RENAISSANCE AND
REFORMATION
RENAISSANCE
DEFINITION
A rebirth of Classical learning,
especially the study of Latin and Greek.
WHY?
• People were unhappy with the status quo
• Black Plague
SHIFT OF FOCUS
Individualism
Humanism
• Focus on the single
person
• Individual needs come
first
• Middle Ages philosophy
• Human-based morality
(the qualities humans
should value)
• Focus on the secular
• Society as a whole
• Renaissance philosophy
THE BEGINNINGS
F l o r e n c e ( L o r e n zo d e M e d i c i )
M a n t u a ( I s ab e l l a d ’ E s t e )
LITERATURE
THE BOOK OF THE COURTIER
“Outward beauty is a true sign of inner goodness. This
loveliness, indeed, is impressed upon the body in varying
degrees as a token by which the soul can be recognized
for what it is, just as with trees the beauty of the
blossom testifies to the goodness of the fruit.”
“Men demonstrate their courage far more often in little
things than in great.”
ART
Perspective (Appearance of Depth)
More life-like
GATES OF PARADISE
BY GHIBERTI
HIGH RENAISSANCE
CHURCH
Supported the Renaissance.
Why?
Wealthy and could provide patronage
Benefitted from the increased scholarship
Brought some back to the faith
RENAISSANCE IN THE NORTH
Fed off the ideas of the Italian Renaissance
Came later
LITERATURE
RENAISSANCE ART
INSTRUCTIONS
For each pair of pictures, write down the
following:
• What is it (painting, sculpture, building)?
• What is the subject of the work?
• Which is the medieval work and which is the
renaissance work?
• How can you tell?
PRINTING PRESS
CHANGES
• Revolutionized how quickly ideas could spread
• Printed material became easily accessible
• Encouraged literacy (esp. of vernacular)
REFORMATION
REFORMATION – CLASS
STRUGGLE
Common people: Rebellion against the whole social order
Middle Class: Wanted to control and manage their own
religious affairs
Upper Class: Power struggle with the church
DESIDERIUS ERASMUS
Dutch Priest
“In Praise of
Folly”
Doctrine vs.
Practice
WHY WERE PEOPLE MAD?
WHY WERE PEOPLE MAD?
• Simony
• Indulgences
• Corrupt church officials
MARTIN LUTHER
A SERIES OF UNFORTUNATE
EVENTS
MARTIN LUTHER
• German monk
• Appalled by church
practices, especially
indulgences
95 THESES
6. The pope himself cannot remit guilt, but only declare
and confirm that it has been remitted by God; or, at
most, he can remit it in cases reserved to his discretion.
Except for these cases, the guilt remains untouched.
8. The penitential canons apply only to men who are still
alive, and, according to the canons themselves, none
applies to the dead.
27. There is no divine authority for preaching that the
soul flies out of the purgatory immediately the money
clinks in the bottom of the chest.
95 THESES
43. Christians should be taught that one who gives to the
poor, or lends to the needy, does a better action than if
he purchases indulgences.
50. Christians should be taught that, if the pope knew
the exactions of the indulgence-preachers, he would
rather the church of St. Peter were reduced to ashes
than be built with the skin, flesh, and bones of the
sheep.
76. We assert the contrary, and say that the pope's
pardons are not able to remove the least venial of sins as
far as their guilt is concerned.
RESULTS
• Excommunicated by Pope Leo X
• Outlawed from the Holy Roman Empire by
Charles V
• Shielded by Frederick the Wise
RELIGIOUS WAR
• More German princes defected
• Charles V sent troops against those in rebellion
• 1555- Peace of Augsburg
• German princes had the right to choose religion for
their region
MAIN DIFFERENCES
Papal Authority vs. Bible
Clergy could or couldn’t marry
Ministers vs. Priests
Transubstantiation (Miracle of the Mass)
Latin vs. vernacular
Saints and the Virgin Mary
Number of sacraments (saving graces)
Justification by Faith
HENRY VIII
BEGINNING OF
PROBLEMS
English wanted a peace
treaty with Spain
Catherine of Aragon was
sent to marry the prince
HENRY VIII
• Wanted an heir
• Had a daughter, Mary,
with Catherine of
Aragon, but no
surviving son
• Anne Boleyn
• Plea to Rome
THREE THOMASES
• Cardinal Thomas Wolsey
• “Had I served my God with half
the zeal I served my King, He
would not in mine age left me
naked to mine enemies.”
• Thomas More
• “the King’s good servant, but
God’s first.”
• Thomas Cranmer
• Act of Succession
• Supremacy Act
WIVES OF HENRY VIII
Catherine of Aragon
Anne Boleyn
Jane Seymour
Anne of Cleves
Catherine Howard
Catherine Parr
REFORMERS
REFORMERS
• Desiderius Erasmus
• The Praise of Folly
• John Calvin
• The Institutes of Christian
Religion
• Huguenots
• William Tyndale
• Huldrych Zwingli
• Anabaptists
CONFLICTS IN FRANCE
• Huguenots
• 1534- Affair of Placards
• 1559- Mary Queen of
Scots persecuted
reformers
• 1562-1598- Religious
Wars in France
• St. Bartholomew’s Day
Massacre
• 1598- Edict of Nantes
COUNTERREFORMATION
ATTEMPTS TO CHANGE
• Council of
Trent
• Ignatius de
Loyola
• Jesuits
LEGACIES
LEGACIES
•
•
•
•
More Religions
Less Tolerance
Better Education
More individual role in
salvation
• Increased instances of
witchcraft
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
BEGINNINGS
•
•
•
•
Roger Bacon
Mathematics
Experimentation
Scientific Method
ASTRONOMY
• Copernicus
• Kepler
• Galileo
PHYSICS
• Isaac Newton
• Laws of motion
NAVIGATION
•
•
•
•
Compass
Improved maps
Astronomical charts
Better ships
ECONOMICS
• Commercial Revolution
• Coins with fixed values
• Standards of weight and
measurement
• Central banking
• Join-stock companies
• Colonies
• Mercantilism- government
needs to increase a country’s
wealth (gold and silver)
RISE OF EXPLORATION
WHY?
Mercantilism
Renaissance
Crusades
Reformation