Rise of Nationalism 1848
1900
Adair Doran
AP European History
Critical to formation of
centralized states of Italy and
Germany
 Several
causes
 1853
 1854
 Most
of fighting took place in Crimea
Crimean War 1854-56
 Noted
for incompetence
 1/2 million casualties
 Florence Nightingale
 Sevastopol
 Austria
 Real costs
Alfred Lord Tennyson’s
Charge of the Light Brigade
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Half a league, half a league,
Half a league onward,
All in the valley of Death
Rode the six hundred.
`Forward, the Light Brigade!
Charge for the guns!' he said:
Into the valley of Death
Rode the six hundred.
 `Forward,
 10
 11
 12
 13
 14
 15
 16
 17
the Light Brigade!'
Was there a man dismay'd?
Not tho' the soldier knew
Some one had blunder'd:
Their's not to make reply,
Their's not to reason why,
Their's but to do and die:
Into the valley of Death
Rode the six hundred.
Cannon to right of them,
 19 Cannon to left of them,
 20 Cannon in front of them
 21
Volley'd and thunder'd;
 22 Storm'd at with shot and shell,
 23 Boldly they rode and well,
 24 Into the jaws of Death,
 25 Into the mouth of Hell
 26
Rode the six hundred.

 27
 28
 29
 30
 31
 32
 33
Flash'd all their sabres bare,
Flash'd as they turn'd in air
Sabring the gunners there,
Charging an army, while
All the world wonder'd:
Plunged in the battery-smoke
Right thro' the line they broke;
 34
 35
 36
 37
 38
Cossack and Russian
Reel'd from the sabre-stroke
Shatter'd and sunder'd.
Then they rode back, but not
Not the six hundred.
 Cannon
 41
 42
 43
 44
 45
to left of them,
Cannon behind them
Volley'd and thunder'd;
Storm'd at with shot and shell,
While horse and hero fell,
They that had fought so well
 46
Came thro' the jaws of Death,
 47 Back from the mouth of Hell,
 48 All that was left of them,
 49
Left of six hundred.
When can their glory fade?
 51 O the wild charge they made!
 52
All the world wonder'd.
 53 Honour the charge they made!
 54 Honour the Light Brigade,
 55
Noble six hundred!

FRANCE - LOUIS
NAPOLEON
Louis
Napoleon ( 1808-1873)
• elected President of the Republic
in Dec 1848
• WHY?
–Reaction to June Days
–Napoleonic Legend
–Marx’s Theory
–Offered something - what?
LOUIS NAPOLEON said,
 “I
represent … a principle, a cause,
a defeat. The principle is the
sovereignty of the people; the
cause is that of Empire; the defeat
is Waterloo.”
The Second Republic
President
had strong powers
subjugation of the legislature
• only official gov’t candidates on ballot
• No legis control over budget,military,
or foreign affairs
*Did not allow for 2nd term*
Louis Napoleon - coup d’etat
December 1851
Dissolved
assembly
Mass arrest of opponents
brutal supression of workers’
revolt
Plebiscite - virtual unanimous
support
Emperor Napoleon III,
1852 - 1870
Supported
material progress
• railroad construction (5X)
• Building of Suez Canal
• Renovation of Paris
–Baron Haussman
• production doubles
Emperor Napoleon
Support
for Working class
• legality of strikes in 1864
France
enjoyed prosperity,
order, discipline for 18 years
• secret police
• press censored - no bad news
printed
Napoleon III
man of peace
 Continually
involved in foreign affairs
 allied with England in Crimean War
 Supported Italy’s unification efforts
 took over Tahiti
 explored Senegal River in West Africa
 tried to put Maximillian, a Hapsburg, on
Mexican throne
 gambled and lost war with Prussia in
1870
Italy
RISORGIMENTO
Catalysts
• 3 men
for unification
Guiseppe Mazzini
visionary
of unification
movement
founder of underground group La Giovine Italy (Young Italy)
author or numerous tracts
supporting Risorgimento
Camillo de Cavour (1850 - 61)
Statesman of unification
movement
developed model state in
Sardinia-Piedmont to court
other Italian states
• solid economic base
• state over church
Created
parliamentary
democracy headed by monarch
Cavour-premier of Victor
Emanuelle
Used
war to achieve aims
Crimean War (1854 -1856)
• supported Britain, France, and
Ottoman Turks
• purpose to include discussion of
Italian question at peace
conferene
Cavour (Piedmont Sardinia)
Provoked
Austrian declaration
of war against PiedmontSardinia, 1859
Aided by France
Nap III made separate peace
inspired popular rebellions
Guiseppe Garibaldi 18071882
Warrior
of the Unification moveme
met with Cavour in Naples
conquered southern Italy
• “Red Shirts”
unified
Kingdom of Naples with
northern Italy
wanted to march on Rome
Guiseppe
Garibaldi
Victor
Emane
ullefirst
king
of a
united
Italy,
1861
Italian Unification
Territorial
additions to new kingdom
of Italy
• Venetia, 1866 from Italian alliance
with Prussia in war against Austria
• Papal states, 1870 after withdrawal of
French troops from Rome
Italian Unification
Only
small number of Italians could
vote
Propertied classes and common
people divided
wide social and cultural gap
between northern and southern
Italy
GERMANYVictory
Austria-Hungary
over Hungarian revolt,
1848 - temporary
consolidated position w/ stern
repression
centralized gov’t in Vienna
tried to “Germanize” subject
nationalities
Germany (Austria-Hungary)
Germanization
attempt
stimulated
nationalism instead
underground radical groups
formed
Reichsrath
(Parliament) estab
• indirect elections by local diets
• limited power only over new taxes
Real
power in hands of emperor
create new military police force
PROBLEMS in AUSTRIA
Socialists
power
of the Church
discontent of nationalities
weakness of the army
• soldiers poor and illiterate
• long periods of service required
• ineffective recruiting and officer trainin
1861
- New imperial constitution
• elected representatives from local
diets to imperial diet
• Hungarians unhappy, demand
concessions
A-H
Compromise
of 1867 - Dual
Monarchy (Augsleich -compromise)
Austria-Bohemia and Hungary
have separate constitutions,
parliaments, flag, and language
common ministries of finance,
foreign affairs, and war
A-H
Augsliech
Hapsburgs
- Emperors in
Austria-Bohemia, king in
Hungary
Results
• Magyars more content
• other minorities at mercy of
Magyars and Germans
Germany - Prussia
King
Frederick William IV (1840-1861)
issued own constitution in 1850
• had a parliament
• real power held by king and upper
classes
Prussia
Fred-Wm
tried to sponsor a
confederation of north German
states
• alienated Austria and Russia
• forced to drop plans
• called the “Humiliation at Olmutz”
Prussia
 Kept Austria
out of zollverien
 strengthened control over domestic
policies
• suppressed liberals
• control of state functions in hands of
nobles
• provided public education to more
citizens than any other European
state
William I, king of Prussia
 Becomes
regent in 1858
 rules 1861 - 1888
 more moderate than father
 crisis in 1862
• king wanted to strengthen army
• Diet wouldn’t approve new taxes
–liberals opposed
Called
Otto von Bismarck
home
• Prussian ambassador to
France
Became
prime minister
• advised king to defy Diet
• collected taxes without
approval
• “Blood and Iron”
Otto von Bismarck
OTTO von BISMARCK
1810 - 1898
 Entered
diplomatic service after 1848
 served William I
 principal advisor and minister to king
by 1860
 advocated a Prussian- based Germany
 1850s - helped pass military reforms to
improve army
BISMARCK
1863
- helped Russia
suppress Polish rebellion
this improved RussianPrussian relations
REALPOLITIK
• realism in politics, ignores theories,
idealism
• practical application of power to
achieve state goals
• do not consider moral ramifications
Schleswig-Holstein Crisis
Occupied
by Germans
controlled by king of Denmark
new constitution would annex
area by Denmark, Germans
rebel
Austria and Prussia help,
Denmark defeated
Shleswig-Holstein
Areas
to be jointly
administered by Prussia
Austria
and
• led to strained relations
• Prussia admin Schleswig
• Austria admin Holstein
• 1865-66 Bismark prepares for
conflict
–IT, FR, RUS won’t interfere
7 Week’s War (German Civil War)
Austro - Prussian War
Austria
devastated at Koniggratz by
von Moltke
Peace of Prague, Aug 1866
• Austria not part of any new Ger state
• Venetia goes to Italy
• Austria pays Prussia indemnity
Germany - (Prussia) - 1867
North
German Confederation form
King of Prussia, President of
Confederation
Had a bicameral legislature
did not include - Baden, Saxony,
Bavaria, Wurttemburg
Franco-Prussian War
1870-71
Bismarck
provokes to unify all
Ger
Deteriorating relations
between Fr and
Prussia
Ems Dispatch, 1870
• innocent issue turned into
diplomatic crisis - propaganda
campaign
• France declares war
Franco-Prussian War
Decisive
victories for Prussia
Napoleon and leading generals
captured
Paris continued to resist til Jan
1871
Treaty of Frankfurt, May 1871
• France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to
Ger
• Ger occupied Fr until indemnity
paid
Jan 18, 1871
German
Empire declared
William I becomes Emperor
Bismarck - Imperial Chancellor
rest of Germany incorporated into
new Germany - Saxony,
Wurttemburg, Bavaria, Baden
GERMAN EMPIRE
Prussia
dominates
Capital at Berlin
National army under
Kaiser
Bicameral Legislature
Germany after unification
under Bismarck’s
leadership
Advantages
- abundant natural
resources, educational system,
industrialization,strong army,
good infrastructure -roads,
railroads, telegraph lines
Kulturkampf Program
Created
out of fear of
Catholic’s loyalty to Rome
• Jesuits expelled
• Catholic Bishops arrested or
expelled
Failed,
made peace with
Church in 1878
Fear of Socialist appeal
Passage
of anti-Socialist laws
• prohibition of meetings
• censorship of newspapers
Introduction
of govt-sponsored
socialist programs
• national sickness and and accident
insurance
• old age pensions and retirement
benefits
The Responsive National
State - elsewhere in Europe
In
Europe after 1500, more
powerful states absorbed
weaker ones. The numbers
went from 500 to @ 25 by 1900.
In the 1/2 century before WWI
there were six major countries
competing in the European
arena.
Similarities of these countries
Industrialization
• material strength
• economic power
• technology
conscript
armies
Universal educational
systems
Efficient
communications
networks
efficient tax collection
citizens given larger voice in
gov’t
competed for power outside
own borders
England
Chartist
Movement, 1830-40s
• six demands
• all met by end of century except
annual elections
Lord Palmerston
 Dominated
foreign affairs from 1830 to
1865
 Prime Minister from 1855 to 1865
 Combined rule of aristocracy with the
middle class
 Symbolized conservative phase
Palmerston
Not
interested in domestic issues
India - 1850s East India Co
• mutiny in 1857, govt took over
China
- forced to open up trade
US Civil War - supported Union
England - 1865 to 1914
State
support for industry & trade
more closely involved in welfare of
citizens
led by Gladstone (1809-1898)
Liberal (Whig) and Disraeli (1804 1881) Conservative (Tory)
alternated as Prime Ministers from
1867 - 1880
Gladstone
Son
of rich Liverpool merchant wealthy, good social position
entered Parl in 1833 - great orator
started as Conservative reformer,
became Liberal party member
Gladstone
favored
laissez-faire
Irish Home Rule
opposed involvement in Europe
opposed imperialism
Disraeli (1804 - 1881)
Son
of naturalized Jew, baptized
Anglican
swings from liberal to conservative,
becomes leader of Conservative Party
favored aggressive foreign policy
favored expansion of British Empire
England 1850 - 65
Landed
gentry and middle class
allied to keep lower classes “in their
stations”
serious problems avoided, but
reforms are needed
England 1866 - 1914
1866
Gladstone introduces reforms,
failed, were riots
1867 Conservatives elected
Disraeli sponsors Reform Bill of
1867
Reform Bill of 1867
Redistributed
seats
more than a million workers given the
right to vote(men over 21 in cities)
increased electorate by 88% - no
women or farm laborers
1868
- Gladstone re-elected
(Liberal)
Glorious Ministry 1868-1874
carried out many reforms
GLORIOUS MINISTRY
1868-1874
• Education Act, 1870
• Civil Service Reform, 1870
• Justice system made more efficient
• Land Act of 1870
• University Act of 1870
Disraeli elected , 1874-1880
Wanted
to give country a “rest” from
reforms
Tory democracy
Alliance of landed gentry and
workers against middle class
number of reforms
1874-1880 reforms
Public
Health Act
Artisan’s Dwelling Act
Food and Drug Legislation
Union rights extended
1880-1895 Gladstone returns
Third
Reform Bill, 1884
Employer’s Liability Act
Irish Problem - Home Rule
1895 - 1905
Conservatives
little
dominate
change
Labour Party founded by J. Ramsey
MacDonald
Liberal Party decides it must reform
Liberal Party
Led
by David Lloyd George,
Henry Asquith, Winston Churchill
“four spectres haunt the poor: Old
Age, Accident, Sickness, and
Unemployment. We are going to
exorcise them.”
1905-1914 Reforms
Old
Age Pensions
National employment bureaus
workman’s compensation protection
sickness, accident, and
unemployment insurance
Reforms - 1905 - 1914
 Labor
unions relieved of responsibility of
losses caused by strikes
 moderate salary paid to members of the
House of Commons
Reforms
House
of Lords tried to oppose
• failed to pass budget of 1909-10
• had new taxes on rich to pay for
programs
Liberal
and Labour parties attacked
the House of Lords as anachronism
Parl Bill of 1911 took away House of
Lords power of absolute veto