount of activation energy which is the
energy needed to start a chemical reaction)
Adding biological catalyst (enzymes) – which are usually
proteins that speed up chemical reactions in living things
Increasing temperature
25. Kinetic energy
Energy of a moving object
26. List the seven order system
of classification in order from
the largest (most inclusive;
least specific) to the smallest
(least inclusive; most specific).
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
27. Define binomial nomenclature
and correctly write 3 scientific
names using the rules for
binomial nomenclature.
A
two part scientific name
 Scientific name examples –
Homo sapiens, Acer rubrum,
Panthera leo
28. Kingdom Monera
(Eubacteria and
Archaebacteria)
 Only
prokaryotic kingdom
 All unicellular
 Example – bacteria and
cyanobacteria (also called bluegreen algae)
29. Kingdom
Protista
 Eukaryotes
 Mostly
unicellular
 Examples include amoeba,
paramecium, and euglena
30. Kingdom Fungi
Multicellular, eukaryotic
heterotrophs that have cell
walls that contain a tough
carbohydrate called chitin
31. Kingdom
Plantae
Multicellular, eukaryotic
heterotrophs that have cell
walls that contain a tough
carbohydrate called chitin
32. Kingdom
Animalia
Multicellular, eukaryotic
heterotrophs that have no
cell walls
33. Amoeba
34. Paramecium
35. Euglena
36. Compare the following
structures used in
locomotion (movement).
a.
b.
c.
Pseudopods – “false foot” used by amoebas
for movement; produced by changing shapes
of the cell membrane and cytoplasm
Cilia – short hair-like or thread-like structure;
found on paramecium
Flagella – long whip-like, hair-like, or threadlike structure; found on euglenas
37. Saprophytes
Organisms that feed on dead
organic material; includes
species of fungi
and bacteria
38. Draw and label
the parts of a
typical flower.
39. Define stamen
and its parts (anther,
filament, and pollen).
a.
b.
c.
d.
stamen – the entire male part of a flower
anther – the topmost part of the flower
that produces pollen
filament – the stalk of the stamen that
supports the anther
pollen – contains the sperm cells of
plants
40. Define pistil and its
parts (stigma, style,
ovary, and ovule).
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Pistil – the entire female part of a flower
Stigma – the topmost sticky surface of the pistil
that receives the pollen
Style – the tube through which pollen descend
from the stigma to the ovary
Ovary – the bulb shaped structure at the bottom
of the pistil that contains the ovules
Ovules – egg cells of plants
41. Compare
sepals and petals.
Sepals – leaves under the petals;
outermost whorl of leaves on the
flower that protect the bud
 Petals – the leaves of the flower that
are typically brightly colored to attract
pollinators

42. Nonvascular
plants
Simple plants that lack vascular
tissues
 Are considered to have no true
roots, stems, or leaves
 Example – Bryophytes (mosses,
liverworts, and hornworts)

43. Vascular plants
Complex plants that have vascular
tissues
 Have true roots, stems, and leaves
 Examples – ferns and fern like
plant, gymnosperms, and
angiosperms

44. Compare xylem
and phloem.
Xylem – vascular tissue that carries
water and minerals upward in plants
 Phloem – vascular tissue that carries
sugars made by the plant during
photosynthesis either upward or
downward in the plant

45. Gymnosperms





Vascular plants that produce seeds that are
not covered by a fruit
Sometimes called the “naked – seed” plants
Mainly pollinated by the wind
Mainly cone-bearing evergreens that have
needlelike leaves
Examples – pines, cedars, spruce, fir
46. Angiosperms



Vascular plants that produce seeds that are
protected by a fruit (ripened ovary that
surrounds and protects the seeds)
Produce reproductive structures called
flowers
Largest group in the plant kingdom
47. Ferns
Vascular, spore-producing plants
 Spores are typically found on the
underside of the leaves fronds –
leaves of a fern
 Have creeping underground stems
called rhizomes

48. Prop plants
Plants that have root systems
that are at least partly
exposed to the air such as
some types of plants that live
in swamps and corn
49. Tropical
rainforest plants
Have wide leaves to help them
absorb as much sunlight as
possible because of thick
vegetation growth
 Upper layers of the trees in the
rainforests are called canopy

50. Tundra plants



Small plants that grow rapidly during
their short growing seasons
Have to be able to reproduce quickly
because of short growing seasons
Able to survive extreme cold during
winter because of blankets of snow on
them
51. Desert plants



Have leaves that are modified into spines in
order to help them to reduce water loss
Have shallow root systems that branch out in
order to absorb as much water as possible
Have stomata that open only at night in order
to slow water loss
52. Stomata and
guard cells
Stomata are tiny openings typically
on the underside of leaves that
allow for gas exchange
 Guard cells are the cells that
surround the stomata that cause
the stomata to open and close

53. Mimicry
A harmless animal resembles
one that is harmful such as a
scarlet kingsnake (harmless)
resembling the poisonous
coral snake
54. Protective
coloration
A form of camouflage that helps
an animal to blend in with their
surroundings in order to make
it more difficult for predators to
get them
55. Warning
Coloration
Coloration on animals that
“warns” other animals to
stay away
56. Compare radial
and bilateral
symmetry.
symmetry – animals with
central point with structures
that radiate out from the center
 Bilateral symmetry – animals
that can be divided into two
basically equal sides
 Radial
57. Compare
vertebrates and
invertebrates
 Invertebrates
are animals that
lack a backbone (they make up
95-99% of all animal species)
 Vertebrates are animals that
have a backbone
58. Phylum
Porifera






Sponges
Simplest Animal group
Cells and tissus – No organs or organ systems
Filter feeders – means that they get food by
filtering water
Sessile as adults – means that they move very
little if any at all
Asymmetrical – means that they have no
particular shape
59. Phylum
Cnidaria



Animals with stinging cells on
tentacles that surround their mouths
Includes jellyfish, corals and sea
anemones
Considered to have radial symmetry
60. Phylum
Platyhelminthes
 Flatworms
 No
true body segments
 Mostly parasites
61. Phylum
Nematoda
 Roundworms
 Many
are parasites
 Unsegmented
62. Phylum
Annelida
 Segmented
worms
 Include earthworms, leeches
and marine worms
 Closed circulation – blood is
contained within vessels
63. Phylum
Mollusca
Described as soft-bodies
animals with a shell
64. Gastropods
Mollusks that include slugs
and snails
65. Bivalves
 Mollusks
that include clams,
oysters, and mussels
 Bivalves are important as
biological indicators because
they are filter feeders
66. Cephalopods
 Mollusks
that include squid
and octopi
 Considered to be the
smartest invertebrates
67. Phylum
Arthropoda
 Jointed
appendages animals
with segmentation and
exoskeletons
 Largest animal phylum
68. Arachnida
 Arthropods
that include
spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions
 Eight legs
 Body regions – cephalothorax
and abdomen
69. Crustaceans
 Arthropods
that include shrimp,
lobsters, crayfish, barnacles
 Mostly aquatic with many of
them livng in marine (ocean)
environments
 Two pairs of antennae
70. Millipedes and
centipedes (types
of arthropods)
– two pairs of legs
per body segment
 Millipedes
• Herbivores
– one pair of legs
per body segment
 Centipedes
• Carnivores with poison claws
71. Class Insecta
(Types of
arthropods)





The largest class in the animal kingdom
6 legs
Many with two pairs of wings
3 body regions – head, thorax, and
abdomen
Many use pheromones which are
chemicals used to attract other insects in
order to mate of find food
72. Phylum
Echinodermata
 Spiny-skinned
animals
 Radial symmetry
 Includes starfish, sea urchins,
sand dollars
 Have a water vascular system
with tube feet
73. Phylum Chordata
and Subphylum
Vertebrata
Includes all of the animals with
a backbone – fishes,
amphibians, reptiles, birds
and mammals
74. Class Agnatha
 Jawless
fishes
 Include hagfish and lampreys
(many of which are parasites)
75. Class
Chondichthyes
Cartilage fishes
 Includes sharks, rays, and skates
 Ectotherms
 2 chambered hearts – an atrium
and a ventricle
 Most use external fertilization

76. Class
Osteichthyes






Bony fishes
Largest vertebrate animal group
Ectotherms
2 chambered hearts – an atrium and a
ventricle
Most use external fertilization
Have a gill covering called an operculum
77. Class Amphibia





Frogs, toads, and salamanders
Amphibian refers to double life – begin
life as a larva in water and are able to
move on land as adults
Ecotherms
3 chambered hearts – two atria and one
ventricle
External fertilization
78. Class Reptilia





Snakes, lizards, and turtles
Lay eggs on land
Most have 3 chambered hearts except
for crocidilians which have 4 heart
chambers
Ectotherms
Internal fertilization
79. Class Aves






Birds
4 chambered hearts – two atria and two
ventricles
Endotherms – basically means warm-blooded
Many have hhollow bones that help them to fly
Have air sacs associated with lungs
Internal fertilization
80. Class Mammalia)
 Vertebrates
that have hair or
fur and give their young mile
 Include monotremes,
marsupials, and placentals
81. Monotremes
 Egg-laying
mammals
 Includes the duck-billed
platypus and the spiny
anteater (also known as the
echidna)
82. Marsupials
 Pouched
mammals
 Includes kangaroos, koalas,
Virginia opossum (only
native North American
marsupial)
83. Placentals
Females in this group have a
placenta (which is an organ of
exchange between the mother and
the unborn offspring)
 Most mammals are included in this
category such as bats, dogs,
rodents, marine mammals, humans

84. Compare
chromosomes,
DNA, and genes.



Chromosomes – rod-shaped structures
that contain DNA that is tightly wrapped
around proteins
DNA – stands for deoxyribonucleic acid;
contains the genetic code that is
responsible for controlling cell functions
Genes – segments of DNA that code for
proteins
85. Compare germ
and somatic
mutations.
Germ mutations – mutations that
affect reproductive cells that can be
passed on from parent to offspring
 Somatic mutations – mutations that
affect somatic (body) cells that are
not passed on to offspring

86. Chromosomal
mutations
Mutations that affect chromosomes such as
 Inversions – reversal of chromosome parts
 Duplications – chromosome parts are duplicated
 Deletions – chromosome parts are deleted
 Translocation – nonhomologous chromosomes exchange
parts
 Polyploidy – extra sets of chromosomes; almost always
fatal in humans and animals but usually beneficial in
plants
87. Nondisjunction
 Type
of chromosal mutation
 Failure of chromosomes to
separate during meiosis
 Causes Down Syndrome
(Trisomy 21)
88. Gene mutations
Gene mutations are mutations that affect
segments of DNA
 Point mutations – mutations that affect specific
nucleotides on chromosomes; sickle cell
anemia is a disorder caused by a point
mutation
 Frameshift mutations – misreading of the
genetic code during translation
89. Define
pedigree and draw
an example.
A family record that shows how
traits are inherited over
generations
90. Compare
genotype and
phenotype.
– the genetic
makeup of an organism
 Phenotype – the physical
appearance of an organism
based upon the genotype
 Genotype
91. Compare
homozygous dominant,
heterozygous, and
homozygous recessive.



Homozygous dominant – 2 dominant
forms of a gene are paired
Heterozygous – 2 different forms of a
gene are paired
Homozygous recessive – 2 recessive
forms of a gene are paired
92. Use a Punnett square to show
a cross between heterozygous
organisms. List the genotypic and
phenotypic ratios for the cross.
93. Use a Punnett square to show
a cross between a heterozygous
and homozygous recessive
organism. List the genotypic and
phenotypic ratios for the cross.
94. Mutagens
An agent of mutation (causes
mutations) such as
chemicals, ultraviolet
radiation
95. Describe the
structure and
function of DNA




Contains the genetic code that controls cell
function
Made up of repeating units of nucleotides; each
nucleotide consists of a sugar called deoxyribose, a
phosphate group, and a nitrogen containing bases
In DNA there are 4 nitrogen containing bases –
adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with
cytosine
DNA’s shape is called a double helix which can
also be described as a twisted ladder
96. Compare dominance
and recessive genetic
characteristics.
 Dominant
characteristics can
cover up or mask out other
forms of the same trait
 Recessive characteristics are
traits that are covered up or
masked out by dominant traits
97. Compare
Codominance and
Incomplete Dominance.
Codominance – traits are
expressed at the same time such as
AB blood types
 Incomplete dominance – there is a
blend of traits because neither trait
is dominant like in 4 o’clock flowers

98. Compare
diploid and
haploid.


Diploid – a complete set of
chromosomes; abbreviated (2n);
somatic cells (body cells) are diploid
Haploid – half of the complete set of
chromosomes; abbreviated (n); germ
cells (reproductive cells ) are haploid
99. Terms used to
describe
reproductive cells
Sex cells, germ cells, gamete cells
meiotic cells
 In animals and humans these cells
are the egg and sperm cells
 In plants these cells are pollen
(sperm) and ovules (egg)

100. Compare a
zygote and an
embryo.
Zygote – an egg cell that has been
fertilized by a sperm cell
 Embryo – a ball of cells that is
produced when a zygote begins to
grow by producing more cells
through cell division called mitosis

101. Compare
prokaryote and
eukaryote.
Prokaryote – unicellular organisms
that do not have a well-defined
nucleus; include bacteria and
cyanobacteria
 Eukaryote – organisms that
possess a well-defined nucleus and
membrane-bound organelles

102. Compare
passive and active
transport.
a.
b.
Passive transport – cell transport that
involves little or no energy (moves
materials from a high to low
concentration)
Active transport – cell transport that
requires energy use (moves materials
from a low to a high concentration)
103. Types of
passive transport
a.
b.
c.
Diffusion – movement of materials from a
higher to a lower concentration; attempt to
move toward equilibrium
Osmosis – diffusion of water across a semi
permeable membrane
Facilitated diffusion – involves movement of
materials that uses a carrier molecule which
is usually a protein carrier
104. Define
hypotonic and
draw an example


Higher concentration of a solute on the
inside of a cell
Water will enter cell
105. Define
hypertonic and
draw an example.


Higher concentration of a solute outside
of the cell membrane
Water will leave cell
106. Define
isotonic and draw
an example.
Equal amounts of solute on either side
of the cell membrane
107. Define turgor
pressure and draw
an example.
Osmotic pressure on the inside of a plant
cell due to the water inside the plant cell’s
vacuoles
108. Types of
active transport
a.
b.
Endocytosis – movement of materials
into a cell that requires energy; can be
described as transporting into, cell
eating, engulfing
Exocytosis – movement of materials
out of a cell that requires energy; can
be described as transported out of,
discharged, gotten rid of , expelled
109. Compare the multicellular
levels of organization from the
simplest to the most complex.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Cell –simplest level of organization
Tissue – made of cells working together
Organ – made of tissues working
together
Organ system– organs working together
Multicellular organism – many celled
living thing
110. Nucleus (of a
cell)
 Control
center of the cell
 DNA is located in the nucleus
111. Golgi
apparatus
Cell organelle that distributes,
packages, and modifies
materials needed by the cell
112. Lysosome
Cell organelle that distributes,
packages and modifies
materials needed by the cell
113. Vacuole
Area of the cell where
materials such as water,
proteins, and salts are stored
114. Mitochondrion
 Cell
organelle that obtains
energy from food by combining
(typically sugars) with oxygen
 “Powerhouse of the cell”
 Particularly active cells have a
lot of mitochondrion
115. Plastid
Cell organelles in plant and
plant-like cells that are used
to help obtain energy
(chloroplasts) plus store food
and pigment
116. Chloroplast
Green disk-shaped cell organells
found in plant and plant-like
cells that absorb energy from
sunlight to jump start the
process of photosynthesis
117. Endoplasmic
reticulum
Cell organelle responsible for
cell transportation
118. Ribosomes
Cell organelles where proteins
are made
119. In what ways are
plant cells different
from animal cells?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Plant cells have cell walls containing cellulose;
animal cells have no cell walls
Plant cells have plastids such as chloroplasts;
animal cells have no chloroplasts
Plant cells have vacuoles that tend to be larger
than the vacuoles of animal cells
Plant cells tend to be more squared in shape
while animal cells tend to be more rounded in
shape
120. Exotic species
(also called introduced
or non-native)
Species that are introduced
into an area where they were
not present before
121. Dynamic
equilibrium
Organisms must deal with
changing environments
 Also can be described as
organisms remaining fairly
balanced in their habits even
though the environment around
them is constantly changing

122. Compare abiotic
and biotic factors.
Abiotic factors are nonliving factors
in ecosystems such as rocks, dirt,
and water
 Biotic factors are living factors
which include any living organism
in the ecosystem

123. Describe
symbiosis and the main
types of symbiosis.
Symbiosis – a relationship between 2
different species
• Parasitism – one organism lives in or on another and does
•
•
•
harm
Mutualism – 2 different species live together and both
benefit
Commensalism – 2 different species live together; one
benefits and the other neither benefits nor is harmed
Competition – the struggle between more than one
species to obtain materials needed for survival
124. Compare densitydependent and densityindependent limiting
factors.
a.
b.
Density-dependent limiting factors – factors
that affect a population that are caused by the
population size such as disease being spread,
lack of water and food, not enough shelter
Density-independent limiting factors – factors
that affect a population that are caused by
nature such as hurricanes, wild fires,
tornadoes
125. Question
Answer
126. Question
Answer
127. Question
Answer