THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTY

FULL NAME: NGUYEN MANH CUONG
TOPIC TITLE: USING GIS TO MANAGE THE WATER QUALITY OF
AQUACULTURE IN HA LONG BAY, QUANG NINH PROVINCE
BACHELOR THESIS
Study Mode: Full-time
Major: Environmental science and management
Faculty: International Training and Development Center
Batch: 2010 - 2015
Thai Nguyen, 21/1/2015
i
Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry
Degree program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management
Nguyen Manh Cuong
Full name
DTN1054120026
Student ID
Using GIS to manage the water quality of aquaculture
Thesis title
Supervisor
in Ha Long Bay, Quang Ninh province
MSC. NGUYEN VAN HIEU
ABSTRACT
Assessment of surface water quality by the water quality index (WQIHL) at
Ha Long Bay, Quang Ninh province was conducted to give a database for
planning and monitoring water quality in this region for aquaculture. The
monitoring was carried out from quarter I to quarter IV in 2013, at 10 sites in
the Ha Long coastal. DO, pH, BOD5, TSS, oil and fecal coliform of water
samples were analyzed. The formula used to calculate the water quality index
(WQI) are easy to use, thus it is a valuable tool for observing the water
environment and monitoring the pollution.
This research uses GIS to create spatial data. The GIS database for the
management of aquaculture areas in Ha Long Bay layer data includes spatial
distribution and the natural properties factors. Database is organized by the type
of relationship structure in ArcGIS software. The data that included in the
database are taken from various sources and are moving on the same basis of
mathematical projection UTM-WGS84-Zone 48N. Attribute data (table excel)
and spatial data (map) are entered in ArcGIS, then it is interlinked. After it is
edited, complete map is exported. Based on complete map, it can be easy to
manage water quality for aquaculture in Ha Long Bay.
Keywords
Ha Long Bay, Quang Ninh, GIS, ArcGIS software, Water
quality index (WQI), aquaculture.
Number of pages
66
Date of submission January 15, 2015
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Approved by International Training Center – Thai Nguyen University of
Agriculture and Forestry, with the enthusiastic help of Ha Long City, the teachers, and
peoples at Center for Foreign Language and Applied Informatics, I have done to
implement the research: “Using GIS to manage the water quality of aquaculture in Ha
Long Bay, Quang Ninh province”. Through the implementation process I have gained
much useful knowledge as well as certain results.
I would like to thank the Board of Rectors and the teachers of Resource
Management Faculty. Specially, I would like to thank the teacher Msc.Nguyen Van
Hieu – Lecturer as well as vice director who give me opportunity to complete my
research, for their valuable advises, encouragements during studying and patience
during writing the thesis. I also highly appreciate the examiners MSc.Nguyen Van
Hieu for the value contributions to make the thesis more reliable.
I would also like to thanks the officers and staffs of the Ha Long City who
enthusiastically communicated word experience and helped me a lot in supplied data
to create conditions for my research, so I can complete this research better. In addition,
I would like to thank family and friends who were always at my side to encourage and
help me in the learning process as well as during researching time.
Because time and ability are still limited, research cannot avoid shortcomings. I
look forward to receiving your comments and contribution to complete research more.
Again, I sincerely thank!
Thai Nguyen, January 21, 2015
Student
Nguyen Manh Cuong
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................1
LIST OF TABLES .........................................................................................................2
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................3
PART I. INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................4
1.1. Research rationale .................................................................................................4
1.2. The purpose of research ........................................................................................4
1.3. The objects of research..........................................................................................5
1.4. Limitation ..............................................................................................................5
1.5. Content ..................................................................................................................5
PART II. LITERATURE RIVIEW .............................................................................6
2.1. Legal basis .............................................................................................................6
2.2. Concept, roles and characteristics of aquaculture. ................................................6
2.2.1. Concept of aquaculture ...................................................................................6
2.2.2. Roles of aquaculture .......................................................................................6
2.3. Aquaculture in the world .......................................................................................9
2.4. Aquaculture in Viet Nam ....................................................................................11
2.5. Water quality index WQI ....................................................................................13
2.5.1. Water Quality Definition and Importance ....................................................13
2.5.2. What is WQI? ............................................................................................... 14
2.5.3. WQI Development Process...........................................................................15
2.6. Overview of GIS .................................................................................................17
2.6.1. Definition ......................................................................................................17
2.6.2. Uses of GIS ...................................................................................................18
2.6.3. Components of GIS ......................................................................................19
2.7. The GIS application of aquaculture in the world ................................................21
2.8. The GIS application of aquaculture in Viet Nam ...............................................23
PART III. METHODS ................................................................................................ 25
3.1. Material ...............................................................................................................25
3.1.1. Data collection .............................................................................................. 25
3.1.2. Inherited method ........................................................................................... 25
3.2. Method ................................................................................................................25
3.2.1. Calculating WQI ........................................................................................... 25
3.2.2. Creating database by GIS .............................................................................28
IV. RESULTS...............................................................................................................30
4.1. Natural conditions ............................................................................................... 30
4.1.1. The geographical location.............................................................................30
iv
4.1.2. Topography ...................................................................................................30
4.1.3. Weather .........................................................................................................31
4.1.4. Rivers and tidal regime .................................................................................32
4.1.5. Natural resources. .........................................................................................33
4.2. Social economy ...................................................................................................35
4.2.1. Population- Ethnic Minorities- Religion ......................................................35
4.2.2. Economic situation of the City .....................................................................36
4.3. Assessing the potential strengths and challenges for fisheries economy in Ha
Long city ....................................................................................................................39
4.3.1. Potential strengths and opportunities to develop fisheries sector .................39
4.3.2. Adverse factors and challenges to fisheries economic .................................40
4.3.3. Position and economic role of fisheries in the City ......................................41
4.4. Assessment of water quality in Halong Bay based on WQI for aquaculture .....41
4.4.1. Assessment of water quality in HaLong Bay Q1 (2013) .............................. 43
4.4.2. Assessment of water quality in Ha Long Bay Q2 (2013) ............................. 44
4.4.3. Assessment of water quality in Ha Long Bay Q3 (2013) ............................. 46
4.4.4. Assessment of water quality in HaLong Bay Q4 (2013) .............................. 47
4.5. GIS Applications in water quality database for the management of aquaculture
areas in Halong Bay, Quang Ninh province .............................................................. 49
4.5.1. Soft-Wave Used ............................................................................................ 49
4.5.2. Data collection .............................................................................................. 50
4.5.3. Creating spatial database ..............................................................................51
4.5.4. Creating attribute database ...........................................................................51
4.5.5. Entering and linking data ..............................................................................52
4.5.6. Displaying and editing the map ....................................................................53
PART V. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ........................................................60
5.1. Discussion ...........................................................................................................60
5.2. Conclusion...........................................................................................................60
PART VI. REFERENCES .......................................................................................... 62
6.1. References in English .......................................................................................... 62
6.2. References in Vietnamese ...................................................................................64
6.3. Internet resources ................................................................................................ 64
v
LIST OF FIGURES
List of figures
Page
19
25
29
30
32
32
Figure 2.1: Components of GIS
Figure 3.1: Diagram of Creating formula for water quality index (WQI)
Figure 3.2: Diagram of creating database by GIS
Figure 4.1: Administrative map of Ha Long City
Figure 4.2: The average temperature of air (ºC)
Figure 4.3: The average rainfall (mm)
Figure 4.4: The proportion of WQI belong to classification levels of water
quality Q1(2013)
Figure 4.5: The proportion of WQI belongs to classification levels of water
quality Q2(2013)
Figure 4.6: The proportion of WQI belong to classification levels of water
quality Q3(2013)
Figure 4.7: The proportion of WQI belong to classification levels of water
quality Q4(2013)
Figure 4.8: WQI average of Ha Long Bay in 2013
Figure 4.9: Standardization of spatial data
Figure 4.10: Monitoring map of water quality surface of Ha Long Bay
Figure 4.11: Table of attribute data
Figure 4.12: Selecting Stacked method to show water quality of Ha Long
Bay
Figure 4.13: Displaying data of water quality in monitoring sites
Figure 4.14: Map of water quality by WQI of Halong Bay is displayed on the
map by column chart.
Figure 4.15: Database of water quality index WQI of Ha Long Bay in
ArcGIS
Figure 4.16: Water quality map in Ha Long Bay( QI-2013)
Figure 4.17: Water quality map in Ha Long Bay( QII-2013)
Figure 4.18: Water quality map in Ha Long Bay( QIII-2013)
Figure 4.19: Water quality map in Ha Long Bay( QIV-2013)
43
45
46
47
49
51
52
53
53
54
54
55
57
58
58
59
1
LIST OF TABLES
List of tables
Table 2.1. Oregon DEQ models (Cude 2001) score water
Table 3.1: Table of selecting parameters of water quality in Ha
Long Bay
Table 3.2.Table provisions of qi sub – index values corresponding
Ci concentration
Table 3.3: The weight wi
Table 3.4: Classification of water quality
Table 4.1. Population of ward in Ha Long City
Table 4.2. Symbols and coordinates of 10 monitoring sites
Table 4.3. WQI value of monitoring points Q1 (2013)
Table 4.4. WQI value of monitoring points Q2 (2013)
Table 4.5. WQI value of monitoring points Q3 (2013)
Table 4.6. WQI value of monitoring points Q4 (2013)
Table 4.7. WQI of Ha Long Bay in 2013
Table 4.8. Attribute database table of water quality monitoring sites
Page
16
26
26
28
28
35
42
43
44
46
47
48
52
2
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
EACC: Economics of adaptation to climate change
ERSI: Environmental Systems Research Institute
FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization
GDP: Gross Domestic Products
GIS: Geographical Information Systems
NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
UNESCO: United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization
VND: Vietnamese Dong
WQI: Water quality index
3
PART I. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Research rationale
Ha Long Bay, Quang Ninh province, includes 1,969 islands, mainly
limestone islands, with an area 1.553km2. This area which has great potential in
the development of multi-sector and multi-target, is particularly famous for its
natural beauty and the precious heritage value that should be protected. Ha Long
Bay is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994 by the value of the beauty of the
natural landscape. With the advantages of market, social economy and natural
ecosystem, aquaculture is developing quickly. However, aquaculture that is
spontaneous, have not planned to keep up the development or asynchronous.
Thus, this raises issues about the environment, economic efficiency low and
increasing social conflicts. Facing these risks, we need to make a management
system for aquaculture to sustainable development and bringing big profits.
Meanwhile, computing is developing powerful increasingly, and GIS technology
(Geographic Information System) have been applied widely in the management
and production as well as in difference industry, especially management of the
social economy information and natural resources on the Earth's surface... along
with analytical tools, accessing and searching data quickly. Currently, in the
advanced countries, GIS is growing increasingly. However, in Vietnam, GIS has
been limited and has not been disseminated widely. Besides there are lacking of
research on building tools for database management and environmental
monitoring of water quality for aquaculture in Ha Long Bay.
Therefore, with the consent of International Training Center, Thai Nguyen
University of Agriculture and Forestry, under the guidance of teacher Msc
Nguyen Van Hieu conducting the research "Using GIS to manage the water
quality of the in Ha Long Bay, Quang Ninh province "will help address the issues
mentioned above.
1.2. The purpose of research
Assessment of water quality in Ha Long Bay using WQI index
Application of GIS technology manages water quality environment and
uses reasonably for aquaculture.
4
1.3. The objects of research
- Surface water quality of Ha Long Bay
1.4. Limitation
- The spatial extent: Ha Long Bay, Ha Long City, Quang Ninh province.
- The time scope: During Sept – Dec 2014.
1.5. Content
- Collecting data on the characteristics of natural conditions, social
economy and status of aquaculture in Ha Long Bay.
- Analyzing and assessing water quality by WQI
- Using GIS to manage the water quality environment of the aquaculture
areas (Creating database for management).
5
PART II. LITERATURE RIVIEW
2.1. Legal basis
QCVN 10: 2008/BTNMT National technical regulation on coastal water
quality.
QCVN 01-80: 2011/BNNPTNT Establishment of aquaculture for human
consumption–Condition for veterinary hygiene.
Decision No: 2006/2001 / QD-UB dated 23/07/2001 of Quang Ninh "In the
master plan for development of the fisheries sector in Quang Ninh period 20012010"
Decision No: 2898 / QD-UB dated 24/09/2010 of Quang Ninh "The
ratification proposal, mission to plan for development of the fisheries sector in
Quang Ninh period 2010-2020"
2.2. Concept, roles and characteristics of aquaculture.
2.2.1. Concept of aquaculture
Aquaculture, also known as aqua farming, is the breeding and harvesting of
plants and animals in water. It can take place in natural water bodies such as
ponds, lakes, marshland or brackish water and the ocean. It can also be conducted
in man-made tanks, commonly found in fish hatcheries. So, aquaculture is a part
of production in agricultural to maintain, supplement, replicate and
develop
fishery resources. Aquaculture aims to provide products for consumer of human
and the supply materials for seafood processing operations (Thang, D. V (2005).
2.2.2. Roles of aquaculture
- Supplying food to meet the needs of society: Agriculture is the production
sector of material providing essential products for human needs such as food,
various types of product that have the role of decisions of human activities,
without this product, people cannot survive and grow aquaculture also is the
production sector of material and supply products for humans, such as fish,
shrimp, crab … These products provide nutrients for humans. The more society
is growth, the more human life is improved, the demand of humans is also
improved, people turn to foods with high nutritional value, nutritious and seafood
is one such product (Thang, D. V (2005).
6
- Promoting economic growth: Aquaculture plays an important role in the
overall growth of the fisheries sector and the whole economy in general. The
object of aquaculture is creatures through processing operations them formed
products with high nutritional and economic value. The consumption of these
products in the domestic or export also helps the state obtained the profit and
contributes significantly to the growth of the whole economy in general. The
fisheries sector development opens up new opportunities for the country's
economy (Thang, D. V (2005).
- Contributing to economic restructuring: In trends of moving country into
harmony in the international economy, Vietnam's economy is growing
significantly, the economic growth of our country in 2007 reached 8.5%. Even
within the agricultural sector itself also shifts, the ratio of livestock increases, the
proportion of crop reduces. Aquaculture development also plays an important
role in the economic restructuring of the country, and contributes to the growth
of the economy in general. Tendency to convert planted acreage inefficient to use
more efficient by developing aquaculture has rapidly developed. Besides
aquaculture development has also attracted the participation of many economic
sectors, such as state-owned enterprises, joint ventures, limited liability business
and the most important is the involvement of the rural households, promoted the
development of the private sector. Aquaculture development has been
accompanied by the development of the service and industrial sectors such as
food production establishments, the seafood processing company (Thang, D. V
(2005).
- Creating jobs and increasing incomes: Fisheries sector with its rapid
growth has created a series of jobs and attracting a large force involved in all
stages of production, reduce pressure on employment shortages nationwide.
Aquaculture contributes to job creation for a segment of the population, helps
them generating additional income to feed themselves and their families. The
family is the cell of society, once the cells themselves have developed, the
society will be good. Therefore, we are heading towards an equitable society,
7
civilization, in which everyone is equal. Aquaculture development also
contributes to reduce the gap between rural and urban (Thang, D. V (2005).
Today, when the economy has developed, people's living standards also
improved. It is shown that people move from low freight demand to supply
goods such as meat, eggs, milk, seafood … and fishery products also meet a
variety of needs of the people from popular products such as fish, shrimp to
luxury commodities such as crabs, lobster … it will satisfy the diverse needs of
strata (Thang, D. V (2005).
Providing materials for seafood processing industry: Aquatic products in
addition to meet the demands for direct consumption of the population, a large
portion is provided to the processing plant as raw materials for the processing
industry. The characteristic easily see through processing operations, the value of
the fishery products are elevated values. The processing of fishery products by
packaging technology primarily for the purpose of export to the world market.
These products will really satisfy foreign consumers if the quality of the product
is placed on top. Therefore, the question is to ensure the quality from the stage of
farmed seafood, we only have output when we have clean products (Thang, D. V
(2005).
2.2.3. Characteristics of aquaculture activities
Water body is means of production cannot be replaced: The object of
aquaculture is organisms associated with water, if separated them from the water
environment, they cannot survive. From this feature we see that aquaculture is a
relatively complicated industry compared to other industries. Wherever there's
water, there was capable of aquaculture. Therefore the aquaculture has
development capabilities in everywhere and all geographies. Depending on the
characteristic of each type of water body to have suitable breeding objects such
as breeding seafood in freshwater, saltwater or brackish (Thang, D. V (2005).
Water body is also a special production materials because it is different from
other production materials, if we know how to use, renovate, protect and foster, the
water body is not only not worn out, the quality is not diminished through using
process but also better (Thang, D. V (2005).
8
The object of the aquaculture activity is aquatic organisms: Like agriculture,
the object of aquaculture is the living body. They develop according to certain laws
of biology (growth, development, destruction). These living bodies are very
sensitive to external conditions, only a small fluctuation of the environment is also
easy to affect the animals themselves. The influence of external conditions such as
wind, rain, storms, floods, droughts … also affects to the growth and development
of them (Thang, D. V (2005).
- Aquaculture is seasonal: Based on the law of growth and development of
aquatic animals that humans affect them through the process of nurturing and
caring to create products that serve the purpose of life. However, aquaculture is
heavily dependent on natural effects so that the labor time and the production
time is not fits lead to seasonality in aquaculture (Thang, D. V (2005).
Seasonality in aquaculture has led to state of workers sometimes can get very
busy and sometimes are idle. This feature requires aquaculture in one hand to
respect the seasons, on the other hand to reduce seasonality by: for aquaculture
need to focus research on aquatic species have a shorter growing time to be able to
produce more crops annually (Thang, D. V (2005).
- Aquaculture has characteristic of distinct regions: aquaculture is
conducted on the vast terrain, depends on natural conditions so have
characteristic of clear regional. This feature shows where, there have water body
and labor, have the capable of aquaculture. However, in every region, every
country has the condition of water resources and climatic characteristics vary so
aquaculture is not the same. Since this feature requires the regions and localities
must grasp clearly the conditions of aquaculture in the province to develop a
reasonable cultivating highly effective (Thang, D. V (2005).
2.3. Aquaculture in the world
Global fish production has grown steadily in the last five decades, with food
fish supply increasing at an average annual rate of 3.2 percent, outpacing world
population growth at 1.6 percent. World per capita apparent fish consumption
increased from an average of 9.9 kg in the 1960s to 19.2 kg in 2012 (preliminary
estimate). This impressive development has been driven by a combination of
9
population growth, rising incomes and urbanization, and facilitated by the strong
expansion of fish production and more efficient distribution channels. China has
been responsible for most of the growth in fish availability, owing to the
dramatic expansion in its fish production, particularly from aquaculture. Its per
capita apparent fish consumption also increased an average annual rate of 6.0
percent in the period 1990–2010 to about 35.1 kg in 2010. Annual per capita fish
supply in the rest of the world was about 15.4 kg in 2010 (11.4 kg in the 1960s
and 13.5 kg in the 1990s).Despite the surge in annual per capita apparent fish
consumption in developing regions (from 5.2 kg in 1961 to 17.8 kg in 2010) and
low-income food-deficit countries (LIFDCs) (from 4.9 to 10.9 kg), developed
regions still have higher levels of consumption, although the gap is narrowing
(FAO, 2014).
Global aquaculture production attained another all-time high of 90.4 million
tonnes (live weight equivalent) in 2012 (US$144.4 billion), including 66.6
million tonnes of food fish and 23.8 million tonnes of aquatic algae, with
estimates for 2013 of 70.5 million and 26.1 million tonnes, respectively. China
alone produced 43.5 million tonnes of food fish and 13.5 million tonnes of
aquatic algae that year. Some developed countries, e.g. the United States of
America, have reduced their aquaculture output in recent years, mainly owing to
competition from countries with lower production costs (FAO, 2014).
World food fish aquaculture production expanded at an average annual rate
of 6.2 percent in the period 2000–2012 (9.5 percent in 1990–2000) from 32.4
million to 66.6 million tonnes. In the same period, growth was relatively faster in
Africa (11.7 percent) and Latin America and the Caribbean (10 percent).
Excluding China, production in the rest of Asia grew by 8.2 percent per year (4.8
percent in 1990–2000). The annual growth rate in China, the largest aquaculture
producer, averaged 5.5 percent in 2000–2012 (12.7 percent in 1990–2000). In
2012, production in North America was lower than in 2000 (FAO, 2014).
The fifteen main producer countries accounted for 92.7 percent of all
farmed food fish production in 2012. Among them, Chile and Egypt became
million-tonne producers in 2012. Brazil has improved its global ranking
10
significantly in recent years. However, Thailand’s production fell to 1.2 million
tonnes in 2011 and 2012 owing to flood damage and shrimp disease. Following
the 2011 tsunami, Japanese aquaculture recovered slightly in 2012 (FAO, 2014).
Some 58.3 million people were engaged in the primary sector of capture
fisheries and aquaculture in 2012. Of these, 37 percent were engaged full time. In
2012, 84 percent of all people employed in the fisheries and aquaculture sector
were in Asia, followed by Africa (more than 10 percent). About 18.9 million
were engaged in fish farming (more than 96 percent in Asia). In the period 2010–
2012, at least 21 million people were capture fishers operating in inland waters
(more than 84 percent in Asia) (FAO, 2014).
Employment in the sector has grown faster than the world’s population. In
2012, it represented 4.4 percent of the 1.3 billion people economically active in
the broad agriculture sector worldwide (2.7 percent in 1990) (FAO, 2014).
2.4. Aquaculture in Viet Nam
Given Vietnam’s long coastline, capture fisheries have always been
important as a source of food and incomes. With slower growth of capture
fisheries, aquaculture has overtaken capture fisheries in both the quantity and
value of production. In 2008, aquaculture production was valued at 33 trillion
VND, accounting for 6.6 percent of the national GDP, up from 2.2 percent a
decade ago. Over the same period, capture fisheries’ share of GDP fell from 5.0
percent to 3.6 percent (in 2008). The rapid growth of the sector has been a major
source of agricultural diversification over the past decade. It is a direct result of
adapting operating practices together with a focus on the production of
exportable species at increased levels of intensification. The EACC sector study
on aquaculture (Kam et al. 2010) looked at the economics of adaptation to
climate change for some aquaculture products and for some areas.
Aquaculture in Vietnam is dominated by brackish-water and freshwater
production
systems.
Shrimp
dominates
the
brackish-water
aquaculture
production, accounting for 98 percent of the production volume, while fish
accounted for 99 percent of freshwater production in 2005. Estimates by the
Department of Aquaculture of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
11
Development (MARD) put the 2009 aquaculture area in the southern provinces
(from Da Nang to Ca Mau) at 927,000 ha with total production of 2.1 million
tons, accounting for 79 percent of the country’s total aquaculture area and 80
percent of the total aquaculture output (VASEP 2010). Pond culture of brackishwater shrimp dominates in terms of farm area (71 percent of all aquaculture area
is used for shrimp production), while freshwater catfish farming accounts for 47
percent of total aquaculture production by weight.
The regional distribution of cultured shrimp and fish are reasonably
representative of the geographical differences in the dominance of brackishwater and freshwater aquaculture production respectively. The Mekong River
Delta accounts for about 80 percent of the country’s total shrimp production
(which includes brackish-water shrimp and freshwater prawns), while the coastal
provinces in central Vietnam account for about 15 percent. The Mekong River
Delta has also increased its share of the country’s cultured fish production from
67 percent in 2005 to an estimated 75 percent in 2008, mainly due to the
expansion of the catfish industry. Freshwater catfish production now dominates
cultured fish production in the Mekong River Delta, but there are also many
other freshwater and marine fish species that are cultured throughout the country.
The Red River Delta region ranks second in cultured fish production, but its
share declined from about 20 percent to 15 percent from 2005 to 2008.
In the Mekong River Delta, striped catfish are grown primarily in ponds with
earth walls that are sited adjacent to rivers to permit a high level of water exchange
between river and ponds. It is an air-breathing species that can tolerate low levels
of dissolved oxygen—that is, highly polluted water— and high stocking rates, so it
can be grown in locations where the water is not suitable for other uses. Catfish
cultivation is mostly a small-scale activity. The typical pond has an area of 0.4 ha,
and less than 10 percent of operators have more than four ponds. Extensive shrimp
production takes place in large coastal ponds relying upon tidal water exchange but
stocked from hatcheries, with the use of fertilizers to promote the growth of natural
organisms to feed the shrimp. Semi-intensive or intensive production methods use
smaller ponds and higher stocking rates, relying upon water pumps and aeration to
12
maintain water quality as well as a variety of formulated feedstuffs. The most
intensive production methods require substantial inputs of capital and skilled labor.
A recent strategy document (MARD 2009) provides targets for fisheries
production up to 2020. The production target for aquaculture is 4.5 million
metric tons in 202. It estimated that about 1.3 million ha of water bodies will be
exploited for aquaculture activities, of which there are 0.6 million ha of
freshwater area and 0.7 million ha of brackish-water and marine areas. A second
plan approved by MARD focuses exclusively on catfish production. From 2010
to 2020, the total area under catfish culture is expected to increase by 4.2 percent
per year, reaching 13,000 ha by 2020. Export turnover is expected to grow at 5.9
percent per year, reaching $1.85 billion, which will account for 45–50 percent of
the projected aquaculture exports of $5.0–$5.5 billion.
(Retrieved from: http://www.worldfishcenter.org/resource_centre/WF_2776.pdf
(accessed on 15/11/2014))
2.5. Water quality index WQI
2.5.1. Water Quality Definition and Importance
Water quality is the condition of the water body or water resource in
relation to its designated uses. It can be defined in qualitative and/or quantitative
terms. Parameters in defining water quality can be grouped into three board
categories: physical, chemical, and biological. Physical factors include
temperature, sediment and bed material, suspended sediments, turbidity, color,
and odor. Chemical factors consist of the major and minor elements, and other
chemical parameters such as pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen
Demand (BOD), and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). The major elements
include agro-nutrients such as Nitrogen and Phosphorus; and minor elements
include elements such as arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg), etc.
Biological Constituents include Fecal Coli-form and E. coli. Conventionally
water quality is expressed in terms of the measured value(s) of one or more of
these parameters in relation to their accepted or implied limits. They are
expressed in different units, and their magnitudes can vary significantly from one
location to another and over time. For example, the temperature is expressed in
13
degrees Celsius or degrees Fahrenheit, and coliforms in numbers, and most
chemicals and nutrients in milligrams per liter (mg/L) or in parts per million
(ppm).
The conventional approach of expressing different parameters of water
quality in varying units is well accepted by water resource experts. However, it is
not readily understood by the general public and policymakers who have profound
impact on water resource policies. Thus, the need for expressing water quality in a
format that is simple and easily understood by common people has been
recognized for a long time. Experts have worked internationally—including in the
United States—for the past several years and have designed the term Water
Quality Index (WQI). The WQI takes the complex scientific information and
synthesizes into a single number between zero and 100, by normalizing the
observed values to subjective rating curves. It summarizes the relative changes in
the underlying group of the water-quality variable.
WQI is easily comprehended and appreciated by common citizens and
policy makers. It can also help in meeting regulations and/or making personal
lifestyle adaptations for the benefit of the environment. Several organizations in
the United States and around the world including United Nations have adopted
the WQI concept for expressing the water quality (OR-DEQ 2008, OR-DEQ
2008a, Hallock 2002, CCME 2001, and UNEP 2007) for their water resources.
(Retrieved from:
http://www.waterefficiency.net/WE/Articles/The_Introduction_to_the_Water_Qu
aliy_Index_15374.aspx (accessed on 15/11/2014))
2.5.2. What is WQI?
WQI is a dimensionless number that combines multiple water-quality
factors into a single number by normalizing values to subjective rating curves
(Miller et al. 1986). Factors to be included in WQI model could vary depending
upon the designated water uses and local preferences. Some of these factors
include DO, pH, BOD, COD, total coliform bacteria, temperature, and nutrients
(nitrogen and phosphorus), etc. These parameters occur in different ranges and
14
expressed in different units. The WQI takes the complex scientific information of
these variables and synthesizes into a single number.
2.5.3. WQI Development Process
The process of developing a WQI involves the following steps:
 Identify water quality parameters of interest and their ranges of
acceptability for the intended uses of the water body.
 Compare the measured value with the subjective rating curve and
arriving at a dimensionless sub-index value (0–1) for each parameter.
 Define the weighing factor and/or heuristics for each parameter to
be considered while building an overall WQI.
 Select an algorithm and computing the WQI with the available data
and assumptions.
A number of algorithms (models) for calculating WQI have been developed
and reported in the literature. Some of these include:
Weighted arithmetic mean (Cude 2001)- In this model, different water
quality components are multiplied by a weighting factor and are then aggregated
using simple arithmetic mean (Equation 1).
Equation 1:
WQI ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑞𝑖 ∗ 𝑤𝑖
Where:
WQI = Water Quality Index
qi = Sub − index i
n = Number of sub − indices
{wi = Weight given to sub − index i
Weighted geometric mean (McClelland 1974)- Similar to arithmetic
weighted mean, each water quality component is weighted by a power factor, and
then WQI is calculated using the geometric mean procedure (Equation 2).
Equation 2: WQI=∏𝑛𝑖=1 𝑞𝑖^𝑤𝑖
Where:
WQI = Water Quality Index
qi = Sub − index i
n = Number of sub − indices
{wi = Weight given to sub − index i
15
Un-weighted harmonic square mean (Dojlido et al. 1994 cited by Cude
2001)- This model is considered an improvement over the weighted arithmetic
mean and the weighted geometric mean. This allows the most impaired variable
to impart the greatest influence on the water quality index and acknowledges that
different water quality variables will pose differing significance to overall water
quality at different times and locations (Equation 3).
Equation 3: WQI = √
𝑛
1
∑𝑛
𝑖=1𝑞𝑖
Where:
WQI = Water Quality Index
{
qi = Sub − index i
n = Number of sub − indices
2.5.4. Interpreting WQI and its advantages and limitations.
The WQI synthesizes complex reality of multiple water quality parameters into
a single value that can be appreciated and understood by common man. The single
WQI number ranges between zero and 100. It expresses water quality where a
higher number indicates better water quality. For example, Oregon DEQ models
(Cude 2001) score water as:
Table 2.1. Oregon DEQ models (Cude 2001) score water
No
WQI
Water quality
1
< 60
Very poor
2
60-70
Poor
3
80-84
Fair
4
85-89
Good
5
90-100
Excellent
These indices are considered trustful. However, the possibility of some
parameters having disproportionate influence on the final results producing a
biased index always exists. Thus, a thorough review and considerations to the
weighing factor for each parameter should be discussed and well documented
with experts and stakeholders of the water resource. The WQI aids in assessing
water quality for general purpose. To determine the suitability of the water body
for a specific usage, it should be combined with other appropriate information.
16
(Retrieved from:
http://www.waterefficiency.net/WE/Articles/The_Introduction_to_the_Water_Qu
aliy_Index_15374.aspx (accessed on 15/11/2014))
2.6. Overview of GIS
2.6.1. Definition
The term “geographic information systems” may be identical or closely
related to a number of other terms, such as “geographical information systems”,
“geospatial systems” and “geographical information science”; collectively, these
terms may be thought of as forming part of “spatial science” or “geoscience” or
“geotechnology”. However, “GIS” as the acronym for geographic information
systems successfully encapsulates what this technical paper is concerned with.
There are many definitions of GIS and the precise definition may depend on who
is giving it, the context in which it is being used, when the definition was made,
and the degree of detail being provided. However, it is generally agreed that GIS
are computer-based systems whose incorporated software are capable of using
georeferenced data for a range of spatial analyses and outputs. “In short, GIS add
value to spatial data. By allowing data to be organized and viewed efficiently, by
integrating them with other data, by analysis and by the creation of new data that
can be operated on, GIS creates useful information to help decision-making.”
(Heywood, Cornelius and Carver, 2006, p. 18). Geographic information systems
are thus a special class of information systems, one that incorporates spatial
considerations. It is possible to subcategorize GIS into more specific information
systems such as traffic
management, environmental information, soil
information, facilities management, market analysis and fisheries management
information systems.
In the strictest sense, a GIS is a computer system capable of assembling,
storing, manipulating, and displaying geographically referenced information, i.e.
data identified according to their locations. Practitioners also regard the total GIS
as including operating personnel and the data that go into the system.” ~ USGS“
17
A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based tool for
mapping and analyzing things that exist and events that happen on earth. GIS
technology integrates common database operations such as query and statistical
analysis with the unique visualization and geographic analysis benefits offered
by maps.” ~ ESRI “GIS is an integrated system of computer hardware, software,
and trained personnel linking topographic, demographic, utility, facility, image
and other resource data that is geographically referenced.” ~ NASA
“A geographic information system is a special case of information systems
where the database consists of observations on spatially distributed features,
activities or events, which are definable in space as points, lines, or areas. A
geographic information system manipulates data about these points, lines, and
areas to retrieve data for ad hoc queries and analyses” (Kenneth
Dueker,Portland State University, 1979).
(Retrieved from: http://www.gisday.com (accessed on 17/11/2014))
2.6.2. Uses of GIS
There are numerous ways in which this technology can be used. The most
common ones are:
-
Management of resources
-
Investigations of the earth’s surface that is scientific in nature
-
Archeological uses
-
Planning of locations and management of assets
-
Urban & regional planning
-
Criminology matters
-
An Impact assessment of the environment
-
The assessment and eventual development of infrastructure
-
Studies of the demographics of an area plus its population
-
Analysis with regards to engineering
Some of the common instances where you will find the GIS in use include:
-
Emergency response teams normally use GIS when they want to
collect logistics with regards to how they will move in times of natural disasters.
18
-
The system also comes in handy when authorities want to discover
any potential wetlands that need to be protected from the harmful effects brought
about by pollution.
-
Companies also take advantage of the GIS so that they may be able
to choose a strategic market location that has not yet been saturated by other
competitors in the particular niche industry.
-
Management personnel use this system also so that they can be able
to locate areas that are bound to suffer from catastrophes with regards to the
infrastructure that is in place there.
-
Any potential spread of diseases & other such like pandemic are
usually limited by the use of the GIS since the patterns of their occurrence is
predicted in sufficient time.
(Retrieved from: http://www.gisday.com (accessed on 17/11/2014))
2.6.3. Components of GIS
These components are: Hardware, software, data and people.
Figure 2.1: Components of GIS
Hardware: Hardware comprises the equipment needed to support
the many activities needed for geospatial analysis ranging from data collection to
data analysis. The central piece of equipment is the workstation, which runs the
19
GIS software and is the attachment point for ancillary equipment. Data collection
efforts can also require the use of a digitizer for conversion of hard copy data to
digital data and a GPS data logger to collect data in the field. The use of
handheld field technology is also becoming an important data collection tool in
GIS. With the advent of web mapping, web servers have also become an
important piece of equipment.
Software: Different types of software are important. Central to this is
the GIS application package. Such software is essential for creating, editing and
analyzing spatial and attribute data, therefore these packages contain a myriad of
geospatial functions inherent to them. Extensions or add-ons are software that extends
the capabilities of the GIS software package. Component GIS software is the opposite
of application software. Component GIS seeks to build software applications that
meet a specific purpose and thus are limited in their spatial analysis capabilities.
Utilities are stand-alone programs that perform a specific function. For example, a file
format utility that converts from on type of GIS file to another. There is also web GIS
software that helps serve data and interactive maps through Internet browsers.
Data: Data is the core of any GIS. There are two primary types of data
that are used in GIS: vector and raster data. A geodatabase is a database that is in some
way referenced to locations on the earth. Geodatabases are grouped into two different
types: vector and raster. Vector data is spatial data represented as points, lines and
polygons. Raster data is cell-based data such as aerial imagery and digital elevation
models. Coupled with this data is usually data known as attribute data. Attribute data
generally defined as additional information about each spatial feature housed in
tabular format. Documentation of GIS datasets is known as metadata. Metadata
contains such information as the coordinate system, when the data was created, when
it was last updated, who created it and how to contact them and definitions for any of
the code attribute data.
People: Well-trained GIS professionals knowledgeable in spatial
analysis and skilled in using GIS software are essential to the GIS process. There are
three factors to the people component: education, career path, and networking. The
right education is key; taking the right combination of classes. Selecting the right type
20
of GIS job is important. A person highly skilled in GIS analysis should not seek a job
as a GIS developer if they haven’t taken the necessary programming classes. Finally,
continuous networking with other GIS professionals is essential for the exchange of
ideas as well as a support community.
(Retrieved from: http://www.gisday.com (accessed on 17/11/2014))
2.7. The GIS application of aquaculture in the world
From the late 70's, private companies and the state have invested in the
development and application of computer mapping, especially in North America.
At that time, about 1,000 geographical information systems was used and the
figure was 4000 in the 1990. This process of North America is more
developmental than Europe, and the developed countries are Switzerland,
Norway, Denmark, France, New Zealand, England and Germany.
In Asia, the development of GIS is slower. GIS developing countries are
often countries with computerization and development of remote sensing such as
China, Japan, India, Thailand, Indonesia ... (Rajan, Mohan Sundara, 1991).[19]
Before 1987, there are very few studies of GIS applications in aquaculture
research. Only the early 90s, GIS applied widely to the study of aquaculture
areas, and not only is just the data of the source and location data, but also the
data of social economy market was also used GIS in this moment (AguilarManiarrez, J and Ross, LG, 1995).
Application of GIS in fisheries science provides the ability to analyze and
perform a lot of data is provided from a variety of sources. The data of geographic
information system is capable to perform the correlation between physical factors,
chemical factors and biological factors in the aquatic environment. Through
analyzing and comparing the complex relationship of environmental factors, GIS
describe the distribution, habitat of aquatic objects and predict fluctuations in
fishery resources, the migration of the herd fish. Thereby, the GIS have the ability
to support management, establish a plan and decide on mining development and
conservation of fisheries resources (Meaden, GJ, 1996).
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) is an
agency of the applications of GIS in fisheries very soon. In addition, this
21
organization also assists greatly of research programs in the world GIS
applications. An extensive research program on aquatic GIS was conducted, and
the results of the study are mapping the world fisheries statistics (World Fisheries
statistics), in which the data of fishing and aquaculture, both fresh and salt water
of the countries in the world in 1999 was put on the map (De Graaf, GJ, Martin,
F. and Aguilar-Manjarrez, J., 2002).
In Mexico, the research program to build GIS applications serving
environmental standards for aquaculture is conducted in Sinaloa state, based on
the data environment, water resources and water quality that are provided for
many years, then they analyze and sum the data sources, and they provides a
basis for selecting the appropriate location for aquaculture to minimize conflicts
between fisheries and other economic sectors (Aguilar-Manjarrez, J. and Ross,
LG, 1995).
In Australia, a major program of CSIRO has developed GIS applications in
aquaculture research. The research team was analyzing, modeling and evaluating
to choose the aquaculture sector. In parallel with the environmental research
group, the CSIRO has used GIS tools and technologies to make impact
assessment of aquaculture on the environment, and pointed out areas that are
capable of aquaculture development and the limited development area.
Accordingly, there are nearly 1 million hectares of land that have the ability to
develop sustainable aquaculture accounts for about 7% of the study area and
more than 90% of the study area if development of aquaculture has many adverse
effects on the environment. From this application, the researchers have shown
can open up the possibility of widespread application of GIS in site selection for
aquaculture (CSIRO Marine Research, 1999).
GIS applications in the field of fisheries around the world are now
developing towards combining different sources of information. Through the
Internet, this information is given to many objects. Therefrom, it helps fisheries
managers of each countries with their ability to coordinate, collaborate, improve
management and make appropriate policy decisions. However, to achieve this, it
22
is important that the inputs must ensure quality and high precision (Yolanda,
2000).
2.8. The GIS application of aquaculture in Viet Nam
While in the world, GIS are widely adopting and are powerful, Viet Nam is
still limited thought this issue has been set out since very long. Since the 80's,
there are some organizations to research and to apply GIS in Viet Nam (Duc, V.
D, 2001).
The research fields are focused GIS applications as planning, resource
management, and environmental impact assessment of land use management. Up
to now, the application of GIS to the fisheries sector in Vietnam is still very
limited. The fisheries sector is no agency or department in charge of research and
application GIS; research workforce is very thin and the result of researches are
rare.
Fishing industry has applied the application of GIS to provide information
the fishing grounds for trawl, purse seine, gillnet, squid fishing and others such
as skipjack, pompano, squid, cuttlefish. However, the information only indicated
the areas with high average output for objects and fisheries above and did not
indicate yield, output with kg/h and kg/ haul (Vinh, T. C 2002).
For aquaculture, there is no research that has scale of GIS application into
production. The research is a part of projects and the results obtained are very
limited. The most of these focused on the master plan for coastal areas.
Currently, there are few researches of GIS applications for specific research
detailing of the communal systems or small areas. At this level of detail, up to
now, there are only a few researches of the project Suma, VIE 97/030 that
conducted in a number of communes in the North-Central provinces such as
Vinh Giang (Hue), Quynh Table (Nghe An), Huang Feng (Thanh Hoa) ... Nghia,
H. N 2002).
“GIS for land evaluation for shrimp farming in Haiphong of Vietnam” by
Dao Huy Giap, Yang Yi and Amararatne Yakupitiyage. This study was
conducted to identify appropriate sites for shrimp farming development in
Haiphong province of Vietnam using geographical information systems (GIS).
23
Thirteen base layers (thematic maps) were grouped into four main land use
requisites for aquaculture, namely, potential for pond construction (slope, land
use type, soil thickness, elevation),soil quality (soil type, soil texture, soil pH),
water availability (distance to sea, and water source), and infrastructure and
socio-economical status (population density, distance to roads, local markets, and
hatcheries). A constraint layer was used to exclude areas from suitability maps
that were not allowed to implement shrimp farming. A series of GIS models was
developed to identify and prioritize the most suitable areas for shrimp farming.
This study shows that the land evaluation model is useful for identifying suitable
areas for shrimp farming and for allocating land for efficient income generation,
effective conservation, and sustainable land management. It was estimated that
about 31% (2604 ha) of the total land area (8281 ha) in Haiphong was highly
suitable for shrimp farming. Since existing shrimp farms cover only 1690 ha of
land in the study area, the potential for expanding shrimp farms should take into
consideration further political and environmental issues (Giap, H. D, Yang Yi,
Amararatne Yakupitiyage, 2005).
24
PART III. METHODS
3.1. Material
3.1.1. Data collection
- Collecting data related to the research : The characteristics of natural
conditions, socio-economy, map… from agencies in Ha Long City
- Collecting water quality data of research area from Quang Ninh Province
Department Natural of Resources and Environment for assessing the water
quality by WQI and creating a database by GIS.
3.1.2. Inherited method
Inheriting relevant research had performed in domestic and foreign. Some
relevant documents as assessment of water quality by WQI; Investigation and
application of GIS for management of water quality; status and development
trend of GIS, RS… have been integrated to provide a comprehensive view of all
aspects of the issues raised in the research.
3.2. Method
3.2.1. Calculating WQI
C1, W1
q1, W1
C2, W2
q2, W2
….
….
Cn, Wn
qn, Wn
WQI= f (q1,W1; q2,W2….;qn, Wn)
Figure 3.1: Diagram of Creating formula for water quality index (WQI)
Where:
𝐶 = Concentration of monitoring parameters specified
{ 𝑞 = sub − index corresponds to the concentration of C
𝑊 = Weight given to sub − index
3.2.1.1. Selecting indicators of water quality index calculated for Ha
Long Bay
25
Table 3.1. Table of selecting parameters of water quality in Ha Long Bay
No
Group
Parameter
1
Dissolved oxygen levels in
DO
2
the
water
and
oxygen
Meaning
Dessolved Oxygen
BOD5
Biochemical Oxygen
demand
3
Demand
Health impact
DO
Dessolved Oxygen
4
Oil
Oil
5
F.coli
Fecal coliform
TSS
Turbidity and suspendid
6
Water clearness
solids
7
Physical properties
pH
Hydrogen power
3.2.1.2. Calculation of the sub-index
Sub-index (qi) is determined based on QCVN 10: 2008 / BTNMT, sea
water quality standards of ASEAN, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand,
Australia, Japan, China ... and some water quality requirements for marine
ecosystems such as seagrass, coral ...
Table 3.2.Table provisions of qi sub – index values corresponding Ci
concentration
Ci concentration values for each parameter
i
qi
BOD5
%DOBH
mg/l
Oil
TSS
mg/l
mg/l
pH
F.coli
Fcoli/100ml
1
100
<=4
100
0
<=20
6-8.5
<=100
2
67
20
65 or
0.1
50
5.5-6
-
140
or 8.59
3
34
50
40
0.2
-
-
500
4
1
>100
20
>0.3
>100
-
>1000
The value of the parameter sub-index i (q ') at a concentration of any C' is
calculated by the following formula:
q’ =
𝑞𝑖−𝑞𝑖+1
*(Ci+1 – C’) +qi+1
𝐶𝑖−𝐶𝑖+1
26
Where:
Ci: Concentration of monitoring parameters specified in table 3.2.1.2
corresponds to the i
Ci + 1: Concentration of monitoring parameters specified in table
3.2.1.2 corresponds to the i + 1
q ': sub-index corresponds to the concentration of C'
qi: i sub-index in table 1 corresponds to the value Ci
qi + 1 sub-index at i + 1 in Table 3.2.1.2 corresponds to the value of
Ci + 1
C ': The concentration of monitoring parameters is taken into account
3.2.1.3. The formula for calculating WQI in Ha Long Bay
The research select “Weighted geometric mean” method to calculating
WQI for Ha Long Bay: WQI=∏𝑛𝑖=1 𝑞𝑖^𝑤𝑖
Due to lack of data, the formula for calculating WQI for Ha Long Bay
should be:
WQIHL=(∏𝑛𝑖=1 𝑞𝑖^𝑤𝑖 )^(1/∑𝑛1 𝑤𝑖 )
Where:
qi= Sub-index i
n= number of sub-indices
wi = Weight given to sub-index i
With weight wi as following table:
27
Table 3.3. The weight wi
No
Indicators
Weight wi
1
BOD5
0.11
2
DOBH
0.07
3
Oil
0.17
4
TSS
0.17
5
pH
0.11
6
f.coli
0.07
7
TOC
0.08
8
Total P
0.11
9
chlorophyll a
0.11
3.2.1.4. Creating WQI classification
Table 3.4. Classification of water quality
No
WQIHL
Water quality
1
97-100
Very good
2
92-96
Good
Used purpose
Can be used for all of water purposes.
Can be used for all of water purposes,
except for the conservation of aquatic
species or aquaculture seafood special
3
70-91
Medium
-Tourism activities, entertainment, sport
do not directly expose to water
-Waterways, ports
4
50-69
Bad
Waterway, port or some purposes other
uses do not require water quality too high
5
0-49
Very bad
Only usable for waterway transport ports
3.2.2. Creating database by GIS
28
Collecting data
Attribute data
Spatial data
Processing attribute data
Processing spatial data
Entering data
Linking data
Editing Data
Water quality database
Figure 3.2: Diagram of creating database by GIS
29
IV. RESULTS
4.1. Natural conditions
4.1.1. The geographical location
Ha Long city, in the center of Quang Ninh province, has a land area of
27,195.03 hectares and the National Highway 18A runs through the length of the
city. Also, it has seaport and 50km long coastline. The Ha Long Bay has 2 times
by UNESCO as a World Heritage area of 434km2.
Figure 4.1: Administrative map of Ha Long City
4.1.2. Topography
Ha Long City terrain that is varied and complex, is one of the region's
oldest and established in the territory of Vietnam. It includes hills, valleys,
coastal areas and islands. HaLong city is divided into 3 distinct areas:
- Hilly areas are bounded to the north and northeast (north of Highway
18A). As a result, it accounted for 70% of the land area of the city with an
average altitude of 150m to 250m and runs from Yen Lap to Ha Tu with the
highest peak is 504m. This range of hills is lower toward the sea, with the
average slope of 15-20%, and alternate between the narrow valleys.
- The coastal areas in the South of Highway 18A, the average height is
between 0.5 and 5m.
30
- Island areas are all of the bay and islands, mostly rocky island.
Particularly, Tuan Chau Island, that is 400ha wide, has ramp to Highway 18A
about 2km long.
Through geological survey showed that the geological structure of Halong
city is most of grit, gravel, sandstone, sandy clay ... stability and high load
capacity, from 2.5 to 4.5 kg / cm2 favorable for the construction of the building.
4.1.3. Weather
Ha Long city belong to coastal climate region. Each year has two distinct
seasons with winter from November to April of next year and summer from May
to October.
The annual average temperature is 23.70C and oscillations are no large from
16.70C to 28.60C. In summer, the high average temperature is 34.90C and the
hottest is 38.0C. In winter, the low average temperature is 13.70C and the coldest
is 5.0C
The average rainfall is 1832mm per year and distributed unequally 2
seasons. In summer, rains account for 80 to 85% of the total annual season from
May to October. The highest rainfall is about 350mm in July and August. Winter
is dry and drought from November to April next year. It is only about 15-20% of
the total annual rainfall. The lowest rainfall is only about 4-40mm in December
and January.
The average of air humidity annual is 84%. The highest month is 90% and
the lowest month is 68%.
Due to the characteristics of the terrain and geographical location, Ha Long
City has two types of monsoon that are Northeast winds in winter and Southwest
winds in summer. The average wind speed is 2.8m/s and the strongest wind speed as
Southwest wind is 45m/s.
31
Figure 4.2: The average temperature of air (ºC)
Figure 4.3: The average rainfall (mm)
4.1.4. Rivers and tidal regime
The main rivers of the city include Dien Vong River, Vu oai River, Man
River, Troi River and four rivers that flow out of the Ha Long bay. Also, Mip
River flows out of Yen Lap lake.
The streams flow along the southern slopes of Hong Gai, Ha Tu, Ha Phong.
Both rivers and streams of Ha Long City are small, short and water flow is not
much. Because Ha Long has steep terrain, the water rise quickly and escape to
the sea quickly when there is heavy rain.
32
Tidal regime of Ha Long affected direct by diurnal tidal regime of North
Bay. Tidal amplitude average is 3.6m.
The average temperature of surface sea is from 180C to 30.80C and salinity
is 21.6% (in July). The highest is 32.4% in February and March annual.
4.1.5. Natural resources.
Mineral resources
Ha Long city includes mainly coal and building materials. Total coal
reserves that explored up to now is above 530 million tons, and it located North
and Northeast of city as Ha Khanh ward, Ha Lam ward, Ha Trung ward, Ha
Phong ward and Ha Tu ward( Dai Yen and Viet Hung is in restricted areas for
mineral activities). Mainly coals are semi-anthracite and anthracite coal.
Moreover, the clay reserves serve raw materials for the production of building
materials in Gieng Day. According to evaluating the potential, the clay reserves
are approximately 39 million tons. Besides, the limestone serves raw materials
for cement and building materials, focusing in Ha Phong ward and Dai Yen
ward. According to evaluating the potential, the limestone is about 15 million
tons. Ha Long city also have other areas that can exploit building sand in Ha
Phong ward, Ha Khanh ward and Troi river areas… However, reserves are not
much (haven't had specific statistical evaluation).
Forest resources: According to statistics by the end of 2009,
the city has 5.852.08ha total area of forest/27153.40ha total area of city.
Rate of forest coverage is 21.58% by which planting forest is 5445.69ha and
natural forest is 416.49ha (including: 27.94ha wood forest, 17.31ha bamboo
forest and 371.14ha mangroves forest.
Besides, the forest resources of Ha Long Bay are very abundant. Plants on
the islands and rocky mountain have over 1000 species. Some communities of
different plant species include mangrove species, plant species on island coastal,
and species growing on slope, cliffs, top mountains or rising in the caves and
rock crevices. Researchers of Association Nature Conservation World have
discovered 7 species of endemic flora of Ha Long Bay. These species that only
have adapted to live in the limestone island, nowhere has found and there are:
33
cycads HaLong, “khổ cử đại tím” ( Chirieta halongensis), palm Ha Long(
Livisona halongensis), “khổ cử đại nhung” (Chirieta hiepii), “móng tai Ha
Long”, “ngũ gia bì Ha Long”and“ hài vệ nữ hoa vàng”. In addition, through other
documents, the list of Ha Long Bay has 347 species; vascular plants belong to
232 genus and 95 famillia( over 477 species of magnolia, 12 species of ferns and
20 species of mangroves. Among these types, there are 16 species listed in the
Red Book of Vietnam that has endangered and endangered coming. In the rare
plant species, there are 95 species of medicinal plants, 37 species of ornamental
plants, 13 species of fruit crops and 10 groups with different usability.
Land resources: Ha Long city has a total area of 27195.03ha of
natural land that include: 9544.86ha of agriculture land, 16254.92ha of nonagriculture land and 1395.25ha unused land.
Marine resources: Because of advantages, Ha Long Bay has been
recognized as a World Natural Heritage two times. It has 1553km2 including
1969 island of which are 989 islands named and 980 unnamed islands. The
World Heritage area is recognized as an area of 434km2, including 775 islands,
as a triangle with three vertices: Dau Go Island (west), Ba Ham Lake (south) and
Cong Tay Island (east). Ha Long Bay is one of famous tourist destinations in the
world because of many beautiful and fanciful caves as Bo Nau, Trinh Nu, Sung
Sot, Dau Go, Thien Cung, Tam Cung and Me Cung. Besides, the marine of Ha
Long is very rich in species of animals and plants underwater. According to
researching, there are 950 species of fish, 500 species of molluscs and 400
species of crustanceans of which there are many marine species of high economic
value such as mackerel, grouper, trout, shrimp, crab, squid, pearl, oysters … In
addition, there are 117 species of 400 familial and 12 group.
Water resources: Water resources concentrate in Yen Lap Lake area
( total storage capacity of lake including Yen Hung district and Hoanh Bo district
is about 107.2 million m3 ( time measured in May 8/2010)) and Khe Ca Lake in
Ha Tu ward…this is the largest source of
irrigation water for agriculture
production. Also, the lakes make the city landscape: Yet Kieu, Ao Ca and Ken
Dong.
34
4.2. Social economy
4.2.1. Population- Ethnic Minorities- Religion
Population: The population of the city is 215795 people (April 1,
2009). The largest is Kinh that originated mainly from other provinces have
moved to live in the development process. The original people of city are
fishermen who still live in communes mainly do fisheries. Due to the nature of
the terrain, the city divided into two distinct areas that are area of the east and
area of the west, separated by the Strait of Cua Luc, population of city is
distributed in the ward, following table 6.
Ethnic Minorities
According to statistics in 2009, Ha Long city has 55172 households with more
than 210000 peoples of which Kinh are largest. In addition, there also have 15
other ethnics: San Diu, Hoa, Tay, Nung, Han, Dao, Tho, Muong…with 2073
inhabitants that are mainly San Diu, Tay, Hoa.
Religion: Buddhism has 5032 devotees with five pagodas and
has three famous pagodas (Long Tien Pagoda, Loi Am Pagoda and Quang
Nghiem Pagoda). Catholic has 1759 devotees with 1 church. The city also
has 2 temple of Thanh Hoang.
The ethnic and religion of city are uniting in a family to build the city growing
richer.
Table 4.1. Population of ward in Ha Long City
No
Ward
Population (people)
1
Hong Hai
17815
2
Cao Thang
16167
3
Cao Xanh
15756
4
Bai Chay
19890
5
Hong Ha
15058
6
Bach Dang
9334
7
Gieng Day
14822
8
Ha Tu
12234
9
Tran Hung Dao
9643
35
10
Viet Hung
8648
11
Ha Khau
11588
12
Ha Lam
9807
13
Ha Phong
9220
14
Yet Kieu
9440
15
Dai Yen
7900
16
Hong Gai
7232
17
Ha Trung
7442
18
Ha Khanh
6306
19
Hung Thang
5730
20
Tuan Chau
1763
(Source: Ha Long City portal http://halongcity.gov.vn)
4.2.2. Economic situation of the City
Industry and Home Industry
The situation of industry and home industry is basically stable. In 2013, the
value of industry and home industry is estimated 1150 billion to reach 101% of
the year plan and increase 8% over the same period. The decision to approve a
list of 28 establishments producing craft industry must be relocated as planned
urban development and direct the enterprise, production facility outside the state
owned to deploy in response National Week of ATVSLD-PCCN in 2013.
Agriculture: The value of agriculture was estimated 45.6 billion to
reach 100% plan and is equal 100% over the same period. Some activities of the
city for agriculture are: focusing on directing ward and agriculture cooperatives
to strengthen the prevention of disease and the prevention of hunger for breeding
and crop; prevention of foot and mouth disease, blue ear pig, strengthening the
prevention of mice to protect crop; deploying good hygiene disinfection;
registering to build production of goods concentrated areas. In 2013, the
cultivated area is estimated to reach 1697ha, including: 603ha vegetables, 320ha
colors, 676ha paddy. Yields of vegetables are 11000tons to reach 105% of the
year plan and are equal 93.5 over the same period.
36
Breeding: The city has directed not only enhanced biosecurity in
breeding, livestock disease prevention and bird flu but also performing well the
slaughter control and veterinary hygiene inspection at slaughter areas of the city.
The city has vaccinated 138192 doses of vaccine for livestock and avian;
Supplying 912 liters of disinfectant. The slaughter of 95770 cattle and 21034
birds are controlled. 68 cases of violations have handled; 189717 breeding
chickens, 7346 kg chicken meat, 39000 eggs, 25 tons animal bones, 9730 kg cat
meat, 2386 kg pigeons … are handled.
Forestry: Some activities for forestry are: organizing good Arbor
Day in spring of 2013 at Lan Be Park with 405 kinds of trees (equivalent 3.292
billion); receiving plant by organization and individuals donated to grow at Lan
Be Park following called letter of PPC Chairman; focusing on directing the
functional units, forest owners regularly inspect, guard and prevent to forest fires,
as well the cleaning vegetation fires in dry season of 2012-2013; implementing a
plan to clean up vegetation fires in the last months and dry season of 2013-2014;
enhanced steering units to check, prevent and handle violations of illegal forest
products; In 2013, 26 violations has sanctioned and fined 583million; managing
closely the conservation of wildlife and the activity situation of economic model
farms in the city.
Fisheries: In 2013, the value of fisheries production was estimated
51.180 billion and is equal 94% of the year plan and 98% over the same period.
The productions of fisheries reached 2571 tons and include: 2083tons mining;
501tons aquaculture. The City has done well to direct the management of fishing
vessels, and guided aquaculture households strengthen measures to prevent and
combat for farming aquatic. The city dropped 2000 striped bass breed in
Traditional Fisheries Sector Day (01/4).
Trade and tourism: Trade and price: In 2013, the market situation
has so many adverse factors: the real estate market are quiet; buyers reduce;
prices of some essential commodities have many fluctuations such as
petroleum, gas; some localities, diseases of cattle and poultry increase;
production activities- the business of enterprises and people’s life are hard… .
37
Coordinating with the Department of Trading Industry, the city organized
successful the trade fairs and Spring Flowers-2013. The city directs investor
to accelerate the building of market, commercial centers. It creates favorable
conditions for the building of Cai Dam Market in Bai Chay ward, BigC
supermarket in Hong Ha ward, trade center and offices in Dong Ho area.
Tourism: The city has created favorable to deploy infrastructure investment
and to develop more routes, tourist attractions. Directing People’s Committee, unit,
organization and individual business that implement Directive 11/CT-UBND
(06/22/2012) of Quang Ninh People’s Committee and strengthen the communication
activities as well as the introduction of tourist products. The city prepares activities
to service Canaval Ha Long Festival 2013. The total number of tourists is estimated
at 4768 million and increase 12% over the same period. In which, international
tourists is 2466 million and is equal 102% over same period. The sales reached 2425
billion and increase 1% over the same period in 2012
Budget revenues and expenditures.
The budget revenues of the city (calculate to 15/12/2013) reached 2268
billion (predicted 2381 billion) and are equal 148% over the same period in 2012.
The budget revenues are entitled to 1399 billion (predicted 1461billion
calculating to 31/12/2013) and are equal 178% over the same period in 2013.
The targets of balance the city’s budget (calculate to 15/12/2013) performed
1503 billion (predicted 1615 billion calculating to 31/12/2013) that are equal
91% of the city plan, 94% of the province plan and equal 121% over same
period. The City budget that is entitled (calculate to 15/12/2013), reached 686
billion (predicted 746 billion calculating to 31/12/2013) which is equal 99% of
the city plan, 109% province plan and is equal 125% over same period.
Expenses for the city budget (calculate to 15/12/2013) are performed
1327 billion (predicted 1425 to 31/12/2013) and are equal 167% over same
period. Of these:
+ Expenses for building (calculate to 15/12/2013) are performed 304
billion (predicted 386 billion to 31/12/2013) and 143% over same period in 2012.
It reached 120% of city plan and 225% of province plan
38
+ Regular expenses (calculate to 15/12/2013) are performed 563 billion
(predicted 602 billion to 31/12/2013) and increase 10% over same period in
2012. It reached 98% of city plan and 104% of province plan.
4.3. Assessing the potential strengths and challenges for fisheries economy in
Ha Long city
4.3.1. Potential strengths and opportunities to develop fisheries sector
Geographical location: Ha Long City has an important position
and is the center of politics, economy, and culture of Quang Ninh province. As a
coastal city with an area of 650 km2, of which the water and islands area are
441.45 km2; the south and the west of the city adjacent to Ha Long Bay with sea
stick length is 40 km. Ha Long city has 20 wards by which 16 wards have sea.
These favorable factors are important in socio-economic development, security
and defense in general and fisheries development in particular.
Social Conditions: In recent years, with the attention of investing
from the nation and Quang Ninh province, socio-economic of Halong city has
rapid changes; people's lives are improved significantly. The rate of city’s
economic growth reached high levels. Many technical infrastructure, economic
infrastructure, social and cultural are invested in the province had been effective;
promote socio-economic development of the city.
The policy and guidelines of the City: Exploiting and promoting
radical the potential, existing advantages, especially location advantages of
economic, geopolitical of Ha Long City; making the most of the attention and
support from the State, and seize new growth opportunities in the region to
attract investment in developing fast, making a breakthrough on growth and
economic restructuring. This is a key point of view, as a strategy for the
development of the city.
-
Focusing investment to develop advantaged sectors such as tourism, marine
services, industry, commerce, fisheries, and forming a number of key products, as a
foundation to promote and transfer economic structure of the region. Focusing on
building a comprehensive system of infrastructure; implementing liberal
39
mechanisms and incentives to attract population and investors live and develop the
business.
-
Attaching great importance to economic development with good
resolution of social problems; continuing intellectual improvement and people
life.
- Incorporating between economic development and protection, regenerating
resources and protecting the ecological environment; ensuring sustainable
development.
4.3.2. Adverse factors and challenges to fisheries economic
Adverse factors:
Economic infrastructure in the planning of aquaculture has not met the
needs of farmers and fishermen; most of the area of aquaculture on the City is
extensive farming, aquaculture farms systems are small, degraded.
Structure of fishing boats is imbalance, mainly small vessels with a capacity
of less than 20 CV, overexploiting coastal resources.\Logistics infrastructure of
fisheries sector is incompliance and not invested.
Conflict between economic sectors and fisheries economy
Geographical location, the potential of natural resources and the
development trend are creating many opportunities and challenges to Halong
City. The contradiction of the development of industry and service, rapid
urbanization, environmental pollution in some areas causes a major impact on the
fisheries sector. The land fund for the fisheries sector is increasingly shrinking;
pollution makes it difficult for aquaculture and fisheries.
Although aquaculture in cages is the strength of the fishery, however due to the
requirements of the protection landscape and environment of Halong Bay natural World Heritage, now the city is actively implementation of the scheme
relocated to the cages on Bay.
Because the purpose of living, some small parts of fishermen had cultural
level, limited consciousness is still using prohibitive exploiting tools to mining
seafood.
40
4.3.3. Position and economic role of fisheries in the City
Contributing to socio-economic:
Although the economic structure of agriculture, forestry and fisheries
account for a small proportion of City's GDP (1%), maintaining development of
agriculture, forestry and fisheries have important implications for environmental
balance, social life and economic development. The fisheries sector creates stable
jobs for over 4,000 employees of the City.
Fisheries economy in the direction of socio-economic development of
Ha Long City:
Ha Long has geographical, political, economic location especially with
abundant natural conditions and diversity; ecological zones with high potential
outstanding in economic development comprehensive.
Improving the efficiency of agricultural production, strengths product
development to serve the urban market demand and the surrounding area.
Maximizing the comparative advantages of the city to form the focus
specialized production with appropriate scale, and shifting retail, extensive
manufacturing form, environmental pollution towards the production of goods
intensive and sustainable development.
Strengthening the application of advanced techniques in agricultural
production. Bringing new species of high economic value in production to
develop economic and diversify agricultural commodities.
Branding for some specific agricultural products.
Especially interested in the increase of knowledge, training technical staff
to develop uniform, durable, and efficient, while preserving the ecological
environment.
4.4. Assessment of water quality in Halong Bay based on WQI for
aquaculture
- Environmental monitoring of water quality in Ha Long Bay
- Monitoring frequency: 4 quarter in 2013
- The number of monitoring sites: 10 sites.
41
Table 4.2. Symbols and coordinates of 10 monitoring sites
No
Code
Locations
Longitude
Latitude
1
CV
Cua Van Fishing Village
107.120303 20.805865
2
CL
Cua Luc Bay
107.047838 20.980172
3
HLM
The coastal of Ha Long 1 market
107.082872 20.949203
4
DVR
Dien Vong River- Cau Bang
107.11745
5
C5
The coastal of Column 5 area - Column 8 area
107.102601 20.945471
6
H1
The flow between Ha Long Bay -Hon 1
107.148607 20.872619
7
BC
Bai Chay
107.030191 20.946427
8
CT
Cau Trang
107.131678 20.940042
9
TC
Tuan Chau
106.994063 20.923727
10
TT
Ti Top
107.081063 20.858562
21.014114
(Source: Quang Ninh province Department Natural of Resources and
Environmental)
The number of parameters: 6 parameters used for the evaluation of WQI.
42
4.4.1. Assessment of water quality in HaLong Bay Q1 (2013)
Table 4.3. WQI value of monitoring points Q1 (2013)
Indicator
TSS
Coliform
Oil
DOBH
pH
BOD5
WQI
Code
CV
93
100
95
77
100
100
95
CL
95
100
1
75
100
100
31
HLM
87
67
25
73
100
100
64
DVR
100
100
79
76
100
100
92
C5
95
100
6
74
100
100
48
H1
100
100
100
74
100
100
97
BC
100
67
16
74
100
100
60
CT
34
100
34
64
100
100
57
TC
100
67
90
75
100
100
92
TT
100
100
100
74
100
100
97
%
40
30
20
10
0
0-49
50-69
70-91
92-96
97-100
WQI
Figure 4.4: The proportion of WQI belong to classification levels of water quality
Q1(2013)
The table 4.3 gives information about WQI value of 10 locations and the
bar chart gives information about the proportion of WQI belong to classification
levels of water quality Q2(2013).
Water quality index WQI of Ha Long Bay is in 5 value range of quality: 97100 (Can be used for all of water purposes); 92-96 (Can be used for all of water
43
purposes, except for the conservation of aquatic species or aquaculture seafood
special); 70-91 (Tourism activities, entertainment, sport do not directly expose to
water); 50-69 (Waterway, port or some purposes other uses do not require water
quality too high); and 0-49 (Only usable for waterway transport ports).
Look at the detail, the bar figure 4.3 and table 4.4 shows 5 locations (50%)
that the water quality is very bad (C5, CL) and bad (CT, BC, HLM) because of
serious oil pollution. In these locations, the water is polluted and can only be
used for waterway transport, seaports or some other uses that do not require high
water quality. 3 locations (30%) that water quality is good (TC, CV, DVR) for
aquaculture. With 2 remaining locations (TT, H1), the water quality is very good
for aquaculture.
4.4.2. Assessment of water quality in Ha Long Bay Q2 (2013)
Table 4.4. WQI value of monitoring points Q2 (2013)
Indicator
TSS
Coliform
Oil
DOBH
pH
BOD5
WQI
CV
100
100
96
80
100
100
97
CL
100
100
1
81
100
100
32
HLM
91
67
1
76
100
79
29
DVR
91
100
22
81
100
96
67
C5
99
100
1
79
100
93
31
H1
100
100
98
98
100
100
99
BC
100
100
1
81
100
100
32
CT
88
100
1
69
100
100
30
TC
100
100
20
81
100
100
66
TT
100
100
97
81
100
100
97
Code
44
%
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0-49
50-69
70-91
WQI
91-96
97-100
Figure 4.5: The proportion of WQI belongs to classification levels of water
quality Q2(2013)
The table 4.4 gives information about WQI value of 10 locations and the
bar chart gives information about the proportion of WQI belong to classification
levels of water quality Q2(2013).
Overall, the water quality is worse than Q1.
Look at the detail, the bar figure 4.4 and table 4.5 shows 7 locations (70%)
that the water quality is very bad (C5, CL, BC, CT, HLM) and bad (DVR, TC)
because of serious oil pollution. In these locations, the water is polluted and can
only be used for waterway transport, seaports or some other uses that do not
require high water quality. With 3 remaining locations (TT, H1, CV), the water
quality is very good for aquaculture.
45
4.4.3. Assessment of water quality in Ha Long Bay Q3 (2013)
Table 4.5. WQI value of monitoring points Q3 (2013)
Indicator
TSS
Coliform
Oil
DOBH
pH
BOD5
WQI
CV
100
100
95
91
100
98
98
CL
100
100
1
89
100
100
32
HLM
95
67
6
73
100
89
46
DVR
99
100
80
90
100
93
92
C5
97
100
1
80
100
93
31
H1
100
100
98
98
100
100
99
BC
97
100
1
90
100
100
32
CT
34
100
1
77
100
99
24
TC
100
100
88
90
100
99
96
TT
100
100
98
95
100
100
99
Code
%
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0-49
50-69
70-91
92-96
97-100
WQI
Figure 4.6: The proportion of WQI belong to classification levels of water quality
Q3(2013)
The table 4.5 gives information about WQI value of 10 locations and the
bar chart gives information about the proportion of WQI belong to classification
levels of water quality Q3(2013).
Overall, the water quality gets better than Q2 (2013).
A closer look at the data reveals that 5 locations (50%) that the water
quality is very bad (BC, CT, C5, HLM, CL) because of serious oil pollution. The
water quality of TC and DVR (20%) are better than Q2 (2013) and belong to
46
good level of quality water for aquaculture. The water quality of TC and DVR
are better than Q1 (2013) because of greatly reduced the amount of oil. 3
remaining locations (30%) that are TT, H1, CV remain the same at very good
level water quality for aquaculture.
4.4.4. Assessment of water quality in HaLong Bay Q4 (2013)
Table 4.6. WQI value of monitoring points Q4 (2013)
Indicator TSS
Code
Coliform
Oil
DOBH
pH
BOD5
WQI
CV
100
100
96
89
100
100
98
CL
100
100
1
88
100
100
32
HLM
96
67
16
84
100
100
60
DVR
100
100
75
82
100
100
91
C5
99
100
1
81
100
100
32
H1
100
100
100
94
100
100
99
BC
99
67
7
86
100
100
50
CT
71
100
1
81
100
100
29
TC
100
100
91
85
100
100
96
TT
100
100
100
87
100
100
97
%
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0-49
50-69
70-91
92-96
97-100
WQI
Figure 4.7: The proportion of WQI belong to classification levels of water quality
Q4(2013)
47
The table 4.4.4 gives information about WQI value of 10 locations and the
bar chart gives information about the proportion of WQI belong to classification
levels of water quality Q4(2013).
Overall, the water quality is not fluctuating more than Q3 (2013).
A closer look at the data reveals that 3 locations (30%), the water quality is
very bad (C5, CL, CT) because of severe oil pollution. The water quality of BC
and HLM (20%) is better than Q3 (2013), but remained still polluted by oil
pollution. The water quality of the DVR (10%) reduced to normal levels because
signs of pollution return by oil. In TC location (10%), the water quality that has
not changed much is suitable for aquaculture. The remaining three positions
(30%) which is TT, H1, CV, remain the same at a very good level of the water
quality for aquaculture.
4.4.5. Overview water quality of Ha Long Bay in 2013
Table 4.7. WQI of Ha Long Bay in 2013
Indicator
WQI
WQI
WQI
WQI
WQI
(Q1 2013)
(Q2 2013)
(Q3 2013)
(Q4 2013)
average
CV
95
97
98
98
97
CL
31
32
32
32
31.75
HLM
64
29
46
60
49.75
DVR
92
67
92
91
85.5
C5
48
31
31
32
35.5
H1
97
99
99
99
98.5
BC
60
32
32
50
43.5
CT
57
30
24
29
35
TC
92
66
96
96
87.5
TT
97
97
99
97
97.5
Code
Between quarter in 2013, water quality have fluctuate. Especially, the
second quarter, the water quality in some areas reduced. For example: the water
quality of Ha Long Market Q1 is 64 (normal level), but Q2 is 29 (very bad level).
This reason is that the concentration of oil at this time exceeds permitted standard
make WQIoil value by 1. Water quality is progressively better in Q3 and Q4.
48
In 10 locations, 5 locations that the water quality is substandard for
aquaculture are: CL, HLM, C5, BC and CT. In these, the water quality is pretty
bad and is not suitable for aquaculture. There are three very good locations for
aquaculture and are: H1, TT and CV. 2 location may be reluctant to aquaculture
as TC and DVR.
%
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
CV
CL
HLM
DVR
C5
H1
BC
CT
TC
TT
Figure 4.8: WQI average of Ha Long Bay in 2013
4.5. GIS Applications in water quality database for the management of
aquaculture areas in Halong Bay, Quang Ninh province
The GIS database for the management of of aquaculture areas in
Halong Bay layer data including spatial distribution and properties of the
natural factors (topographic, hydrology, .etc.), socio-economic (transport
networks, population...); Surface water monitoring stations waste industry,
canals due to environmental monitoring center of Halong Bay. Database is
organized by the type of relationship structure in ArcGIS software and
computation, analysis, interpolation. The data included in the database are taken
from various sources and are moving on the same basis of mathematical
projection UTM-WGS84-Zone 48N
4.5.1. Soft-Wave Used
ArcGIS 10.2 is a software program, used to create, display and analyze
geospatial data, developed by Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI)
of Redlands, California.. ESRI data are often stored in “shapefiles”. Both the
geometry and attributes of the cartographic objects are stored in these shape files.
When you display, edit, save, or copy spatial data in ArcGIS, you are often
working with and modifying shape files. There are usually three shape files
associated with a feature layer, one for the geometry (with a .shp file extension,
49
for example, lakes.shp), one with a .dbf file extension for tables (e.g., lakes.dbf),
and one with a .shx extension, for housekeeping data. These files typically need
to be in the same directory, and moved about together, as all three files are
required to view and operate on the data.
ArcGIS functions: Create, share, and use intelligent maps; Compile
geographic information; Create and manage geographic databases; Solve
problems with spatial analysis; Create map-based applications; Communicate
and share information using the power of geography and visualization…
4.5.2. Data collection
Collection of expected data information put into database, including:
amount, basic information and nature of the data.
- The steps are:
+ Determine the managed object:
Spatial data: Base map, hydrographic maps and monitoring locations
system managed by ArcGIS
Attribute data: The monitoring data of water quality in Ha Long Bay in
2013 process, calculate, enter and manage by ArcGIS
+ Identify specific information about majors:
The information and data entering to management must be ensuring
accuracy of the position and authenticity of valuable information.
+Identify requirements for accuracy of database:
Absolute accuracy.
+ Expected amount of data put into database:
The list of classes: data is in digital form, data is not in digital form, the
number of expected information fields and the nature of spatial data or nonspatial data.
- Results:
Information data include:
+ Document of map: Map of water quality based on WQI through 4
monitoring quarters in Ha Long Bay.
+ Document of data:
 The legal basis for assessing water quality
 The basis of assessment of water quality based on WQI
 Measures to handle the pollution of water sources.
50
4.5.3. Creating spatial database
To create spatial data showing the water quality of Ha Long Bay, we collect
the following types of maps:
 Map of Ha Long Bay.
 Hydrographic map of Ha Long Bay.
 Monitoring map of water quality of Ha Long Bay.
 Land use map of Ha Long Bay.
- Standardization of spatial data: Arrange the layers of maps together on
one unified coordinate system (WGS_1984_UTM_Zone_48N)
Figure 1 Standardization of spatial data
4.5.4. Creating attribute database
-Collecting attribute data:
To show the water quality of Ha Long Bay we need to collect the data
following:
 Data monitoring of water quality of Ha Long Bay in 2013.
 Table of soil land use status of Ha Long Bay in 2013.
 The information related to monitoring locations of water quality in Ha Long
Bay.
 The information related to administrative Quang Ninh Province.
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Figure 4.10: Monitoring map of water quality surface of Ha Long Bay
- Processing attributes data:
 The monitoring data will be calculated value of WQI.
 The current land use data used for comparison with water quality in
monitoring locations.
- Creating structure of attribute database table:
Table 4.8. Attribute database table of water quality monitoring sites
Field name
Field type
Note
FID
Interger
To link to the FID of spatial data
Name
Text
Name of monitoring sites
Symbol
Text
Symbols of monitoring sites
Integer
The coordinates X, Y
Integer
The WQI value of each quarter
Longtitude
Latitude
WQI value
corresponding attribute columns
4.5.5. Entering and linking data
The spatial data layers will be added and stacked together on the same
coordinate system.
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Attribute data is entered on the attributes table in software and can be
associated with the link command of the software through a common attribute
between table in the software and in excel.
Figure 4.11: Table of attribute data
Link attribute to excel with field general FID
4.5.6. Displaying and editing the map
4.5.6.1. Creating map showing water quality
Displaying water quality of Ha Long Bay on the map through the WQI at each
monitoring site.
In ArcGIS, there are 5 types of objects shown: Right-click the layer object,
select Properties, select the symboylogy-> appear options to show object.
 Features
 Categiones
 Quantities
 Chats
 Multiple Attributes
In which, research select Stacked method (stack column chart) to show water
quality of Ha Long Bay.
Figure 4.12: Selecting Stacked method to show water quality of Ha Long Bay
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Each value is determined about a color corresponding to level of water
quality assessment. Each quarter, we have a chart corresponding to each point on
the map.
After the data is entered and linked to software and displayed, we can open
the attribute table for accessing data, searching information, and can processing
information. Or from each spatial location of research area on the map, we can
also see information on each location when we choose.
Figure 4.13: Displaying data of water quality in monitoring sites
Figure 4.14: Map of water quality by WQI of Halong Bay is displayed on the
map by column chart.
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Figure 4.15: Database of water quality index WQI of Ha Long Bay in ArcGIS
4.5.6.2. Editing water quality map
After connecting and completing data of map, we transfer
map to layout view mode to edit map.
- Creating a new page layout
The first step in ArcMap is to change your map view to layout—either by
selecting Layout View from the View menu or by clicking the Layout View
button on the lower left of the map display.
- Adding a data frame to the page layout
The data frame displays a collection of layers drawn in a
particular order for a given map extent and map projection.
You add a data frame to the page layout using the Insert menu.
From this menu, you can insert additional data frames.
These additional data frames may be for locator or detail maps. If you are using
multiple data frames you
may want to consider using
extent indicators to show
the extent of one data frame
within another data frame.
A good locator map will
also contain an indicator,
such as an outline, showing
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where the extent of the detail map fits within a larger extent. For example, your
locator map might show the location of a state within a country.
-Adding other map elements to the page layout
Use the Insert menu to select other map elements
to add to your layout. You can use this menu to add a
Title to the page. The added text will be the same as the
text entered for the title in the Map Document
Properties dialog box. Along with a title you can add
(static) Text and Dynamic Text.
You can use the Insert menu to add a Legend, North Arrow, Scale Bar, and
Scale Text. Clicking any of these options opens an appropriate wizard or dialog
box where you can set properties for each map element.
You can also add Neatlines, pictures, and objects from the Insert menu
- Printing and exporting your layout
Once you have completed this work on your layout, you can print your map
or create other types of output formats—PDF files, PostScript files, or Illustrator
files. Under the file menu you have the options to open the Page and Print Setup
dialog box, Print Preview, Print the page, or to Export Map.
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- We have result:
Figure 4.16: Water quality map in Ha Long Bay( QI-2013)
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Figure 4.17: Water quality map in Ha Long Bay( QII-2013)
Figure 4.18: Water quality map in Ha Long Bay( QIII-2013)
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Figure 4.19: Water quality map in Ha Long Bay( QIV-2013)
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PART V. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
5.1. Discussion
Geographic information systems are widely used in the world and gradually
asserted its role in Vietnam in accordance with multidisciplinary and multisector. The applications bring high efficiency of GIS is to provide information
very timely, accurately and completely, support to manager to make decision
served for strategic management of natural resources, construction and socioeconomic development.
Through the results of monitoring, processing data as water quality index
WQI suitable for aquaculture and bring up the map shows that:
In 10 locations, 5 locations that the water quality is substandard for aquaculture
are: Cua Luc , the coastal of Ha Long 1 market, the coastal of Column 5 area Column 8 area, Bai Chay and Cau Trang. In these, the water quality is pretty bad
and is not suitable for aquaculture. There are three very good locations for
aquaculture and are: the flow between Ha Long Bay -Hon 1, Ti Top and Cua Van
Fishing Village. 2 locations may be reluctant to aquaculture as Tuan Chau and
Dien Vong River.
Water quality changes over space with bay location. With the different
effects of the polluting elements in different positions created water quality
fluctuations in space, here is expressed through the observation points. The
coastal areas and near industrial areas, the water is polluted and not suitable for
aquaculture purposes. Only few coastal areas that meet quality standards allowed
aquaculture. Left largely, good water quality concentrated in islands coastal areas
and the streams between islands suitable for cage culture.
5.2. Conclusion
Although it has achieved certain results, but due to many reasons, the thesis
is still limited. In order to continue and complete the research, we should
continue to implement:
Research uses GIS technology to assess water quality WQI suitable for
aquaculture. However, there are still many factors not included in assessment. So
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for more complete assessment, we should add missing elements to complement
fuller.
This research stops at the water quality assessment suitable for aquaculture,
to improve the practical part of the research we need further development on the
use of regional planning for aquaculture.
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PART VI. REFERENCES
6.1. References in English
1. A. Abulhakeem, J.M. Ishaku, A.S. Ahmed (2011). Mapping of water
quality index using GIS in Kaltungo, Northeastern. Journal of Environmental
Sciences and Resource Management
2. Aguilar-Maniarrez, J and Ross, L.G, 1995. Geographic information
system GIS environmental models for aquaculture devolopment in Sinaloa Sate,
Mexico. Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling FK9 4la, Scotland, UK.
3. CSIRO Marine Research (1999). Mapping the future of aquaculture.
4. Ngoc, H. D, Luan, D, T, N (2014). Investigation and application of GIS
for management of Cu De river water quality in central Vietnam. International
Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy.
5. Giap, H. D, Yang Yi, Amararatne Yakupitiyage (2005). GIS for land
evaluation for shrimp farming in Haiphong of Vietnam. Ocean & Coastal
Management 48 (2005) 51–63.
6. De Graaf, G.J., Marttin, F. and Aguilar-Manjarrez, J., (2002). Manual on
the use of Geographic Information Systems ( GIS ) in fisheries manegement and
Planning. FAO, Rome, Italy.
7. Ebrahim Fataei, Seyyed Amir Seyyedsharifi and Seiied Taghi
Seiiedsafaviyan and Sahar Nasrollahzadeh (2013). Water Quality Assessment
Based on WQI and CWQI Indexes in Balikhlou River, Iran. J. Basic. Appl. Sci.
Res., 3(3)263-269.
8. FAO (2014).The state of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. FAO
Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, ISSN 1020-5489.
9. Guzel Yucel-Gier1, Idil Pazi1, Filiz Kucuksezgin (2013). Spatial
Analysis of Fish Farming in the Gulluk Bay (Eastern Aegean). Turkish Journal
of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 13: 737-744 (2013).
10. Hossain M. S and Das N.G (2012). Ecosystem modeling in GIS- based
multi – criteria evaluation for aquaculture development at Noakhali coast,
Bangladesh.
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11. J.M. Ishaku, A.S. Ahmed, and M.A Abubakar (2012). Assessment of
groundwater quality using water quality index and GIS in Jada, northeastern
Nigeria. International Research Journal of Geology and Mining (IRJGM) (22766618) Vol. 2 (3) pp. 54-61
12. Long, K. P (2012). GIS-based modelling of agrochemical use,
distribution and accumulation in the Lower Mekong Delta, Vietnam: A case
study of the risk to aquaculture.
13. Maria Yolanda Malavear, 2002. The Application of GIS to Fisheries
Sience:
Recent Trends Methodological Problemsand Challenges.
14. Meaden, G., J. 1996. Geographical information systems: Applications to
marine
fisheries. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 356
15. Nghia, H. N (2002). Planning for coastal aquaculture development
using remote sensing and GIS in Nghe An – Viet Nam. Asian Institute of
Technology.
16. Nguyen, T. N (2013). Some issues on water quality in Ha Long Bay.
Journal of Science and Technology of Water Resources and Environment, No.
42, pages 40-45.
17. Nitin Kumar Tripathi(2000). Principles of GIS geographic information
system.Asian Institute of Technology.
18. Quang Ninh Province Department of Natural Resources and
Environment: Status of environment report in Ha Long Bay.
19. Rajan, M.S. (1991). Remotesensing and geographic information sytem
for natural resource management. Asian Devolopment Bank, ADB
20. Rajkumar V. Raikar, Sneha, M. K (2012). Water quality analysis of
Bhadravathi taluk using GIS – a case study. International Journal of
Environmental Sciences, Volume 2, No 4.
21. Salam, M.A (2000). Khulna, Bangladesh. Modeling of current and
potential aquaculture developments, production rates and interaction with
mangrove forest reserves.
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6.2. References in Vietnamese
22. Vinh, T. C (2002). Du bao khai thac thuy san vu Bac, vu Nam. Vien
Nghien Cuu Thuy San Hai Phong.
23. Duc, V. D (2001). He thong thong tin dia ly. Nha xuat ban Khoa Hoc
Ky thuat, Ha Noi.
24. Thang, D. V (2005). Giao trinh kinh te thuy san. NXB Lao dong Xa
Hoi.
6.3. Internet resources
25. Aquaculture in Viet Nam. Retrieved from:
http://www.worldfishcenter.org/resource_centre/WF_2776.pdf (accessed on
15/11/2014)
26 The introduction to WQI. Retrieved from:
http://www.waterefficiency.net/WE/Articles/The_Introduction_to_the_Wat
er_Qualiy_Index_15374.aspx (accessed on 15/11/2014)
27. The introduction of GIS. Retrieved from:
http://www.gisday.com (accessed on 17/11/2014)
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