Cell Biology Study Guide
Pages 107-110
1. List the four six characteristics of life:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Composed of cells
Complex organization pattern
Use energy
Have stable internal conditions
Grow and change
Reproduce
2. Create a flow chart in the space below
showing the complex organization pattern of
living things from largest (biosphere) to
smallest (atom).
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Organism
Organ System
Atom
Molecule
Cell
Tissue
Organ
3. Which level in the above flow chart is the
smallest level for living things?
Cell
4. What is homeostasis? Give an example.
The internal stable conditions that all living
organisms strive to maintain.
For example, the human body maintains blood pH
within the range of 7.35 to 7.45. A pH level above
or below this range can be life-threatening.
For example, the human body maintains a body
temperature of 37 degrees celsius. It sweats,
when the temperature is too high or shivers when
the temperature is too low.
5. Write a paragraph or two comparing and
contrasting the two types of cells.
Same
• Basic unit of life
• Come from preexisting
cells
• Cell membrane, cytoplasm,
DNA, ribosomes
Different
• Eukaryotes are larger than
Prokaryotes.
• Prokaryotes lack a true
nucleus and membrane
bound organelles;
Eukaryotes have these
things.
6. What is differentiation?
The process by which cells become
increasingly different and specialized.
7. What are two ways that cells can reproduce?
1. Sexually
2. Asexually
8. List organelles/cell parts that all cells
contain.
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
DNA
Ribosomes
9. List some differences between plant and
animal cells.
Plant Cells
• Large central vacuole
• Cell Wall
• No flagella/cilia
• Chloroplasts
• No centioles (centrosomes
only)
• Common shape: Square,
more boxy, rectangular in
shape
Animal Cells
• Smaller vacuoles
• No cell wall
• Cilia and/or flagella
• No chloroplasts
• Centrioles and
centrosomes
• Common shape: Globular,
circular, smooth edges
10. In the chart below are some commonly
confused cell organelles. Explain the
differences between the parts and their
functions.
Microvilli & Cilia
• Microvilli are finger-like projections of the cell membrane
itself. Their purpose is to increase the surface area of the
cell, and they are made from the same material as the
cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)
• Cilia are a separate structure that protrudes from the cell
membrane to help with cell movement. They are made of
microtubules.
10. In the chart below are some commonly
confused cell organelles. Explain the
differences between the parts and their
functions.
Mitochondria & Chloroplasts
• Mitochondria are found in plant and animal
cells. They convert glucose into ATP energy that
the cell can use.
• Chloroplasts are found only in plant cells.
Through photosynthesis, they create glucose.
10. In the chart below are some commonly
confused cell organelles. Explain the
differences between the parts and their
functions.
Nucleus & Nucleolus
• The nucleus is the “command center” of the cell. It
houses all of the genetic information (DNA
“instructions” for the cell)
• The nucleolus is a small part of the nucleus where
ribosomes are made. The ribosomes are sent out of
the cell through holes in the nuclear membrane
called nuclear pores.
10. In the chart below are some commonly
confused cell organelles. Explain the
differences between the parts and their
functions.
Rough ER & Smooth ER
• The RER contains ribosomes which gives it a “rough”
appearance. The ribosomes make proteins that are
transported through the canal system of the RER.
• The SER does not contain ribosomes, so it looks
“smooth”. The SER is involved in making lipids and
detoxing the cell.
10. In the chart below are some commonly
confused cell organelles. Explain the
differences between the parts and their
functions.
Cell Wall & Plasma Membrane
• Plants and bacteria have a cell wall. It is located
outside of the cell membrane and provides
strength and rigidity for the cell.
• All cells have a plasma or cell membrane. It is a
semi-permeable barrier made of phospholipids.
Cytoskeleton, Centriole, Centrosome
• The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers
(microtubules) within the cell. They give the cell
support, help maintain the shape, and are
responsible for movement.
• The centriole is only found in animal cells. It is a
pair of structures that helps with cell division
• The centrosome is found in plant and animal
cells and is an organelle responsible for making
microtubules (the cytoskeleton).
11. Which part of the microscope is
responsible for...
-Holding a slide in place?
Stage clips
-Adjusting the focus?
Fine/coarse adjustment knobs
-Controlling the amount of light?
Diaphragm
12. How do you calculate magnification? Show
an example calculation.
Ocular magnification x objective magnification = total magnification
10x (ocular) x 4x (objective)
= 40x TOTAL magnification
13. Label the parts of the microscope below:
Ocular lens
Body tube
Revolving
nosepiece
Arm
Low power objective
Med power objective
High power objective
Stage
Stage clips
Coarse Adjustment
Knob
Diaphragm
Fine Adjustment
Knob
Light Source
Base