www.highgroundpress.org
TURN ON SOUND, CLICK TO BEGIN
Copyright 2007 by Richard P. Walters
MULTIPLE-CHOICE TUTORIAL
This exercise will reinforce what you have already learned and alert you
to concepts about which you may be unclear. There are ten questions.
Read the question, then left click the best answer. You will learn the
most by reading the explanatory notes for both your correct and
your incorrect choices. You will get something better from
this activity than a grade: you will learn!
HAPPY LEARNING!
CLICK WHEN YOU ARE READY TO BEGIN
1. Which of the following is least
relevant to person-centered therapy?
Introjected values
Positive regard
Actualizing tendency
Transference
INCORRECT
For Rogers, introjected values caused
people to “march to the beat of
someone else’s drum.” By so doing, he
thought, people did not reach their full
potential. He believed that this was the
fundamental cause of their distress.
Try Again
INCORRECT
Positive regard was an important
concept in Rogers’s beliefs. He
thought people made too many
sacrifices to earn positive regard from
others. He thought counselors should
treat their counselees with
unconditional positive regards.
Christians are to accept people
without conditions, but must put
conditions on certain behavior.
Try Again
INCORRECT
Rogers believed that people innately
wanted to actualize in life—to become
all that they could become—not just
physically but emotionally and in
relationships. Christianity sees this as
one element of human nature, but
recognizes human capacity to choose
badly.
Try Again
CORRECT!
Rogers ignored Freud’s belief that
transference was a necessary
element of counseling. Rogers did,
however, emphasize strongly that
the counselor was to treat the
counselee with great respect.
Next Question
2. For Rogers, the highest authority (the most
persuasive component of his epistemology) was
empiricism.
experience.
actualization.
humanism.
INCORRECT
Empiricism is the process of systematic
study using methods that are as
objective as possible. Rogers did
empirical studies, but for him even this
evidence was not the most persuasive.
Try Again
INCORRECT
Actualization was an objective, not a
source of information in Rogers’s
scheme of life.
Try Again
INCORRECT
Humanism is a broad philosophical
tradition and Rogers was a principal
figure among humanists in psychology
during the 50s through the 80s. He
influenced many people to use the
same source of authority he did. But
what is it?
Try Again
CORRECT!
Rogers trusted his own experience,
which amounted essentially to
trusting his feelings, above and
beyond any other epistemological
process. Wow! Imagine that! How
reliable have your feelings been?
We should “consult” our feelings,
but only as one source of evidence.
Next Question
3. The fundamental motivator of
human behavior, Rogers believed, is
the organismic valuing process.
positive regard.
the actualizing tendency.
introjection.
INCORRECT
The organismic valuing system
evaluates what the efforts toward
actualization have brought . Those the
“ovs” judge to have been beneficial are
repeated; the others are avoided.
Try Again
INCORRECT
Positive regard is desired but is not
considered to be the driving force. It
is powerful enough to shape what a
person will or will not do, but it is not
the strongest motivating influence.
Try Again
INCORRECT
Because we seek positive regard from
others, Rogers said, we take on
(introject) their values, even though
we have a stronger force motivating
us. This makes us incongruent—
divided within ourselves. He was right
to recognize the damage that internal
division (serving two masters) causes.
Try Again
CORRECT!
Rogers believed that the strongest
motivating force was the actualizing
tendency—the need to survive,
grow, and enhance ourselves.
Those are good things. Christianity
teaches us that these things come
as a result of “seeking first the
kingdom of God” (Mt. 6:33).
Next Question
4. Raised in a conservative Christian
family, Rogers ultimately came to
believe that Christianity was
disrespectful of human
self-directedness.
only a crutch for weak people.
useful if not taken to an extreme.
a leading cause of mental illness.
INCORRECT
Rogers saw Christianity as being much
more likely to be damaging to people
than to be helpful to people. His notion
that people were basically good and
would make good decisions if only left
alone found a receptive audience among
liberal clergy whose seminaries adopted
Rogerian counseling theories as the
counseling model throughout the 50s to
the 70s.
Try Again
INCORRECT
Rogers was authentically compassionate
toward people in distress so, despite his
rejection of the Christian faith he actively
embraced during his first two years in
college, he would not begrudge people
finding solace where they could. But he
believed that problems were sure to arise
from God’s prohibition of certain
behaviors.
Try Again
INCORRECT
He never put it this bluntly. But he
certainly made clear his belief that
imposing values on others was wrong
because it made them unhealthy.
Try Again
CORRECT!
Rogers believed that people were
capable of making good choices,
and that if given the opportunity to
do so, they would. Thus, anything,
such as Christianity, that stood in
the way of a person directing his or
her life was disrespectful.
Next Question
5. Rogers is considered to be one of the
major influences in the development of
psychoanalysis.
transpersonal psychology.
humanistic psychology.
feminism.
INCORRECT
No, Rogers was in reaction to analytic
theory, not in support of it.
Try Again
INCORRECT
Transpersonal psychology is the study of
humanity’s highest potential, with the
recognition, understanding, and
realization of unitive, spiritual, and
transcendent states of consciousness.
Many theorists (e.g., Maslow) gravitated
from humanism to transpersonal
psychology, but it was too close to
religion for Rogers.
Try Again
INCORRECT
Rogers was sympathetic to the
feminist cause but not identified as a
leader within the movement.
However, his advocacy that people
should let their feelings be their guide
was encouragement to feminists.
Try Again
CORRECT!
Carl Rogers is certainly one of the five
most influential persons in the
development of humanistic psychology
as it emerged as a major social
influence in the 1950s. Maslow and
May, who we study in this course, were
as well.
Next Question
6. Introjection is
the adoption of another’s
conditions of worth.
the pathway to self-actualization.
a healthy supplement
to self-esteem.
a therapeutic method.
INCORRECT
Nope.
Try Again
INCORRECT
Quite the opposite, actually.
Try Again
INCORRECT
No, introjection is not on the helping
side of the counseling process.
Try Again
CORRECT!
Yes, Rogers believed that our problems are
caused by adopting other people’s rules and
beliefs. We do this because we want them
to like us. Sometimes that is exactly the
source of a person’s distress, but when this
is made into a universal guide, logic allows
everyone to be their own rule maker.
Rogers, believing that humans will naturally
do the right thing, thought this would work.
What do you think?
Next Question
7. In a counseling relationship, Rogers
was a “take charge guy.”
listened to the patient’s dreams.
remained emotionally
unexpressive.
treated the patient as his equal.
INCORRECT
His way of being in control was to let the
counselee be in control. He carefully
followed their lead, confident that they
would guide the dialogue to productive
topics. Given the chance, people usually
do. But there is a better answer.
Try Again
INCORRECT
No interest in that. It was a part of the
approach beloved by Freud and Jung
that he was eager to discard.
Try Again
INCORRECT
He believed in following a person,
“walking with them,” into and through
whatever feelings they might have, no
matter how disturbing, powerful, or
bizarre they might be. He was rarely
very emotive outwardly, but by all
evidence he felt deeply with his
counseling clients.
Try Again
CORRECT!
This is quite in contrast to Freudian
insistence on an aloof, “businesslike”
style in treatment, and perhaps is one of
the reasons his counseling method
caught on so quickly. And it works well.
When people are comfortable they
provide more of the information needed
to help them help themselves get better.
Next Question
8. For Rogers, incongruence was
the source of human distress.
only an inevitable fact of life.
unimportant.
resistant to any form of therapy.
INCORRECT
There is a lot of incongruence around
these days, but it is not inevitable.
Look again, please.
Try Again
INCORRECT
On the contrary—very important.
Try Again
INCORRECT
The condition, “incongruence,”
can be remedied by counseling.
Try Again
CORRECT!
Incongruence is the condition when
the values of another person are
introjected (taken on as one’s own).
Bad, bad, bad—that! Yes, it can be;
it depends upon the values. We
shall not be worse off if we introject
Christ’s values, for then we shall be
congruent with God’s design for us.
Next Question
9. Rogers is more widely known for his
method of counseling than for his
theories. Which one term does not
identify his method?
Active listening
Free association
Mirroring
Paraphrasing
INCORRECT
Active listening is a name
for Rogers’s method.
Try Again
INCORRECT
Mirroring is a name for
Rogers’s method.
Try Again
INCORRECT
Paraphrasing is a name
for Rogers’s method.
Try Again
CORRECT!
Free association—a primary method in
classic psychoanalysis, made necessary
because it gave the therapist access to
the patient’s unconscious. Rogers did
not use it, believing that clients would
access all they needed to know to solve
their problems within an atmosphere of
trust and respect.
Next Question
10. Rogers rejected the theories and
methods that derived from Freud,
saying that counseling should be more
mystical.
reductionistic.
empirical.
wholistic.
INCORRECT
He was not inclined toward mysticism,
rejecting all outside authoring to rely,
instead, upon his own experience.
Try Again
INCORRECT
Definitely opposed to being reductionistic
in his encounter with a person.
Try Again
INCORRECT
He believed that counseling could benefit
from empirical research, and led major
studies into the elements found to be
present when therapy is successful.
These studies were enlightening and
remain useful. But for him, counseling
was a very personal encounter between
people that bore no resemblance in tone
to the mechanisms of empirical research.
Try Again
CORRECT!
Rogers wanted to deal with people
as a unit—wholistically—which fits
with the Hebraic mindset. This was
in reaction to the commonly given
charge that the analytic theories are
rendered weak by reductionism.
Next Question
www.highgroundpress.org
Copyright 2007 by Richard P. Walters