I. The Beginnings of Industrialization
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Unit 6: Industrialism and the Race for Empire Chapter 25: The Industrial Revolution The Beginnings of Industrialization Industrialization Revolution Enclosure Crop rotation Industrialization Factors of Production Factory Entrepreneur Industrialization: Manchester Urbanization Middle class Industrialization Spreads Stock Corporation Reforming the Industrial World Laissez faire Adam Smith Capitalism Utilitarianism Socialism Karl Marx Communism Union Strike I. The Beginnings of Industrialization The Industrial Revolution started in England and soon spread to other countries. The changes that began in Britain paved the way for modern industrial societies. Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain New Ways of Working Industrial Revolution-greatly increases output of machine-made goods Revolution begins in England in the middle 1700s The Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way Enclosures-large farm fields enclosed by fences or hedges Wealthy landowners buy, enclose land once owned by village farmers Enclosures allow experimentation with new agricultural methods Rotating Crops Crop rotation-switching crops each year to avoid depleting the soil Livestock breeders allow only the best to breed, improve food supply Why the Industrial Revolution Began in England Industrialization-move to machine production of goods Britain has natural resources-coal, iron, rivers, harbors Expanding economy in Britain encourages investment Britain has all needed factors of production-land, labor, capital Inventions Spur Industrialization Changes in the Textile Industry Weavers work faster with flying shuttles and spinning jennies Water frame uses water power to drive spinning wheels Power loom, spinning mule speed up production, improve quality Factories-buildings that contain machinery for manufacturing Cotton gin boosts American cotton production to meet British demand Improvements in Transportation Watt’s Steam Engine Need for cheap, convenient power spurs development of steam engine James Watt improves steam engine, financed by Matthew Boulton Boulton an entrepreneur-organize, manages, takes business risks Water Transportation Robert Fulton builds first steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807 England’s water transport improved by system of canals Road Transportation British roads are improved; companies operate them as toll roads The Railway Age Begins Steam-Driven Locomotives In 1804, Richard Trevithick builds first steam-driven locomotive In 1825, George Stephenson builds world’s first railroad line The Liverpool-Manchester Railroad Entrepreneurs build railroad from Liverpool to Manchester Stephenson’s Rocket acknowledged as best locomotive (1829) Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain Railroads spur industrial growth, create jobs Cheaper transportation boosts many industries; people move to cities II. Industrialization: Manchester The factory system changed the way people lived and worked, introducing a variety of problems. Many lessdeveloped countries are undergoing the difficult process of industrialization today. Industrialization Changes Life Factory Work Factories pay more than farms, spur demand for more expensive goods Industrial Cities Rise Urbanization-city-building and movement of people to cities Growing population provides work force, market for factory goods British industrial cities: London, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool Living Conditions Sickness widespread; epidemics, like cholera, sweep urban slums Life span in one large city is only 17 years Wealthy merchants, factory owners live in luxurious suburban homes Rapidly growing cities lack sanitary codes, building codes Working Conditions Average working day 14 hours for 6 days a week, year round Dirty, poorly lit factories injure workers Many coal miners killed by coal dust Class Tensions Grow The Middle Class Middle class-skilled workers, merchants, rich farmers, professionals Emerging middle class looked down on by landowners, aristocrats Middle class has comfortable standard of living The Working Class Laborer’s lives not improved; some laborers replaced by machines Luddites, other groups destroy machinery that puts them out of work Unemployment a serious problem; unemployed workers riot Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution Immediate Benefits Creates jobs, enriches nation, encourages technological progress Education expands, clothing cheaper, diet and housing improve Workers eventually win shorter hours, better wages and conditions Long-Term Effects Improved living and working conditions still evident today Governments use increased tax revenues for urban improvements Case Study: Manchester The Mills of Manchester Manchester has labor, water power, nearby at Liverpool Poor live and work in unhealthy, even dangerous, environment Business owners make profits by risking their own money on factories Eventually, working class sees its standard of living rise some Children in Manchester Factories Children as young as 6 work in factories; many are injured 1819 Factory Act restricts working age, hours Factory pollution fouls air, poisons river Nonetheless, Manchester produces consumer goods and creates wealth III. Industrialization Spreads The industrialization that began in Great Britain spread to other parts of the world. The Industrial Revolution set the stage for the growth of modern cities and a global economy. Industrial Development in the United States Industrialization in the United States US has natural and labor resources needed to industrialize Samuel Slater, English textile worker, builds textile mill in US Lowell, Massachusetts a mechanized textile center by 1820 Manufacturing towns spring up around factories across the country Young single women flock to factory towns, work in textile mills Clothing, shoemaking industries soon mechanize Later Expansion of U.S. Industry Industrialization picks up during post-Civil War technology boom Cities like Chicago expand rapidly due to location on railroad lines Small companies merge to form larger, powerful companies The Rise of Corporations Stock-limited ownership rights for company, sold to raise money Corporation-company owned by stockholders, share profits not debts Large corporations attempt to control as much business as they can Continental Europe Industrializes Troubles in Continental Europe Revolution and Napoleonic wars disrupted early 19th-century economy Beginnings in Belgium Belgium has iron ore, coal, water transportation British workers smuggle in machine plans, started companies (1799) Germany Industrializes Political, economic barriers; but industry, railroads boom by mid-century Expansion Elsewhere in Europe Bohemia develops spinning; Northern Italy mechanizes silk textiles Industrialization in France more measured; agriculture remains strong The Impact of Industrialization Rise of Global Inequality Wealth gap widens; non-industrialized countries fall further behind European nations, US, Japan exploit colonies for resources Imperialism spreads due to need for raw materials, markets Transformation of Society Europe and US gain economic power African and Asian economies lag, based on agriculture, crafts Rise of middle class strengthens democracy, calls for social reform IV. Reforming the Industrial World The Industrial Revolution led to economic, social, and political reforms. Many modern social welfare programs developed during this period of reform. The Philosophers of Industrialization Laissez-faire Economics Laissez-faire-economic policy of not interfering with businesses Originates with Enlightenment economic philosophers Adam Smith-defender of free markets, author of the Wealth of Nations Believes economic liberty guarantees economic progress Economic natural laws-self-interest, competition, supply and demand The Economics of Capitalism Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo boost laissez-faire capitalism Capitalism-system of privately owned businesses seeking profits Malthus thinks populations grow faster than food supply Wars, epidemics kill off extra people or misery and poverty result Ricardo envisions a permanent, poor underclass providing cheap labor The Rise of Socialism Utilitarianism Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarianism-judge things by their usefulness John Stuart Mill favors regulation to help workers, spread wealth Utopian Ideas Robert Owen improves workers’ conditions, rents cheap housing In 1824, Owen founds utopian community, New Harmony, Indiana Socialism Socialism-factors of production owned by, operated for the people Socialists think government control can end poverty, bring equality Marxism: Radical Socialism Marxism’s Prophets Karl Marx-German journalist proposes a radical socialism, Marxism Friedrich Engels-German whose father owns a Manchester textile mill The Communist Manifesto Marx and Engels believe society is divided into warring classes Capitalism helps “haves,” the employers knows as the bourgeoisie Hurts “have-nots,” the workers known as the proletariat Marx, Engels predict the workers will overthrow the owners The Future According to Marx Marx believes that capitalism will eventually destroy itself Inequality would cause workers to revolt, seize factories and mills Communism-society where people own, share the means of production Marx’s ideas later take root in Russia, China, Cuba Time has shown that society not controlled by economic forces alone Labor Unions and Reform Laws Unionization Unions-associations formed by laborers to work for change Unions negotiate for better pay, conditions with employers Sometimes they strike-call for a work stoppage-to pressure owners Skilled workers are first to form unions Movement in Britain, US must fight for right to form unions Union goals were higher wages, shorter hours, improved conditions Reform Laws British, US laws passed to stop worst abuses of industrialization 1842 Mines Act in Britain stops women, children working underground In 1847, workday for women, children limited to 10 hours in Britain US ends child labor, sets maximum hours in 1904 The Reform Movement Spreads The Abolition of Slavery In 1833, reformers help end slavery in British empire Slavery ends in US in 1865; ends by 1888 in rest of Americas The Fight for Women’s Rights Women pursue economic and social rights as early as 1848 International Council for Women founded 1888; worldwide membership Reforms Spread to Many Areas of Life Reformers establish free public schools in Europe in late 1800s Public schools common in US by 1850s; prison reform also sought Summary Economic Effects – New inventions and development of factories – Rapidly growing industry in the 1800s – Increased production and higher demand for raw materials – Growth of worldwide trade – Population explosion and expanding labor force – Exploitation of mineral resources – Highly developed banking and investment system – Advances in transportation, agriculture, and communication Social Effects – Increase in population of cities – Lack of city planning – Loss of family stability – Expansion of middle class – Harsh conditions for laborers, including children – Workers’ progress versus laissez-faire economic attitudes – Improved standard of living – Creation of new jobs – Encouragement of technological progress Political Effects – Child labor laws to end abuses – Reformers urging equal distribution of wealth – Trade unions formed – Social reform movements, such as utilitarianism, utopianism, socialism, and Marxism – Reform bills in Parliament and Congress Chapter 26: An Age of Democracy and Progress Democratic Reform and Activism Suffrage Chartist Movement Queen Victoria Third Republic Dreyfus Affair Anti-Semitism Zionism Self-Rule for British Colonies Dominion Maori Aborigine Penal colony Home rule Irish Republican Army War and Expansion in the United States Manifest Destiny Abraham Lincoln Secede US Civil War Emancipation Proclamation Segregation Nineteenth-Century Progress Assembly line Charles Darwin Theory of Evolution Radioactivity Psychology Mass Culture I. Democratic Reform and Activism Spurred by the demands of the people, Great Britain and France underwent democratic reforms. During this period, Britain and France were transformed into the democracies they are today. Britain Enacts Reforms A Severely Limited Democracy In the early 1800s, vote limited to men with substantial property Women could not vote at all; upper classes (5%) run the government The Reform Bill of 1832 1832 bill gives middle class suffrage-the right to vote Also gives thriving new industrial cities more representation Chartist Movement Chartist movement-expands suffrage and reform politics Demands suffrage for all men, secret vote, Parliamentary reforms Parliament at first rejects, but eventually adopts, Chartist goals The Victorian Age Queen Victoria-rules for 64 years at height of British power Loses power to Parliament, especially House of Commons Government run almost completely by prime minister, cabinet Women Get the Vote Organization and Resistance Many women organize to win the right to vote Some argue against it as too radical a break from tradition Others say women do not have ability to engage in politics Militant Protests Emmeline Pankhurst forms Women’s Social and Political Union After 1903, WSPU members protest, go to jail, stage hunger strikes Women do not win suffrage in Britain and US until after World War I France and Democracy The Third Republic France changes governments repeatedly after Franco-Prussian War Third Republic-French government formed in 1875, lasts 60 years The Dreyfus Affair Dreyfus affair-spy controversy over Jewish officer in French army Anti-Semitism-prejudice against Jews, strong in much of Europe Government eventually declares Captain Alfred Dreyfus innocent The Rise of Zionism Zionism-movement for Jewish homeland-grows after Dreyfus affair II. Self-Rule for British Colonies Britain allowed self-rule in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand but delayed it for Ireland. Canada, Australia, and New Zealand are strong democracies today, while Ireland is divided. Canada Struggles for Self-Rule French and English Canada Canada was originally home to many Native American peoples Later, problems between Catholic French, Protestant English settlers Canada split: Upper Canada (English), Lower Canada (French) The Durham Report This division eases tensions, but upper class holds power Middle class demands more reform, producing rebellions in 1830s Parliament approves Lord Durham’s changes allowing more self-rule The Dominion of Canada Canadians want central government to protect interest against US In 1867, Dominion of Canada formed Dominion-self-governing but part of British Empire Canada’s Westward Expansion First prime minister of Canada is John MacDonald Expands Canada to Pacific, then builds transcontinental railroad Australia and New Zealand James Cook Explores Captain Cook claims New Zealand (1769), part of Australia (1770) Cook encounters Maori-native people of New Zealand Australian native peoples called Aborigines by Europeans Britain’s Penal Colony In 1788, Britain starts colonizing Australia, makes it a penal colony Penal colony-place where convicts are sent to serve their sentences Upon release, prisoners could buy land and settle Free Settlers Arrive Free people eventually settle both locations Settlers introduce sheep; wool becomes major export Government offers cheap land to encourage immigration Settling New Zealand Britain recognizes Maori land rights until conflicts in 1839 In 1840, British recognize Maori land rights, rule New Zealand Self-Government In early 1900s, both Australia and New Zealand get limited self-rule In 1850s, Australians are first to use the secret ballot In 1893, New Zealand the first nation to grant women suffrage Status of Native Peoples Colonists displace, kill many Maori and Aborigines European diseases also take a heavy toll The Irish Win Home Rule A Troubled History English expansion into, domination of Ireland begins in the 1100s Irish Catholic majority resents English laws favoring Protestants The Great Famine Irish peasants depend heavily on potatoes for nourishment 1845-1848 potato famine destroys entire crop; one million out of eight million people die Millions flee Ireland to US, Canada, Australia, Britain Demands for Home Rule Many Irish want home rule-local control over internal affairs Home rule finally granted in 1914, postponed by World War Rebellion and Division Frustrated Irish nationalists stage failed Easter uprising in 1916 Irish Republican Army-unofficial military force seeking independence In 1921, Ireland splits; Northern Ireland remains part of Britain South becomes Irish Free State, then Republic of Ireland in 1949 III. War and Expansion in the United States The United States expanded across North America and fought a civil war. The 20th century movements to ensure civil rights for African Americans and others are a legacy of this period. Americans Move West Manifest Destiny Manifest destiny-US has duty to rule ocean to ocean US pushes Native Americans continuously west to worse lands Texas Joins the United States American settlers enter Texas, grow unhappy with Mexican rule Win independence in 1836; US annexes Texas in 1845 War with Mexico In 1848, US wins Mexican War, gains southwest, California In 1853, Gadsden Purchase establishes current US boundaries Civil War Tests Democracy North and South North uses free labor, has both farms and industry South depends on slave labor, grows a few cash crops (mainly cotton) Slavery fuels disagreement over states’ rights versus federal rights Civil War Breaks Out Abraham Lincoln-elected in 1860, fiercely opposed by South Southern states secede-withdraw from the Union US Civil War-North defeats South after bitter fighting (1861-1865) Abolition of Slavery Emancipation Proclamation-Lincoln declares all southern slaves free North’s army frees slaves as they push farther south Amendments after war extend citizenship and voting blacks Reconstruction From 1865 to 1877, northern troops occupy South, enforce new laws After Reconstruction, troops leave and Southerners pass new laws Segregation-separation of blacks and whites becomes policy in South The Postwar Economy Immigration By 1914 more than 20 million immigrants arrive from Europe, Asia Most immigrants settle in West, Midwest, or Northeast US Immigrants provide workforce needed for industrialization The Railroads Transcontinental railroad links east and west in 1869 Almost 200,000 miles of track cross US by 1900 Railroads allow quick movement of goods and raw materials IV. Nineteenth-Century Progress Breakthroughs in science and technology transformed daily life and entertainment. Electric lights, telephones, cars, and many other conveniences of modern life were invented during this period. Inventions Make Life Easier Edison the Inventor Thomas Edison patents over 1,000 inventions in research laboratory Bell and Marconi Revolutionize Communication In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell invents telephone In 1895, Italian Guglielmo Marconi builds first radio Ford Sparks the Automobile Industry In 1880s, Germans invent first automobile Henry Ford lowers costs with assembly line-one task per worker The Wright Brothers Fly In 1903, Wright brothers develop first working airplane New Ideas in Medicine The Germ Theory of Disease Louis Pasteur discovers existence of bacteria while observing fermentation He and others quickly discover that bacteria cause disease British surgeon Joseph Lister links bacteria to surgical problems Sterilizing instruments reduces deaths from infection Medical researchers develop vaccines; cities improve sanitation New Ideas in Science Darwin Challenges Creationism Charles Darwin-English scientist develops theory of evolution In 1880s most people believe in “special creation” by God Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Darwin’s idea of natural selection says competition elevates fittest Fittest then breed, their offspring share their advantages Gradually, over generations, species change; new species evolve Theory of evolution-species change slowly through natural selection Mendel and Genetics Austrian monk Gregor Mendel discovers patterns to inherited traits Mendel’s work begins the science of genetics Advances in Chemistry and Physics In 1803, John Dalton theorizes all matter is made of atoms In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev creates periodic table of the elements Radioactivity-type of energy discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie Ernest Rutherford says atoms have a nucleus surrounded by electrons Social Sciences Explore Behavior New Ideas in Social Science Sciences of archeology, sociology, anthropology begin in 1800s Psychology-study of human mind, behavior Ivan Pavlov believes human actions actually unconscious reactions Sigmund Freud studies unconscious, develops psychoanalysis Freud, Pavlov shake Enlightenment’s faith in reason The Rise of Mass Culture From Leisure Culture to Mass Culture Mass culture-art, music, writing, entertainment for large audience Changes Produce Mass Culture Leisure activities (movies, music) now available to working class Music Halls, Vaudeville, and Movies Travelling acts feature music, juggling, dancing In 1880s, people develop early projections of moving images By the early 1900s, filmmakers produce the first feature films Sports Entertain Millions Spectator sports draw huge crowd; modern Olympics in Greece, 1896 Chapter 27: The Age of Imperialism The Scramble for Africa Imperialism: Nigeria Europeans Claim Muslim Lands Imperialism Racism Social Darwinism Berlin Conference Shaka Boer Boer War Paternalism Assimilation Menelik II Geopolitics Crimean War British Imperialism in India Sepoy “jewel in the crown” Sepoy Mutiny Raj Imperialism in Southeast Asia Pacific Rim King Mongkut Emilio Aguinaldo Annexation Queen Liliuokalani I. The Scramble for Africa Ignoring the claims of African ethnic groups, kingdoms, and city-states, Europeans established colonies. African nations continue to feel the effects of the colonial presence more than 100 years later. Africa Before European Domination Problems Discourage Exploration Armies, rivers, disease discourage exploration Nations Compete for Overseas Empires Imperialism-seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country Missionaries, explorers, humanitarians reach interior of Africa The Congo Sparks Interest Henry Stanley helps King Leopold II of Belgium acquire land in Congo Leopold brutally exploits Africans; millions die Belgian government takes colony away from Leopold Much of Europe begins to claim parts of Africa Forces Driving Imperialism Belief in European Superiority Race for colonies grows out of national pride Racism-belief that one race is better than others Social Darwinism-natural selection applied to human society The Division of Africa Factors Promoting Imperialism in Africa Technological inventions like steam engine, Maxim gun help conquest Perfection of quinine protects Europeans from malaria Within Africa, Africans are divided by language and culture The Lure of Wealth Discovery of gold and diamonds increases interest in colonization Berlin Conference Divides Africa Berlin Conference-14 nations agree on rules for division (1884-85): -countries must claim land and prove ability to control it By 1914, only Liberia and Ethiopia are free of European control Demand for Raw Materials Shapes Colonies Raw materials are greatest source of wealth in Africa Businesses develop cash-crop plantations Three Groups Clash Over South Africa Zulus Fight the British Shaka-Zulu chief-creates centralized state around 1816 British defeat Zulus and gain control of Zulu nation in 1887 Boers and British Settle in the Cape Boers, or Dutch farmers, take Africans’ land, establish large farms Boers clash with British over land, slaves -move north to escape British The Boer War Boer War between British, Boers begins in 1899 British win; Boer republics united in Union of South Africa (1910) II. Imperialism: Nigeria Europeans embarked on a new phase of empire building that affected both Africa and the rest of the world. Many former colonies have political problems that are the result of colonial rule. A New Period of Imperialism Extending Influence Europeans want to control all aspects of their colonies: -influence political, social lives of people -shape economies to benefit Europe -want people to adopt European customs Forms of Control Europeans develop four forms of control of territory: -colony-governed by a foreign power -protectorate-governs itself, but under outside control -sphere of influence-outside power controls investment, trading -economic imperialism-private business interests assert control Methods of Management Europeans use two methods to manage colonies: -direct control -indirect control Indirect Control Limited self-rule for local governments Legislative body includes colonial, local officials Direct Control Paternalism-Europeans provide for local people, but grant no rights Assimilation-adaptation of local people to ruling culture Case Study: Nigeria A British Colony Britain’s rule of Nigeria is a form of imperialism common in Europe -controls economic and political life of the area Gaining Control Britain conquers southern Nigeria using both diplomacy and force Conquest of northern Nigeria through Royal Niger Company In 1914, Britain claims all of Nigeria as a colony Managing the Colony Nigeria is culturally diverse area, with about 250 ethnic groups British use indirect rule successfully with Hausa-Fulani Yoruba and Igbo chiefs resent limits on their power African Resistance Africans Confront Imperialism Broad resistance to imperialism, but Europeans have superior weapons Unsuccessful Movements Algeria actively resists French for almost 50 years Samori Toure fights French in West Africa for 16 years In German East Africa, people put faith in spiritual defense Results in about 75,000 deaths; famine kills twice as many Ethiopia: A Successful Resistance Menelik II, emperor of Ethiopia in 1889, resists Europeans -plays Europeans against each other -stockpiles arsenal of modern weapons -defeats Italy, remains independent The Legacy of Colonial Rule Negative Effects Africans lose land and independence, many lose lives Traditional cultures break down Division of Africa creates problems that continue today Positive Effects Colonialism reduces local fighting Sanitation improves; hospitals and schools created Technology brings economic growth III. Europeans Claim Muslim Lands European nations expanded their empires by seizing territories from Muslim states. Political events in this vital resource area are still influenced by actions from the imperialistic period. Ottoman Empire Loses Power Reforms Fail After Suleyman I dies in 1566, empire starts to decline Ottoman Empire falls behind Europe in technology Selim III attempts to modernize army and is overthrown Subject peoples in Greece and Serbia gain independence European powers look for ways to take Ottoman lands Europeans Grab Territory Geopolitics Geopolitics-taking land for its strategic location of products Access to sea trade routes focuses attention on Ottoman lands Russia and the Crimean War Crimean War-Russia attacks Ottomans in 1853 to gain warm-water port Russia loses, but Ottomans are shown to be weak; still lose land The Great Game Great Game-war waged between Russia and Britain over India Battles fought in Afghanistan until British withdrawal in 1881 Egypt Initiates Reforms Military and Economic Reforms Muhammad Ali breaks away from Ottoman control and rules Egypt Begins series of reforms in military and economy Shifts Egyptian agriculture from food crops to cash crops The Suez Canal Egypt builds Suez Canal-human-made waterway -connects Red Sea to Mediterranean Modernization efforts create huge debt British oversee financial control of canal, occupy Egypt in 1882 Persia Pressured to Change The Exploitation of Persia Russia wants access to Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean Britain wants Persian oil and Afghanistan Persia concedes to Western business Battle over Tobacco Persian ruler sells concession to Britain to export tobacco Persians boycott tobacco, leads to riots In 1907, Russia and Britain seize and divide Persia between them IV. British Imperialism in India As the Mughal Empire declined, Britain seized Indian territory and soon controlled almost the whole subcontinent. India, the second most populated nation in the world, adopted some of its modern political institutions from the British. British Expand Control Over India East India Company Dominates British East India Company rules India until 1850s Company has its own army led by British officers Army is staffed by sepoys-Indian soldiers Britain’s “Jewel in the Crown” India is Britain’s most valuable colony, or “jewel in the crown” Forced to produce raw materials for British manufacturing British Transport Trade Goods Railroads move cash crops and goods faster Trade in specific crops is tied to international events Impact of Colonialism British hold much of political and economic power Cash crops result in loss of self-sufficiency, famine Indian life disrupted by missionaries and racist attitudes British modernize India’s economy, improve public health The Sepoy Mutiny Indians Rebel Sepoys refuse to use cartridges of new rifles for religious reasons Many Sepoys are jailed; others start Sepoy Mutiny against British Many Indians, especially Sikhs, remain loyal to British Turning Point British put down rebellion, take direct command of India Raj-refers to British rule after India came under the British crown Uprising increases distrust between British and Indians Nationalism Surfaces in India Call for Reforms In 1800s, Ram Mohun Roy leads to modernization movement Many Indians adopt western ways and call for social reforms Indians resent being second-class citizens in own country Nationalist Groups Form Indian National Congress and Muslim League form Nationalists angered by partition of Bengal -pressure forces Britain to divide it differently V. Imperialism in Southeast Asia Demand for Asian products drove Western imperialists to seek possession of Southeast Asian lands. Southeast Asian independence struggles in the 20th century have their roots in this period of imperialism. European Powers Invade the Pacific Rim Europeans Race to Claim Pacific Rim Lands of Southeast Asia that border Pacific Ocean form Pacific Rim Dutch, British, French, Germans claim parts of Pacific Rim -establish trading ports -land perfect for plantation agriculture Dutch Expand Control Dutch colonies, called Dutch East Indies, include Indonesia Settle Indonesia, establish rigid social class system British Take the Malayan Peninsula Britain seizes Singapore as a port and trading base Also gets colonies in Malaysia, Burma Chinese immigration to Malaysia creates problems French Control Indochina French come to control Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia Directly control French Indochina Export rice, angering Vietnamese Colonial Impact Modernization mainly helps European businesses Education, health, sanitation improve Millions migrate to Southeast Asia to work in mines, plantations Colonialism leads to racial and religious clashes Siam Remains Independent Modernization in Siam Siam remains independent, neutral zone between French, British King Mongkut modernizes country: -starts schools -reforms legal system -reorganizes government -builds transportation and telegraph systems -ends slavery US Imperialism in the Pacific Islands The Philippines Change Hands US gains Philippines after Spanish-American War Emilio Aguinaldo leads Filipino nationalists against US rule US defeats three-year nationalist revolt (1902) US promises to prepare Filipinos for self-rule Focus on cash crops leads to food shortages Hawaii Becomes a Republic Americans establish sugar-cane plantations on Hawaii By mid-1800s, sugar accounts for 75% of Hawaii’s wealth US business leaders want annexation-adding territory to country Queen Liliuokalani tries to restor Hawaiian control American businessman have her removed from power US annexes Republic of Hawaii (1898) Chapter 28: Transformations Around the Globe China Resist Outside Influence Opium War Extraterritorial Rights Taiping Rebellion Sphere of Influence Open Door Policy Boxer Rebellion Modernization in Japan Treaty of Kanagawa Meiji Era Russo-Japanese War Annexation US Economic Imperialism Caudillo Monroe Doctrine Jose Marti Spanish-American War Panama Canal Roosevelt Corollary Turmoil and Change in Mexico Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Benito Juarez La Reforma Porfirio Diaz Francisco Madero “Pancho” Villa Emiliano Zapata I. China Resist Outside Influence Western economic pressure forced China to open to foreign trade and influence. China has become an increasingly important member of the global community. China and the West Rejecting Western Goods In 1793, China rejects gifts brought by British ambassador China is strong politically because it is largely self-sufficient -agriculture, mining, manufacturing sectors highly productive The Tea-Opium Connection Guangzhou, southern port, is only port open to foreign trade China earns more from its exports that it spends on imports British smuggle opium (late 1700s); many Chinese become addicted War Breaks Out In 1839, Opium War erupts-fight caused by opium trade China loses the war to more modern British navy Treaty of Nanjing (1842) gives British control of Hong Kong In 1844, other nations win extraterritorial rights Rights mean foreigners exempt from laws at Guangzhou, other ports Growing Internal Problems Population Problems China’s population booms from 1790 to 1850 Crop yields do not grow as fast, producing widespread hunger, unrest The Taiping Rebellion In late 1830s, Hong Ziuquan recruits followers to build new China Taiping Rebellion-name given Hong’s movement; taiping- “great peace” In 1850s, Hong’s army grows large, captures large areas in southeast By 1864, rebellion defeated by internal fighting, outside attack Foreign Influence Grows Resistance to Change Dowager Empress Cixi rules China most years from 1862 to 1908 Supports reforms aimed at education, government, military Otherwise prefers traditional ways Other Nations Step In China suffers attacks from other nations; forced to grant more rights Europeans, Japan gain spheres of influence-areas of economic control US declares Open Door Policy (1899) -Chinese trade open to all nations An Upsurge in Chinese Nationalism Growing Dissension Many Chinese resent growing power of outsiders, press for change In 1898, Emperor Guangxu enacts reforms; Cixi, restored, ends them The Boxer Rebellion Anti-government, anti-European peasants form secret organization In 1900, they launch Boxer Rebellion-their campaign for reforms Rebels take Beijing, but foreign army defeats them, ending rebellion Though rebellion fails, Chinese nationalism surges The Beginnings of Reform Cixi and other conservatives recognize necessity of reform In 1905, she sends officials abroad to study other governments In 1906, Cixi begins making reforms but they move slowly Unrest continues for four more decades II. Modernization in Japan Japan followed the model of Western powers by industrializing and expanding its foreign influence. Japan’s continued development of its own way of life has made it a leading world power. Japan Ends Its Isolation The Demand for Foreign Trade Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)-Japan opens two ports to American ships By 1860, Japan has trade agreements with many nations Meiji Reform and Modernization Anger over these trade deals forces shogun to step down in 1867 Mieji era-time of reform begun by Meiji emperor, Mutsuhito Meiji emperor reforms, modernizes using Western models By early 1900s Japan has industrialized, is competitive with West Imperial Japan Military Strength By 1890, Japan has strong navy and large army In 1894, Japan gets Western nations to give up special rights Japan Attacks China Japan forces Korea to open three ports to Japanese trade in 1876 In 1885, Japan and China agree not to send troops to Korea In 1894, China sends troops to put down rebellion in Korea Japan drives Chinese out of Korea, gains Chinese territory Russo-Japanese War In 1903, Japan and Russia begin struggle over Manchuria Japan attacks Russia in 1904, launching Russo-Japanese War In 1905, treaty ends the war; Japan gains captured territories Japanese Occupation of Korea Japan makes Korea a protectorate in 1905 In 1910, Japan completes annexation of Korea Japan rules harshly in Korea, leading to growing Korean nationalism III. US Economic Imperialism The United States put increasing economic and political pressure on Latin America during the 19th century. This policy set the stage for 20th-century relations between Latin America and the United States. Latin America After Independence Colonial Legacy Political gains mean little to desperately poor Latin Americans Peonage system keeps peasants in debt; landowners grow wealthy Political Instability Caudillos-military dictators-gain and hold power, backed by military By the mid-1800s, caudillos rule in most Latin American countries Reformers sometimes gain office, but eventually are forced out Wealthy landowners support caudillos; poor people have few rights Economies Grow Under Foreign Influence Old Products and New Markets Economies depend on exporting one or two products Trains and refrigeration increase demand for Latin American foods Latin Americans import manufactured goods; industrialization lags Outside Investment and Interference These countries build few schools, roads, hospitals Governments forced to borrow money from other countries Loans not repaid; properties repossessed; foreign control increases A Latin American Empire The Monroe Doctrine Newly independent countries of the Americas are insecure In 1823, US issues Monroe Doctrine-Europe cannot colonize Americas Cuba Declares Independence In 1895, Jose Marti-Cuban writer-launches war for Cuban independence US fights to help Cuba in 1898, leading to Spanish-American War In 1901, Cuba nominally independent, US has significant control After war, Spain gives US Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippines Connecting the Oceans US wants faster way of going from east to west coast by ship President Roosevelt backs idea of building canal across Panama Colombia rejects Roosevelt’s $10 million canal offer In 1903, Panama gains independence from Colombia with US help Panama gives land to US to build canal US builds Panama Canal-waterway connecting Atlantic and Pacific The Roosevelt Corollary US bolsters its influence in Latin America through many avenues Many US business investments in Cuba, other countries In 1904, Roosevelt issues update of Monroe Doctrine Roosevelt Corollary-US can be police power in the Americas US uses corollary to justify repeated military interventions IV. Turmoil and Change in Mexico Political, economic, and social inequalities in Mexico triggered a period of revolution and reform. Mexico has moved toward political democracy and is a strong economic force in the Americas. Santa Anna and the Mexican War Santa Anna In early 1800s, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna dominates Mexican politics Serves as president four times between 1833 and 1855 The Texas Revolt In 1820s, Mexican officials encourage Americans to settle in Texas Thousands of English-speaking “Anglos” settle in the area Want more self-government, causing problems with Mexico In 1835, Texans revolt and win independence; Santa Anna loses power War and the Fall of Santa Anna In 1845, US annexes Texas; Mexico outraged In 1846, war breaks out between US and Mexico Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)-northern third of Mexico to US Santa Anna, who had lost war, loses power again Juarez and La Reforma A New Leader Benito Juarez-liberal reformer who wanted to make changes in Mexico Juarez Rises to Power Works as lawyer helping poor people, gains good reputation Juarez Works for Reform Juarez’s La Reforma-movement to redistribute land, reform education He and other reformers suffer exile in 1853, but return Conservative, wealthy Mexicans oppose reforms, launch rebellion In 1861, reformers win civil war and Juarez elected president The French Invade Mexico Conservatives plot with Europeans to defeat Juarez and reform In 1862, French send army to Mexico and take control of country They install Austrian Archduke Maximilian as emperor Fighting continues for five years; in 1867, Maximilian defeated Juarez, president again, puts reforms in place He dies in 1872, but country is peaceful and making progress Porfirio Diaz and “Order and Progress” Rise of a Caudillo Pofririo Diaz-caudillo who takes power in 1876 Diaz ends reforms and builds power, suppressing opponents He trades land, political favors for support; elections meaningless His tactics bring order to Mexico, but freedoms reduced Some economic progress, but rich gain wealth and poor suffer Revolution and Civil War Madero Begins the Revolution Unrest over harsh rule of Diaz grows throughout Mexican society Reformer Francisco Madero calls for armed revolt against Diaz “Pancho” Villa-popular revolutionary leader from the north of Mexico Emiliano Zapata-revolutionary leader from southern Mexico Villa, Zapata score important victories over Diaz’s army Diaz forced to step down, calls for new elections in 1911 Mexican Leaders Struggle for Power In 1911, Madero elected president; unrest continues In 1913, Madero resigns; General Victoriano Huerta becomes president After 15 months of fighting, rebels win; Carranza becomes president Civil War ends in 1919 with Zapata’s death The New Mexican Constitution Mexico’s new constitution: land reform, education, workers’ rights Alvaro Obregon ousts Carranza in 1920, continues reforms
