Introduction to philosophy
Topic: Religion of philosophy
26th /9/ 2555-2012
Group ( C ) present
1. Ven. Socheat Soeun (group leader)
2. Ven. Sokha Sim
3. Ven. Rina San
4. Ven. Chamroeun Mann
5. Ven. Hau Nguyen Quoc
6. Ven. Tilak Kumar
7. Ven. Phurba Tshering Sherpa
8. Nov. Arydev Bajracharya
9. Fang Sakulkasikon
10. Nov. Phurba Dorjee Sherpa
Introduction
Elements of Religions and their Worldview:
The philosophy of religion is one of
Religious
symbols, in the world
the most fascinating areas of
are:philosophy. It addresses not only
the perennial question Is there a
but also the
questions If
rowGod?,
1: Christianity,
Judaism,
there is, then what is he like? and,
Hinduism
most important of all, What does
that mean for us?
rowThese
2: Islam,
Buddhism,
are questions that everyone
Shinto
should ask themselves at some
point. This site attempts to
the philosophy
rowdemystify
3: Sikhism,
Bahai, of religion,
and so to help people to reach
Jainism
views on these questions.
•THE ABSOLUTE: what do the believers hold as most important? What is
the ultimate source of value and significance? For many, but not all
religions
•THE WORLD: What does the belief system say about the world? Its
origin? its relation to the Absolute? Its future?
•HUMANS: Where do they come from? How do they fit into the general
scheme of things? What is their destiny or future?
•THE PROBLEM FOR HUMANS: What is the principle problem for
humans that they must learn to deal with and solve?
•THE SOLUTION FOR HUMANS: How are humans to solve or overcome
the fundamental problems ?
•COMMUNITY AND ETHICS: What is the moral code as promulgated by
the religion? What is the idea of community and how humans are to live
with one another?
•AN INTERPRETATION OF HISTORY: Does the religion offer an
explanation for events occurring in time?
•RITUALS AND SYMBOLS: What are the major rituals, holy days,
garments, ceremonies and symbols?
•LIFE AFTER DEATH: What is the explanation given for what occurs after
death? Does he religion support a belief in souls or spirits which survive
the death of the body? What is the belief in what occurs afterwards?
•RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER RELIGIONS: What is the prescribed
manner in which believers are to regard other religions and the followers
of other religions?
Buddhism
•Founding
person
of Buddhism is Guatama, the Buddha (lived
The
majors
of philosophy
563 and 483 BC), the founder of Buddhism.
• between
The three
jewels (triple gems)
• •Buddhist
The fivephilosophy
preceptsis&thethe
eight precepts
elaboration
and explanation of the
delivered
teachings
of the BuddhaDhammas,
as found in the Tripitaka.
•The
four
Brahmavihara
•Three
marks
of existence.
Buddhism
is a philosophy,
a moral code, and, for some a
religious
faith which originated 2,500 years ago.
•Five
aggregates
•Dependent
arising,
It offers a diagnosis of the suffering of mankind and provides a
•Karma
rebirth,
formula forand
individuals
to resolve that suffering.
•The four noble truths,
It offers a moral code based on compassion and non-violence,
•The
Noble
Eightfold
Path,
and through
meditation
a way
to achieve spiritual insight.
•Nirvana.
The Major Philosophy of Buddhism
Three
marks
existence
The•Four
Noble
Truths
Impermanent
(anicca)
The(Dhukha)
three triple gems are:
1. The truth of
suffering
•Suffering
The
Buddha
, enlightened
awakened
one. and incomplete, we can only
Life means
suffering,
life inone,
its totality
is imperfect
(dhukha)
•Non-self
Dhamma,
the teaching
of the
find temporary
happiness
andBuddha
pleasure(doctrine/virtues)
in life.Three types of suffering:
(anatta)
• Sangha,
group
of community
(the follower of the Buddha teaching)
• Suffering
suffering
•Thethe
fiveof
aggregates
(Skandhas)
• Suffering
of(Rupa)
change
Material
form
The four Brahmavihara Dhamma are:
• All- pervasive suffering
Feelings /Sensation(Vedana)
The Causes of :suffering
(Samudaya)
• 2.
Loving-kindness
without conditions
Perceptions
(Samjna)
comes in three
forms,at
which
described
as the
Three
Roots of Evil, or the
• This
Compassion:
or feeling
one he
with
the person
who
is suffering
MentalFires,
formationsThree
(Samskara)
Poisons.
• Three
Sympatheticor the
Joy:Celebrate
the happiness of others, and do not
Consciousness
(Vijnana)
• Greed
andgood
desire,
resent
their
fortune.
••Pali:paticcasamuppāda
as (dependent origination or dependent
Ignorance or delusion
• Impartiality: Treat everyone equally, and do not use others for
• Hatred and destructive urges,
arising)
personal
gain
or to winbring
approval.
Howacan
attachment
us suffering?
••On
general
level, it refers
to one of the central concepts in the
• How can tradition--that
anger bring us suffering?
Buddhist
all things arise in dependence upon multiple
• How can
ignorance
bring us suffering?
causes
and
conditions.
3. The cessation of suffering attainable (Nirodha)
•On a specific level, the term is also used to refer to a specific application
4. The path of leading to the cessation of suffering (Margha)
of this general principle--namely the twelve links of dependent origination.
The eightfold path
Hinduism
• HINDUISM is one of the world's oldest religions.
There
are many concepts that are very important in Hinduism
Over 2/3's of the world's Hindus live
in India; large numbers reside in Africa also.
philosophy
• Hindus believe in many gods, numbering into the thousands. They recognize one
• Maya
Thespirit
onecalled
is reality.
Multiplicity
is illusion. This illusion of multiplicity is
supreme
Brahman
("the Absolute.")
created by the veiling power of the one (the Supreme Consciousness). This
• The
goal is
ofcalled
Hindus
is to Shakti,
someday
join with Brahman.
veiling
power
Maya
or Maya.
Until that
takes place,
believers are
in a continuous
process
of rebirth
• Leela
is union
the nature
of Supreme
Consciousness,
playful
nature.
The
called
"reincarnation.“
phenomenal world is manifested Leela.
At death, the Hindu's deeds (karma) determine what the next life will be.
• Karma
According
"Bhagavad
Gita" [the
famous
sacred
Hindu scripture]
• Followers
work to
to the
break
this cycle--birth,
death,
re-birth-(referred
to by
the writers
law of karma
is
the
law
of
cause
and
effec.
as the "Wheel of Life") and gain release.
• Dharma
The etymological
meaningwith
of dharma
is in
'that
which binds
together'. So
• The Hindu's
soul then merges
Brahman
a condition
of spiritual
it isperfection
that which(moksha).
is inherent as law in the very nature of all existing phenomena,
Hinduism
has many
sacred
the together.
oldest being a series called the
that• which
supports
and holds
thebooks,
universe
"Vedas.“The verbal meaning of Adharma is irreligiosity. Blind faith, that which
• Adharma
areadharma
four Vedas:
disregards the cosmic principles There
leads to
The&Rig
VedaSee
-"Royal
Knowledge"
• Birth
Rebirth
the water
in my glass. When I throw it out it will evaporate,
The
Sama
Veda - "Knowledge
Chants"
enter
the
atmosphere,
reach the of
clouds
and then it will become water again.
The Yajur
Veda
- "Knowledgeisofthis
Sacrificial
Similarly
when
consciousness
body itRituals"
may be impure and it may be
The Atharva
Veda
ignorant,
but when
this- "Knowledge
body is goneofit Incarnations"
becomes pure consciousness.
• Kali Yuga According to Indian tradition time is divided into four ages.
• Traditional Hindu society was divided into groups of four classes (or varnas).
This was known as the "caste system."
The concepts of Hindu
• Hinduism believes in idol worship, reincarnation, karma, dharma and moksha. Some moral ideals
in Hinduism include non-violence, truthfulness, friendship, compassion, fortitude, self-control, purity
and generosity.
• The most fundamental of Hindu deities, is the Trinity of Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva - creator,
preserver and destroyer respectively. Other popular deities include Ganesha, Krishna, Hanuman and
a number of Goddesses.
• 5 PRINCIPLES
1. God Exists: One Absolute OM.
One Trinity: Brahma, Vishnu, Maheshwara (Shiva)
Several divine forms
2. All human beings are divine
3. Unity of existence through love
4. Religious harmony
5. Knowledge of 3 Gs: Ganga (sacred river), Gita (sacred script), Gayatri (sacred mantra)
• 10 DISCIPLINES
1. Satya (Truth)
2. Ahimsa (Non-violence)
3. Brahmacharya (Celibacy, non-adultery)
4. Asteya (No desire to possess or steal)
5. Aparighara (Non-corrupt)
6. Shaucha (Cleanliness)
7. Santosh (Contentment)
8. Swadhyaya (Reading of scriptures)
9. Tapas (Austerity, perseverance, penance)
10. Ishwarpranidhan (Regular prayers)
JUDAISM
Philosophy
• JUDAISM is a religion of justJudaism
one people: the
Jews.
• JUDAISM was the first to teach belief in only one God. Two other important religions
developed
from
Judaism:
God is one
and
uniqueChristianity and Islam.
Jews think that God will send a Messiah (a deliverer) to unite them and lead them in His
God is the creator
way.
is transcendent
•God
Christians
believe that Jesus was the Messiah. The Jewish people do not agree; they
God
is
immanent.
anticipate His arrival in the future.
is lawgiver
•God
Judaism
teaches that death is not the end and that there is a world to come.
•God
The "Torah,"
the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, is the most important Jewish
is personal
scripture.
We have the obligation to worship
Faith of Judaism
The Torah is God's law
•God
Judaism
is the faith of a Community: Jews believe that God appointed the Jews to be
is judge
his chosen people in order to set an example of holiness and ethical behavior to the world.
The Messiah
will
come.
Jewish
life is very
much
the life of a community and there are many activities that Jews
Abraham
must do as a community. For example, the
Jewish prayer book uses WE and OUR in
prayers
where
some other
use I and
MINE.
Although
Abraham
wasfaiths
bornwould
into society
that
believe many gods, but he rejected
this concept and worship one supreme god.
•Abraham
Judaism isbelieved
a family that
faith:this
Judaism
very asking
much a him
familyleave
faith and
ceremonies
GODiswas
his the
home
Harran start
(Iraq),
early, when a Jewish boy baby is circumcised at eight days old, following the instructions
to become the father of great nation (Israel)
that God gave to Abraham around 4,000 years ago.
Hebrew Bible (Old testament): God made an agreement with Abraham;
him and
children
special
landGod
(Cannan).
In return
Abraham
and
•promising
Believe in God:
Jewshis
believe
that for
there
is a single
who not only
created
the
his descendants
would
have
tocan
show
God
faithand
andpersonal
obidence
universe,
but with whom
every
Jew
have
an their
individual
relationship.
Jainism
Five
ethical
principles
History
of Jainism
Basic
principles
of
Jainism
Two major sects: Digambara
and
Svetambara
1.• Jainism
Non-violence
(Ahimsa)
- to cause
noconcept
harm toofliving
differs from
other religions
in its
God. beings.
Accordingly, there is no
2.overarching
Truth
(Satya)
to
always
speak
the
truth
in
a
harmless
manner.
supreme
being,
divine religions
creator, owner,
preserver
destroyer.
Jainism
is one of
the oldest
that originated
in or
India.
3.• Jains
Non-stealing
(Asteya)
- to not
take anything
that
not willingly
given.
believe encourages
that
every spiritual
soul
is development
divine
and has
the ispotential
to and
achieve
God- of
Jainism
through
reliance
on
cultivation
• 4.
Digambara
monks
do
not
wear
clothes
because
they
believe
clothes,
like
Celibacy
(Brahmacarya)
- toand
notself-control.
indulge in sensual pleasures.
consciousness.
one's own
personal wisdom
other
possessions,
increase
dependency
and
desire
for places,
material
things,
soul
whichinhas
conquered
its(3500-3500
own
enemies
and achieved
the and
state
of
5.• AnyNon-possession
(Aparigraha)
- to inner
detach
from
people,
Recorded
Indus
civilization
BC)
Being
is called jina.
andSupreme
desire
forthings.
anything
ultimately leads
to sorrow. This also restricts full
material
Mahavira
• The goal of jainism is to realize the soul's true nature. Moksha is attained by
monastic
lifethe
(and therefore
moksa)
to males
as Digambaras
domost
not permit
• In
century
BCE,
Mahavira
became
one of
Three
Restraints
liberation
from 6th
all karma.
Those
who
have (Gupti)
attained
moksha
arethe
called
siddha,
women
to
be
nude;
female
renunciates
wear
white
and
are
referred
Control
of the
mind
(Mangupti)
influential
Jainism
teachers.
"liberated
souls",
and
those who
are attached to the world through their karma are to
asControl
Aryikas.
speech
(Vachangupti)
called
samsarin
"mundane
souls".
•ofHe
built
up
a large
group of disciples that learned from his
• Jains teachings
hold
that
the
Universe
Dharma
aretaught
eternal,
beginning
orclothes
end.
of
body
(Kayagupti)
• Control
Svetambara
monastics,
on and
thehim
other
wearanwithout
white
seamless
and
followed
as hand,
he
ascetic
doctrine
in
the universe undergoes processes of cyclical change. The universe consists
for However,
practical
reasons,
and
believe there (Samiti)
is nothing in the scriptures that
Five
Carefulness
order
achieve
enlightenment.
of living beingstoand
non-living
beings. The worldly soul incarnates in various life forms.
condemns
wearing
clothes.
Women
are
accorded
full"thestatus ofas
Carefulness
while
walking
(Irya
Samiti)
• The
disciples
referred
to
him as
Jina,
which
means
• Another
major
characteristic
of Jain
belief
is the
emphasis
on
the consequences
Carefulness
while but
communicating
(Bhasha
Samiti)
renunciates
and
are
often
called
sadhvi,
the feminine
ofsoul
theasterm
often
not only
physical
also
mental
views
worthy
of
conqueror"
and
later
hisbehaviours.Jainism
followers
would
use every
a derivation
of this
Carefulness
while
(Eshana
Samiti)
respect
because
iteating
has
potentialSvetambaras
toas
become
(Param-atma
- "pure
used
fortitle
male
munis,
sadhu.
believe
women
maysoul").
attain
to
refer
to the
themselves
Jains,Siddha
a follower
of
the Jina.
Because all living
beings
possess
a soul,
great care
and gourds,
awareness
is essential
Carefulness
handling
their
fly-whisks,
water
etc.
(Adan in
liberation
andwhile
that
Mallinath,
a Tirthankara,
was
female.
•
Jain
tradition
teaches
that
the
monastic
community
founded
by
one's
actions inSamiti)
the incarnate world. Jainism emphasizes the equality of all life,
Nikshepan
Mahavira
boasted
14,000
monks
andbe
36,000
nuns
the
time of
advocating
harmlessness
towards
all, whether
creatures
greatby
orSamiti)
small
Carefulness
while disposing
of bodily
wastethese
matter
(Pratishthapan
his death.
Christianity
• The early Hebrews who eventually developed into the Jewish religion
History
of Christianity
As we proceed in
our human
revolution we elevateof
ou There
is only one God
became
the
foundation
Christianity.
God is three in one or a Trinity
God is omniscient
"knows
all things"among
began
a small
number
of Jews
(about 120).
Christianity
••Christianity
Jesus,
ororthe
Messiah,
was
a Jewish
boy who
disagreed
with some
of the
God is omnipotent or "all powerful"
God is omnipresent
or "present
everywhere"
Jewish
principles
of histoday
to Empire
professas
a new
way ofrefused
thinking.to worship
was
seen
as
a threat
thebegan
Roman
Christians
God is sovereign
God is holy
•the
This
eventually
to the
beginning of the Christian religion.
godsled
or the
Emperor.
God isRoman
just or "righteous"
God is love
••Christianity
started aboutI 2000
years
ago- about
the same
of Jesus.
Emperor
Constantine
(AD ca.
285
AD 337)
of thetime
Roman
Empire
God
is true
God is spirit
•legalised
The
central
point
Christian
belief is that
theproclaimed
Father, entered
intoas an
God is the
creator of
everything
thatof
exists
Christianity
and Constantine
theGod,
Great
himself
God is infinite and eternal. He has always been God
God is immutable.
He
not
human
history
aschange
the Son, Jesus
of Most
Nazereth,
and
arose Emperors
as the Holy
Spirit.
'Emperor
ofdoesthe
Christian
people'.
of the
Roman
that
came
The Holy Spirit is God
Jesus Christ is God
after
Constantine
were Christians.
Jesus became
a man
Jesus is fully God and fully man
Christian
Philosophy
•Jesus
Bywasthe
5th century, the Roman
empire
began to crumble. Germanic tribes
sinless
Jesus is the only way to God the Father
•(barbarians)
God
is the
Creator
universe.
There is one God, Who is
Man was created
by God
in the image ofof
Godthe
conquered
the
city of Rome.
All people have sinned
cameChristian
into the world through
Adam's sinwas divided geographically between the west (Rome)
Three
Persons•Death
The
church
Sin separates us from God
Jesus
died for the sins
of each
and every
person Spirit.
in the world
Father,
Son
and
Holy
and
thewaseast
(Jerusalem,
Alexandria,
and
Antioch).
The split between the
Jesus' death
a substitutionary
sacrifice. He died and
paid the price for our sins,
so that
we
might live.
•Eastern
Jesus
isand
both
fully manChristian
and fully Churches
God. He was
of the
wasborn
called
the Virgin
GreatMary
Schism of
Jesus resurrected
from theWestern
dead in physical form
Salvation is a free gift of God
Crucified,
resurrected
from
the dead, and ascended to the Father.
The Bible is the "inspired"
or "God-breathed,"
Word of God
1054.
Those who reject Jesus Christ, after they die, will go to hell forever
••Sin
and
Evil
areafter
realities
inforour
existence.
Those
who
accept
Jesus
Christ,
they History
die, will live
eternity
with HimProtestant Reformation: The Christian
Christian
Religion
- The
Hell is a place of punishment
•church
The
Bible
is the
Book
that records
God's
revelation.
Hell is eternal
was
splitHoly
again
during
the early
Medieval
era when a Christian
Jesus will return
to the earth
• All
believers
are
promised
life everlasting.
Christians
will be raised from
the dead
when Jesus returns
reform
developed in which members looked to reform practises
will be amovement
final judgment
Satan
will be
thrown into the
lakeChristianity
of fire
• There
The
leader
of
was Jesus,
and
the followers was his 12
will create
a new heaven church
and a new earthparticularly
r state of life, magnetizing
our lives to attract that
which
ofGod
the
Catholic
involving
the
sale
of indulgences.
will further our happiness.
disciples.
Social issues
• Birth control by contraceptive
• Abortion issue
• Woman right
• Capital punishment
• Animal right
• Human right
• Economic development
• Eastern philosophy
• They believe that all humans have a responsibility to look
after the earth. Christians believe that the world was created
by God and that God has given man the role of caretakers.
Christians should therefore, do all that they can to look after
the world in which they live.
Islam
•ISLAM is the name given to the religion
preached by the prophet Muhammad in the
600s A. D.
• The Islamic religion started in the area
known as Palestine in the year 600AD.
• It has about 850 million followers, most of
them in the region north and east of the
Mediterranean Sea.
• The holy book of Islam is the "Koran."
Muslims believe its words to be those of Allah
himself, spoken to Muhammad by an angel.
• Allah, is the Islamic God.
•People who believe these ideas are called
Muslims.
Islam
• Khilafah is an Arabic word
meaning
Five
pillarssuccessor
of Muslimor agent in charge.
Muslims
believe
that humans
have a responsibility to look after
1) The
Testimony
of Faith
everything
God has made. God created everything and he has
2) Prayer:
placed it3)inGiving
the trust
and (Support
care of the
who live on earth.
Zakat
of people
the Needy):
4) Fasting the Month of Ramadan:
• Muslims
five times daily
in their mosques (churches).
5) pray
The Pilgrimage
to Makkah:
While praying, they face the holy city of Mecca (in Saudi-Arabia) and
In Quran: About Allah
sometimes kneel with faces to the ground.
God:
One of
shortest
chapters
of to
theQur'an,
• All Describing
Muslims are
required
to the
make
a pilgrimage
(trip
a sacred "The
place)
Oneness
of God“,
the nature of God in five verses:
to Mecca
at least
oncesummarizes
in their lifetime.
In the name of Allah, the most Gracious, the Most Merciful
Say, He is Allah, the One
Allah, the Eternal
He begets not, nor was He begotten
And there is nothing at all comparable to Him.
Islamic Philosophy
• Muslims learn that life on earth is a period of testing
and preparation for the life to come.
• Angels record good and bad deeds.
• People should behave themselves and help others,
trusting in Allah's justice and mercy for their reward.
• Monotheism
• Divine Justice
• The day of judgement
• Prophethood
• Practice five pillars
• Supporting those who walk in the path of Allah
• Believe Quran
• Faith (Allah, God angels, God Prophets)
• Moral values
Conclusion
• There are important differences between this approach and a faith-based
approach to teaching and learning about religion. All religions they have,
their own philosophy, difference way of life to practiced and followed .
• Buddhism A way of living based on the teachings of Siddhartha
Gautama.
• Hinduism A group of faiths rooted in the religious ideas of India.
• Judaism, Based around the Jewish people's covenant relationship with
God.
• Jainism An ancient philosophy and ethical teaching that originated in
India.
• Christianity The world's biggest faith, based on the teaching of
Jesus Christ.
• Islam Revealed in its final form by the Prophet Muhammad.
• All the goal of teachings unique to correct the human right, living
meaningful life, peaceful, harmonious relationships and do not to
do any evil. But the good or bad depend on personal doer.
Thank you for listening
May you all be happy
May you all be wealthy
And successful in your life