General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
The Chevy Voltron
Saving the planet,
one car at a time.©
Group 3: Hydrogen Generation
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Annual Hydrogen Fuel Needs
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
– Estimated size of fleet
10m people in Michigan/300m people in U.S.
100,000 Voltrons in the country
10 years
≈ 30,000 cars
– Estimated fuel needs
10,000 miles/yr avg
car uses 3.83L of H2/100miles
98.86 miles/kg H2
≈ 3,100,000 kg H2/year
Hydrogen Production Methods
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Electrolysis or Steam Methane Reformation (SMR)
Current H2 generation
95% SMR
4% Electrolysis
1% Other
Electrolysis
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
• Cathode (reduction): 2H+(aq) + 2e− → H2(g)
• Anode (oxidation): 2H2O(l) → O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e−
Electrolysis
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
•Electricity Generation
– Coal
– Wind
– Solar
•Centralized versus home electrolysis
General Motors
Electricity Sources
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Coal
Wind
Solar Thermal
Solar
Cost ($/kWh)
(industrial)
0.05
0.06
0.13
0.20
Cost ($/kWh)
(residential)
0.11
N/A
N/A
N/A
Efficiency
0.35
0.30
0.60
0.15
Emissions
(kg CO2/kWh)
0.915
0
0
0
General Motors
Centralized vs. In Home
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Capital cost of industrial electrolyzer $10m
Add $0.63/kg for operating costs and return on investment
Centralized
Home
(kWh/kg H2)
50
54.2
Efficiency
0.8
0.7
Emissions
0
0
Total (kg CO2/ kg H2)
45.75
49.56
$/kg H2 (coal)
3.13
5.96
$/kg H2 (wind)
3.63
$/kg H2 (solar thermal)
7.13
$/kg H2 (solar)
10.63
Steam Reformation
• Chemistry
CH4 + H2O → CO + 3H2 (syngas)
CO + H20 → CO2 + H2
CH4 +2 H20 → CO2 + 4H2
• 63% Efficiency
• 2.5 kg CO2/kg H2
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Sequestration?
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
• Sequestration ~40% energy output used toward
sequestration
• Never been done on commercial scale
• Enhanced existing oil recovery (Used on Oil field)
• Emissions 85-95% reduction carbon
• To be economic for coal, CO2 cost $25-30/ton
(Europe currently $15/ton)
• Steam Reformation $23.45 metric ton of H2
produced
Distribution
• Pipelines $2.94/kg H2
– Better for small distances and large flows
– Installation cost ~$1 million / mile
– Operating cost is relatively small.
• Gas Tube Trucks $2.09/kg H2
– Load 300kg
– $250,000 per truck
• Cryogenic liquid tankers $0.18/kg H2
– Need to cool and pressurize $1125/kg H2
– Load 4000kg
– $600,000 per truck
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
General Motors
Comparisons
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Centralized
Production
Cost of H2
($/year)
Plus Transport
Cost (Trucks)
Efficiency
Emissions
(kg CO2/yr)
Emissions
(tons CO2/yr)
Steam
Reformation
$6,851,000
$13,330,000
63%
7,781,000
8,577
Electrolysis
from Coal
$9,703,000
$16,182,000
28%
141,825,000
156,335
Electrolysis
from Wind
$11,253,000
$17,732,000
24%
0
0
Electrolysis
from Solar
$32,953,000
$39,432,000
12%
0
0
Comparisons
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
)
)
Final Recommendation
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
• Centralized SMR
• Carbon Sequestration
• Total CO2 emission: 778,100 kg/year
• Total Cost: $13,402,695
• Comments:
• National security: 15% Comes from U.S.
• Methane transport
• Supply Limited
Group 2: Energy Storage
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
What the Consumer Wants
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
• The mind of a consumer
– Do not think about or see the fuel tank, unless gas
price increases Must be affordable
– Expect not to be inconvenienced by having to refuel
an unreasonable ammount Must have a high
range per charge
– Expect not to be inconvenienced by the time it takes
to refuel or the complexity  Must have simple time
saving ways to fill up
– Expect to fill up almost anywhere Must have
infrastructure
Potential Efficiency Gains
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Daytime Running Lights
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
• Decrease accidents 5%
• Decrease energy consumption 53%
– (72kWh/yr -> 34kWh/yr)
• HID-Xenon uses 30% less energy than LEDs!
– (50W -> 35 W)
General Motors
Hydrogen Storage
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
• Compressed Hydrogen Tanks
– Type I - All metal cylinder
– Type II - Load-bearing metal liner hoop
wrapped
with resin impregnated continuous filament
– Type III - Non-load-bearing metal liner axial and hoop
wrapped with resin-impregnated continuous filament
– Type IV - Non-load-bearing non-metal liner axial and
hoop wrapped with resin-impregnated continuous
filament
– Type V - Type of construction not covered by Types 1
through 4 above
US DOE, National Hydrogen Energy Roadmap
Metal Hydride
• Metal Hydrides are a storage medium for
hydrogen
• Hydrogen is released by increasing temperature
to 120oC-200oC (use waste heat from fuel cell)
• Good energy density by volume
• Energy density by weight worse than other
options
• Lifetime of tank reduced by as much as 50% due
to impurities present in hydrogen through cycling
• Hydrogen release kinetics may be too slow for
vehicular applications and recharge time is slow
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Hydrogen Storage
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
• Pros
– High energy density by mass
• H2 → 33-40 kWh/kg
• Gasoline → 10-14 kWh/kg
– CO2 emission free
• 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
– Safety Of H2 Tanks
• 2.35 factor of safety
• Tested to double max pressure, 500x more
cycles without leaking
• Dropped 6 feet, shot with rifle, burned
Hydrogen Storage
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
• Cons
– Low energy density by volume
• H2 → 0.53-0.75 kWh/L (2.36 when liquified)
• Gasoline → 8.76 kWh/L
– Restrained by:
• Volume
• Weight
• Cost
• Efficiency
• Refueling times
How Batteries Work
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Convert chemical energy directly to
electrical energy
Anode and cathode separated by
conductive electrolyte
Electrolyte can be solid or liquid
The voltage across the cell's
terminals depends on the energy
release of the chemical reactions of
its electrodes and electrolyte
Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH)
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
• Cathode made of Nickel oxyhydroxide NiO(OH)
– NiO(OH) + H2O + e- ↔ Ni(OH)2 +OH-
• Hydrogen Absorbing Alloy at Annode
– OH- + MH ↔ H2O + M +e-
• Pottasium OH- used as Electrolyte
• Metal Alloy used to control endo/exo-thermic reactions
caused by energy absorption in metals due to hydrogen.
• Used in Prius, Honda Insight, and Ford Fusion.
1 http://www.powerstream.com/BatteryFAQ.html
How Good is it?
•
•
•
•
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Gravimetric energy density of 70 Wh/Kg
Volumetric Energy density of 300 Wh/L
Relatively low toxicity,
Price  2.75 Wh/US$
– Due to high price of Ni; industry and technology for recycling Ni
already exists
1. http://www.powerstream.com/BatteryFAQ.html
Problems
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
• Can not be stored for large amounts of time
– (3 yrs at room temp)
• Lifetime of approximately 500 - 750 cycles.
• 90 % of Rare earth metals (and a larger
percentage of Lanthanum alone) used in US are
produced in China. *
(http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/fs087-02/)
Conventional
Lithium-Ion Batteries
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
• Based on the reversible insertion and extraction of Li ions
• Relatively new technology compared to Ni-MH batteries
– First commercial cells released by Sony in 1991, used
extensively in consumer electronics
• Higher energy density than Ni-MH, and costs are falling
Conventional
Lithium-Ion Batteries Cont’d
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
• Materials:
– Electrolyte: Li ions in an organic solvent
– Anode: High surface-area carbon
– Cathodes: Ni-Co-Mn, Ni-Co-Al, Mn oxide spinel, Fephosphate
Lithium Titanate
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
• Most Li-ion battery research has focused on
developing new cathode materials.
• Altair Technologies has developed Li-titanate as
Nanocrystalline Li-titanate.
an alternative anode material to carbon.
Source: www.altairnano.com/
• 30x higher surface area of Li-titanate gives
4x higher max power output [1]
• Battery lifetime now as long as that of the car [2]
• New=Expensive
[1] "Anode'r' way". Power Management Design
Line. Feb 2007.
[2] http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn7081
This 2008 electric
sportscar made by
Lighting Co (UK)
uses Li-titanate
batteries. It costs
$173,000.
General Motors
Lithium Polymers
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
General Motors
Battery Requirements
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
-Large increase in efficiency
due to decrease in weight
Volt -3500 lbs (total)1
Hypercar-1733 lbs 2
weight of battery)
(+
-Weight loss is counteracted by
battery as range is
increased
-Chevy volt 40mi/(16kWh*0.5) = 6mi/kWh from
useful capacity
2 GM
3Hypercar source
Figure shows the fuel efficiency in miles per gallon as a
function of total vehicle weight
4. :efficiency vs vehicle weight source
General Motors
Weights and Range
•
•
•
Fuel Efficiency vs. Range
Efficiency (miles/kWh capacity)
•
Lithium ion battery
0.13 Wh/kg as energy density
50 kWh 384 kg
32% of weight of car
178 miles of range
 3.57 mi/kWh efficiency
30 kWh 230 kg
22 % of weight of car
125 miles of range
 4.1 mi/kWh efficiency
Using 50 % of battery’s capacity
(30-80% charge range)
Lithium Titanate
Total weight of car approximately
1000 kg (2200 lbs)
MichCon & Detroit Edison
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
40
70
100
130
160
Vehicle Range
Battery Weight vs. Range
450
Battery System Weight (kg)
•
•
•
in partnership with
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
40
70
100
130
Vehicle Range
160
General Motors
Weight Gainer
Fuel efficiency calculated using fuel efficiency/weight relationship in comparison to Chevy Volt which
weighs 3500 lbs and gets 2.5 mi/kWh out of the total capacity. It is measured in mi/kWh. Also
assuming only 50% of total capacity is usable.
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
General Motors
Range and Capacity
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
•
•
– Rate of change in efficiencies with higher
weight of higher capacity battery
fuel efficiency
6
4
Range
miles/kWh
5
3
2
1
0
0
20
energy of battery (kWh)
40
60
Linear increase in range
35 % loss between 25 kWh and 50 kWh due
to higher weight of battery
Range (miles)
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
20
40
Capacity kWh
y = 2.8588x + 36.69
R² = 0.9964
60
General Motors
Comparisons
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Energy
Density (by
mass)
Energy
Density (by
volume)
Power
Price/kWh
Efficiency
Lifetime
Refuel
Time
Gasoline
10-14
kWh/kg
8.76 kWh/L
12.3
kWh/kg
$0.05
18-20 %
----
3-5 min
Conventional
Li-ion polymer
0.12-0.20
kWh/kg
0.27 kWh/L
1000
kW/kg
$200
99.9 %
20+
1.5 hrs
LiTi
0.11-0.18
kWh/kg
0.240 kWh/L
4000
kW/kg
$1680
>99 %
2+
2-3 min
NiMH
0.07
kWh/kg
0.30 kWh/L
1
kW/kg
$360
66 %
500-750
7-10 hours
H2 Gas
33.3
kWh/kg
0.75 kWh/L
100 W 500 kW
$0.10
53-58 %
22 %
20
5 min
H2 Liquid
33.3
kWh/kg
2.36 kWh/L
100 W 500 kW
$0.18
53-58%
17 %
10-15
15 min
Metal Hydride
H2 Storage
0.026
kWh/kg
1.13 kWh/L
100 W 500 kW
$5.75
0.65%
100
1 hr
Group 1: Power Train
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Overview
• Drivetrain candidates
• Drivetrain qualitative analysis
• Numerical analysis
• Suggested drivetrain
• Methods to Reduce Cost
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Drivetrain Candidates
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
• Battery
Motor
Wheels
• Gasoline
Generator
Motor
Wheels
• Hydrogen Fuel Cell
Motor
Wheels
• Hydrogen ICE
Wheels
Drivetrain Qualitative Analysis
• Battery/Electric Motor Pros
–
–
–
–
–
High socket-to-wheel efficiency
Theoretically Renewable
Zero emissions
Efficient motor
Good Performance Characteristics
• Battery/Electric Motor Cons
– Heavy/Bulky Battery
– Recharge Times
– Range
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Drivetrain Qualitative Analysis
• Hydrogen Fuel Cell Pros
–
–
–
–
–
Efficiency Not Limited by Otto Cycle
Theoretically Renewable
No Emissions
Work on Recycling Materials
Efficient Motor
• Hydrogen Fuel Cell Cons
–
–
–
–
Cost: Platinum Availability
Durability: Resistance to Vibrations
Bad Operation in Freezing Conditions
Limited lifetime
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Drivetrain Qualitative Analysis
• ICE/Generator
– Emissions of CO2 and NOx
– Efficiency drops with more gasoline use
•2.06 km/MJ from 0-40 miles
•1.86 km/MJ from 40-60 miles
•1.24 km/MJ from 60-80 miles
– Price is susceptible to OPEC fluctuations
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Drivetrain Qualitative Analysis
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
• Hydrogen ICE Pros
–
–
–
–
Simple transfer from traditional ICE
Wide flammability range (run lean)
Low ignition energy (ensure prompt lean combust.)
High autoignition temperature (high compression
ratios)
– High diffusivity (homogenous mixture in cylinder and
safety)
– Theoretically Renewable
Drivetrain Qualitative Analysis
• Hydrogen ICE Cons
– Premature Ignition
•Hotspots (low ignition energy)
– High Compression Ratio
•High temperature needed to ignite
– Low Power Output
•Lean mixtures
– Potential for Emissions
•NOx and CO2
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
General Motors
Numerical Analysis
System
Battery/Motor
HICE
Efficiency
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Emissions
(CO2)
Initial Cost
cost/mile
86.5 % (socket to battery)
90% (motor)
77% total
0
$500/kWh
+$10/kW
$0.02
Pending Compression Ratio
0, ideally
$23/kW
$0.058 –
0.091
15% (ICE)
60% (generator)
9% total
50 g/km
$27/kW
$0.04
40% (gas-to-wheel)
0
$73/kW
+$10/kW
$0.07
  1
1
 V1 
 
 V2 
 1
,  H 2  1. 4
~60% (Ford 9.4:1)
ICE/Generator
HFC
Suggested Drivetrain
• Battery/Electric Motor
–
–
–
–
–
Low cost/mile
High efficiency
Zero emissions
Need to mitigate 5% self-discharge/month
Investigate Li-Ti supplement
•Endure more cycles
•Faster charge time
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Reduce Hydrogen System Cost
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
• Gasoline Price Floor
• Production Tax Credit for Fuel Cells and Hydrogen
Storage
• Income Tax Credit for consumers who purchase
vehicles
• Subsidy for hydrogen fuel
Group 4: Electricity Generation and Charging
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Zero-emissions Electricity
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Average Commuter Statistics
Commute, min/day1
52
Commute, miles/day1
32
Battery Statistics
Battery Storage, kWh
50
Working Range (80-30%) 50%
Calculated Average mph 37
Miles Traveled/day
40
Range, miles Miles/kWh GWh/year Required*
Cost?
50
2
219
$$$$$$
1 ”Poll:
100
4
109.5
$$$$
150
6
73
$$
Traffic in the United States” <http://abcnews.go.com/technology/traffic/story?id=485098> 2/13/2005
*GWh demanded per year 10 years from now when a fleet will be 30,000 cars
General Motors
Zero-emissions Electricity
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Battery Statistics1
Battery Storage, kWh
50
Working Range (80-30%) 50%
Range, miles
150
Miles/kWh
6
+
= 73 GWh/year
1 Specifications
reported by Cake-B
+
Michigan Energy Data
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
• Current Electricity
– In 2007, MI consumed 108,503,102
MWh of electricity1
– Price: 11.37 cents/kWh (Jan 2009)1
– 3% is Renewable
•
103 MW of Wind Energy3
• Wind Potential
– NREL assessed Michigan has potential
for 16,560 MW Wind Capacity2
– Red areas exhibit 8-8.8 m/s winds at
50m (Class 6 – Outstanding)2
•
•
1
Off-shore but some close to shore at
shallow depths (<30m) available2
Can utilize low-population areas like UP
Michigan Public Service Commission, http://www.mi.gov/mpsc/0,1607,7-159-16377---,00.html
Land Policy Institute, Michigan State University, http://www.michigan.gov/documents/dleg/s_offshore_potential9-29FINAL_2__255935_7.pdf
3 Michigan Department of Energy, Labor, and Economic Growth, http://www.michigan.gov/dleg/0,1607,7-154-25676_25774---,00.html
Image provided by NREL, http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/images/windmaps/mi_50m_800.jpg
2
General Motors
Cost
1
2
3
4
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Total Power Needed to Power 30,000 cars a year
8333 kW
Capacity of a Wind Turbine (ex. Siemens SWT 3.6)3
3075 kW at ~ 20% efficiency = 622.46 kW
Turbines Required to fully power 30,000 cars/year
13.38 (14)
Cost of Turbines4
($2,667/kW)(3075kW)(14) = $114.8
million + 2% maintenance = $117.1 million
Added cost/kWh to electricity sold in MI over next
10 years
$0.00013
New Cost per KWh
OR Payback time if 1¢ is added to each kWh
11.38 cents/kWh (from 11.37 cents/kWh)
0.13 years
Cost/mile (at 6 miles/kWh)
1.90 cents/mile
Full Range (150 miles)
$2.85
Typical Commute (32 miles)4
$0.61
Specifications reported by Cake-B
ABC News – http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/Traffic/story?id=485098&page=1
Land Policy Institute, Michigan State University, http://www.michigan.gov/documents/dleg/s_offshore_potential9-29FINAL_2__255935_7.pdf
Cnn.com and Delaware Audubon Society, http://www.cnn.com/2008/TECH/06/23/wind.turbines/,
www.delawareaudubon.org/conservation/windpowersettlement.html
Efficiency & Emissions
• Greenhouse Gas Emissions
– Wind creates no GHG Emissions
(0 g C/mile)1
• Turbine-to-Wheels Efficiency
2.24%
(72%)2
–
–
–
–
Conversion from AC to DC power (5%)3
Self-discharge of battery (8% max)3
Battery charge Inefficiency (0.1%)4
Electric Motor Inefficiency (10%)4
– End Efficiency of Wind: 20.2%
1
CapeWind, http://www.capewind.org/article37.htm,
Michigan Chamber of Commerce, http://www.michamber.com/docs/homepage/hb456,2.pdf
3 Institute for Lifecycle Environmental Assessment, http://www.efcf.com/reports/E18.pdf
4 Specifications reported by Cake-B
2
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Turbine-to-Wheels Efficiency
– Losses due to:
• Inefficiency of wind turbine
• Distribution (6%) and Transmission (2%)
through grid (overall 2.24%)3
• Other (0.0775%):
General Motors
72%
0.0775%
Power Utilized
to Drive Car
20.242%
Inefficiency of
Wind Turbine
Distribution
and
Transmission
Losses
Other
Hydroelectric Power
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
• Consumers Energy: 13 hydroelectric plants
– 1,139 GWh generated annually1
– 1.05% of Michigan total annual electricity usage2
• ~30% of US hydropotential tapped to date (U. of Oregon)2
• Fleet of 30,000 vehicles requires 73 GWh/yr
– 6.4% of total Michigan hydro-capacity
1
Advantages
Disadvantages
Cheap
Reservoir level fluctuation
Low operating costs
High capital costs
High efficiency
Environmental impact
Consumers Energy Electric Utility – www.consumersenergy.com
State of Michigan – http://www.mi.gov/mpsc/0,1607,7-159-16377---,00.html
3 http://zebu.uoregon.edu/1998/ph162/l14.html
2
Cost & Efficiency
• No carbon emissions
• Hydroelectric power
is ~90% efficient5
–
–
–
–
–
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Cost
9 cents/kWh1
Cost
1.5 cents/mile
Full Range (150 miles)
Power lines - 90%
Typical Commute (32
Battery charge – 99.9%
miles)4
Discharge - 99.9%
Electric motor - 90%
Total well-to-wheels efficiency = 73%
– Charging can be carried out during off-peak hours
http://www.coldenergy.com/difference.htm
www.autoblog.com/2007/03/26/average-cost-of-driving-remains-flat-at-52-2-cents-mile/
3 www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/FEG2008
4 ABC News – http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/Traffic/story?id=485098&page=1
5 Univ. of Michigan - http://www.engin.umich.edu/newscenter/pubs/engineer/06F/feature/index.html#8
2
in partnership with
Hydroelectric
• Flexible capacity
1
General Motors
$2.25
$0.48
General Motors
Photovoltaics
Advantages
Disadvantages
4.2 sunlight
hours/day1
High Installation
Costs
Net Metering
Law
Solar Cell
Efficiency ~15%
Tax Incentives
Zero emissions
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
“Well-to-Wheels Path”
Most Efficient Solar Cell2 22%
Inverter Efficiency2
96.6%
Wires
97%
Effect of dirt, dust, pollen 90%
Power lines
90%
Battery Charge
99.9%
Battery Discharge
99.9%
Electric Motor
90%
Total Efficiency
15%
1 www.michigansolarsolutions.com/residential.html
2 www.solarelectricsupply.com/systems/grid-tie/discount-gridtie.html
Efficiency
from Sanyo, 2007
General Motors
Cost
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Photovoltaic
Cost
30 cents/kWh1
Cost
5 cents/mile
Full Range (150 miles)
$7.50
Typical Commute (32 miles)
$1.60
Annual Basis For 10 Years
Vehicles
3,000
30,000
GWh Required
7.3
73
kW System2
4,762
47,619
Number of Panels
24,420
244,200
Cost ($0.30/kWh)
$2.19 million
$21.9 million + 1%
maintenance = $22.1 million
1 www.solarbuzz.com/statscost,
2
After Fleet is Built
1/2009
www.michigansolarsolutions.com/residential.html
General Motors
Feasibility
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
• Use only solar panels? Vehicles require 3-4 hours to
charge at 220 V. Most consumers will charge overnight.
• Install PV panels on office buildings, parking garages
• Decision: Use 10% solar to account for daytime chargers
• Based on a SANYO 195-Watt HIP-195BA19 Solar Panel:
Annual Basis For
10 Years
1 40
Vehicles
300
3,000
GWh Required1
0.73
7.3
kW System2
476
4,762
Number of Panels
2,442
24,420
Cost ($0.30/kWh)
$219,000
$2.19 million + 1%
maintenance = $2.21 million
miles/day driven, 6 miles/kWh
hours of sun/day
2 4.2
After Fleet is Built (30,000
Vehicles)
Powering the Fleet
• Best Balance:
– 90% Wind Energy (cheaper, handles most
charging done at night)
– 10% PV Solar Energy (installed in commercial
locations for charging during the day )
– Since most day refills will be done with battery
swapping, Solar energy will compensate for
long-term day charging (at the office,
restaurants)
• Final Costs
–
–
–
–
Cost of all new energy sources: $149 million
1.90 cents/mile
0 g C/mile
19.7% Panel and Turbine-to-Wheel Efficiency
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
General Motors
Viability of Vehicle Roof Photovoltaics MichCon & Detroit Edison
in partnership with
• 2010 Prius to have a solar panel powered fan = marketing advantage?
• Current Prius aftermarket availability.
– SEV & Solatec
• Average 23% fuel economy improvement
• Kit price w/ installation: $2000-$4000
• Economics: 150,000 lifetime miles
– Break-even gas price average = $4
– Saves 750 gallons of gasoline
• Environmental Impact:
– Reduction of 1.8 million grams Carbon with PV installed
– Reduction of 18 barrels of oil with PV
• Recommendation: speed to market is primary importance
• 1st generation without
• 2nd generation. Optional kit offers dealerships additional sales profit,
level marketing advantage for Prius.
Viability of Battery Swapping
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
• Battery Swapping with a SmartV2G system = profitable
–
–
–
–
Significant revenue source, up to $4,000 a year per vehicle1
Batteries are leased: >50% plug-in requirement
Lease designed for various customers
Smart Meter / Programmable Charger: battery >60% requirement
• Customizable by the customer
• Battery Swapping
– Retrofit existing fueling stations, price defined by lease plan
• Swapping stations also V2G for peak shaving, revenue generation.
• SmartV2G
– Replacing a 100 MW peaking gas turbine unit requires appx. 30,000
vehicles supplying 6.6 kW with availability of 50%2
1
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/12/071203133532.htm
Battery Swapping Details
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
• Battery swapping has received significant government and
venture capital investment during the last two years.
– Informational video: http://www.betterplace.com/press-room/videosdetail/whats-better-place/
– Israel, Denmark, and Australia = invested $500 million - $1 billion
– California & Hawaii already initiated partnership agreements
• Fully automated battery swapping
– Battery State-of-Charge alerts driver of need to charge / swap
– Smart Battery System tracks battery life
What is Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Power?
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Each electric drive vehicle (EDV) has: 1) connection to the grid
2) system to communicate with grid
3) onboard metering and control
V2G – Rethinking the Automobile
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
• Storage capacity of the electricity grid:
»
< 2.2%
• Average time a car is parked:
»
> 92%
What V2G has to offer the grid:
1. Quick response time to demand
2. Low stand-by costs
3. Low capitol cost per kW
Disadvantages:
1. Limited storage
2. Short device lifetime
3. High energy cost per kWh
V2G Power Markets
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
• Four types of electric power markets:
»
»
»
»
»
Baseload power
Peak power
Spinning reserves
Regulation
And soon to be “storage of renewable energy”
– All controlled by a REAL TIME grid operator
Economics of V2G Power
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
As an example, a typical small electric vehicle:
Net profit = $4928 – $2374 = $2554 per year
or
$76,620,000 for fleet of 30,000 cars, per year
Implications of V2G Power
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Highly recommended under any scenario:
- Peak load leveling with nighttime recharging
- Peak shaving during daytime: 100 MW capacity with 30,000 car fleet
- Good for intermittent renewables
Limitations:
– Assumed battery can supply only 1.25kW over an average peak period –
4 hours
– Limited by carrying capacity of home wiring
– $400 cost per home for a basic 6.6kW V2G system
• Included in the price of the car / battery lease agreement?
Conclusion:
Makes sense now, and will be
pivotal in helping usher in more
intermittent renewables in the
future
Final Conclusions
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
)
)
• For a zero emissions vehicle the most attractive option currently is
Steam Reformation
General Motors
Final Conclusions
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Energy
Density (by
mass)
Energy
Density (by
volume)
Power
Price/kWh
Efficiency
Lifetime
Refuel
Time
Gasoline
10-14
kWh/kg
8.76 kWh/L
12.3
kWh/kg
$0.05
18-20 %
----
3-5 min
Conventional
Li-ion polymer
0.12-0.20
kWh/kg
0.27 kWh/L
1000
kW/kg
$200
99.9 %
20+
1.5 hrs
LiTi
0.11-0.18
kWh/kg
0.240 kWh/L
4000
kW/kg
$1680
>99 %
2+
2-3 min
NiMH
0.07
kWh/kg
0.30 kWh/L
1
kW/kg
$360
66 %
500-750
7-10 hours
H2 Gas
33.3
kWh/kg
0.75 kWh/L
100 W 500 kW
$0.10
53-58 %
22 %
20
5 min
H2 Liquid
33.3
kWh/kg
2.36 kWh/L
100 W 500 kW
$0.18
53-58%
17 %
10-15
15 min
Metal Hydride
H2 Storage
0.026
kWh/kg
1.13 kWh/L
100 W 500 kW
$5.75
0.65%
100
1 hr
Final Conclusions
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Final Conclusions
• Initial costs are more complicated
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Final Conclusions
• Final Costs
– Cost of all new energy sources:
$149 million
– 1.90 cents/mile
– 0 g C/mile
– 19.7% Panel and Turbine-toWheel Efficiency
• V2G
– DO IT!!!!
General Motors
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
General Motors
Design Option 1
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
• PV/Wind ->Li-ion batteries->Electric Motor
Total Cost of electricity plus drivetrain ($)
14000
12000
Cost ($)
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0
50
100
Range (mi)
150
200
General Motors
Design Option 2
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
• SMR with sequestration -> H2 -> fuel cell hybrid
vehicle (10% of total capacity held by batteries)
Total Cost Now ($)
7000
6800
6600
6400
6200
6000
5800
Cost
Cost
Total Cost mass manufactured($)
0
50
100
Range (mi)
120$/kW (DOE)
150
200
501000
500800
500600
500400
500200
500000
499800
0
50
100
Range (mi)
150
10,000$/kW (DOE)
200
General Motors
Comparison
in partnership with
MichCon & Detroit Edison
Electric Vehicle
Fuel Cell Vehicle
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
Total Cost mass manufactured($)
Cost
Cost ($)
Total Cost of electricity plus drivetrain
($)
0
50
100
Range (mi)
150
200
7000
6800
6600
6400
6200
6000
5800
0
50
100
Range (mi)
150
200