Internet Protocols
• www- World Wide Web. Developed by
European Laboratory for Particle
Physics to allow information sharing
between internationally dispersed
Physics scientists
• TCP- Transmission Control Protocol
• IP- Internet Protocol
• HTTP- Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
• FTP-File Transfer Protocol
Cyber
• The word Cyber is derived from the
Greek word Kubernetes meaning
steerman. It is used in computer or
electronic context. It denotes the
control of a thing represented by
the word that precedes Cyber. Eg.
Cyber crime
Cyber crime
•Cyber crime includes the use of a
telecommunication device such as
Internet or Mobile phone for
activities such as Fraud, Theft,
Forgery, Harassing, Threatening
etc.
Online Cheating
•
•
•
•
•
•
Phishing
Spoofing
Pharming
Internet Auction
Health care Fraud
Online Gambling
Safe Online activities
1. Stay anonymous- choose a
genderless name
2. Never give name or full address to
strangers
3. Don’t respond to harassing or
negative messages
4. Avoid uncomfortable situation
quickly
5. Watch
what you say- don’t flirt
online
6. Learn more about internet privacy
7. Don’t give email ID to strangers
8. Frequently change your password
and answer to the ‘secret question’
9. Don’t disclose your password to any
one, not even to your friends
10. Don’t hesitate in filing a complaint with
the police if there is any cyber fraud
IT Act 2008
• Computer & Mobile Related Offences
• If any person, dishonestly, or
fraudulently, does any act referred to
in section 43, he shall be punishable
with imprisonment for a term which
may extend to two to three years or
with fine which may extend to five
lakh rupees or with both.
IT Act Section 66 A
• Punishment for sending offensive messages
through communication services.
• Creating or forwarding any electronic mail
message, images, videos etc for the purpose of
causing annoyance or inconvenience to a
person.
• Non-bailable offence. Shall be punished
with imprisonment which may extend to three
years or with fine not exceeding two lakh rupees,
or with both.
IT Act Section 67
• Punishment for publishing or
transmitting obscene material in
electronic form
• publishing or transmitting any material
in an electronic form through SMS,
MMS, Blue tooth or email.
IT Act Section 66 E
• Punishment for violation of privacy.
• Intentionally captures, publishes or
transmits the image of a private area of a
person without his or her consent.
• Shall be punished with imprisonment
which may extend to three years or with
fine not exceeding two lakh rupees, or with
both
Chat Rooms
• Take extreme care during online chatting
and browsing blogs and web pages like
Orkut. Hackers are waiting for you
• Do not reply to anonymous messages and
do not give mail ID or full address in such
web pages
• Use a genderless login name while
creating e-mail ID
• Frequently change passwords
Online Chatting
Take extreme care during
online chatting and browsing
blogs and web pages like
Orkut. Hackers are waiting for
you
Cheating Web sites
• Pop up Ads
• Pornographic sites
• Cheating key words – Boy, Girl, Toys,
Games
• Cheating websites.
Original site – www.kerala.gov.in
Cheating site – www.keralagov.com
Spoofed Websites
CELL PHONES
• Perry Long invented Cell phone
communication system in 1940.
• Erricson in 1956 developed the
first fully automatic Mobile phone
called MTA(Mobile Telephone
system A). This was commercially
released in Sweden.
• In April 1973, Dr Martin Cooper,
former general manager for the
systems division at Motorola,
invented the mobile phone
prototype and made the first call to
Joel Engel, his rival, head of
research at Bell Labs.
Mobile Phone Systems
Two digital mobile phone services
are.
1. GSM ( Global System for Mobile
Communication)
2.CDMA (Code Division Multiple
Access )System.
•The mobile phone system is
referred to as “cellular
telephone system because
the coverage area is divided
into “cells “each of which
has a base station antenna.
The system consist of a Base
station antenna which
communicates with the mobile
phones through Radio
Frequency (RF) transmission
in the 2.5-3 Giga Hertz range
( Microwave).
• The mobile phone tower can
communicate to 8 mobile phones
in 1 second through time sharing
method. The signals are in the
form of packets to give two way
transmission.
Mobile tower and base station
How it communicates?
•When we talk on the mobile
phone, it takes the sound and
encodes on to a continuous
“sine wave”. The sine wave
radiates out from the antenna
of the phone and fluctuates
evenly through space.
• The signals moving in air are
electromagnetic signals. These
waves are picked up by the
receiver in the base station tower.
The base station antenna emits
radiations continuously to make a
link with the subscribers.
Time Sharing
The cell phone tower can communicate
with 8 mobile phones in a second. This is
called time sharing
Mobile phone evolution
GSM & CDMA Phones
• GSM - Global System for Mobile
communications
• It is the most popular mobile phone
standard in the world.
• CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access
It is the channel access method utilized by
various radio communication technologies.
CDMA –GSM Phones
GPS Phone
GPS or Global Positioning System
is the navigation device used for
the purpose of determining the
present location of a person. GPS is
used in military, aviation, marine,
geographical surveys, site mapping
applications.
GPS Phone
Satellite Phone
• Satellite telephone, is a type
of mobile phone that connects to
orbiting satellites instead of
terrestrial cell sites.
Smart Phone
• A new introduction in mobile
technology.
• A smart phone offers advanced
features, like a computer. It e-mail,
Internet browsing and e-book reader
facilities in addition to usual facilities.
Smart Phones
Mobile phone parts
Mobile Phone technology
SIM
• Subscriber Identification
Module (SIM)
• The SIM is a form of digital Smart
Card containing the user's
subscription information and a
phone book.
SIM CARD
Secret of SIM
• SIM Securely stores the service subscriber
key having 15 digits
• First 3 digits – Indicates Mobile country
code
• Second 2 digits – Mobile network code.
BSNL, Airtel, Reliance etc.
• Third 10 digits – Mobile station
identification number. Local station that is
connecting.
• When you first activates the SIM card,
every details like, mobile phone make, pin
number, area code, area of activation,
server code etc will be recorded
automatically in the SIM as well as in the
server data base.
• So it is easy to trace the mobile
communication and location if there is a
complaint regarding misuse.
Mobile Phone Terminology
•
•
•
•
•
URL – Universal Resource Locator
iPod – intelligent Portable occular device
MPEG – Moving Picture Expert Group
MP3 – Moving Picture – 3( Audio layer 3)
Wi-Fi – Brand name of Wi-Fi AllianceWLAN
• GPRS – General Packet Radio
Service - Blackberry system
VoIP Phone – Voice over Internet
Protocol. The most common type
of VoIPis Skype.
EV DO
• EV-DO -Evolution-Data Optimized
• It is a telecommunication standard
for the wireless transmission of data
through radio signals. It is typically
used for Broad band Internet access.
• Example is Wireless modem.
Bluetooth
• Blue tooth – It is the technology of
Open wireless protocol used for
wireless communication between the
mobile phone and other Bluetooth
activated devices . It is named after
Harald blattand Bluetooth II, the King of
Denmark
Cell Phone
A Real Friend…… But…
Inconsiderate, Annoying, and Stupid
in public places
•Like millions of others, you may
be the victim of cell phone
abuse.
•What is cell phone abuse? Let us
imagine a situation ……..
•You are in a public place trying to
concentrate on something or in
serious discussion with your
friend or enjoying a peaceful
moment……
•A stranger 5 to 10 feet away starts
talking on his cell phone
loudly……
•Your concentration breaks or
your conversation ends or your
peaceful moment disturbs…….
•Now you are a victim of cell
phone abuse.
•You may develop one or more
symptoms of cell phone abuse
Symptoms of Mobile abuse
1. Inability to concentrate on what you
are doing
2. Mild or severe irritability or
annoyance
3. Sensitivity to ring tones
4. Initially thinking that the cell phone
user is actually talking to you
5. Wishing that the user would
finish the call
6. Wishing that the user would
leave the place
7. Wishing that the battery would
die
•Cell phone abuse results in
•1. Cyber crime
•2. Invasion of privacy
•3. Health hazards
•4. Social problems
•5.Psychological problems
•6. Financial loss
Radiation Hazards
of Mobile Phone
Mobile phones uses
electromagnetic radiation in the
microwave range- 2.5-3GHz.
The radiation from a standard GSM
handset has a peak output power of
2watts
Part of the radio wave emitted by the
mobile phone handset will be
absorbed by the head which is in the
“near field” of radiation.
SAR
• SAR (Specific Absorption Rate)
denotes the rate at which human
body absorbs radiation.
• Maximum level of SAR is set as 2
Watts/ Kg.
• It is averaged over a volume of 1
gm tissue for the head
EM Radiation penetration into brain
Fig.1 5 year old brain Fig.2. 10 year old brain
Fig.3. Adult brain
THERMAL EFFECT
• The most harmful effect of mobile
radiation is the “dielectric heating”
which is the heating of water due to
the friction of its molecules.
• Human tissue is rich in water( Polar
molecule) and exhibit dielectric
property.
• Internal ear (Endolymph), Brain
(Cerebrospinal fluid) and Eye (Aqueous
humour) are filled with fluids which may
heat up through dielectric heating.
• When the microwave radiation hits on the
living tissue, polar molecules like water
rotates rapidly and heat up due to friction.
• Generally, the temperature in the ear and
head increases to 1 degree after 15 minutes
of radiation exposure.
Thermal effect
Thermographic images – Before and After
15 minutes of cell phone use
Red patches indicates heated tissues
• Head is in the “near field “of radiation,
so that most of the heating effect
occurs in the head.
• Temperature in the internal ear, brain
increases to 1 degree or more
• This adversely affect the functioning
of these organs since these have fluid
filled cavities.
Blood-Brain Barrier
• The blood vessels in the brain and
the surrounding tissue forms the BBB
that can easily dispose heat in a few
seconds.
• But prolonged heating effect can alter
the functions of BBB.
Blood brain barrier
Symptoms of Thermal effect
• Burning sensation in the Scalp and
Ear pinna
• Mood alteration and lack
of concentration
• Lethargy and lack of sleep
• Whistling sound in the ear
• Premature Cataract- Cornea of eye
lacks blood supply. So unlike other
body parts, heat generated cannot be
disposed easily. This can cause
premature cataract.
• Confusion and loss of memory
The microwave interferes with the
mood controlling brainwaves like
Alpha and beta waves.
• Alters sleep physiology and biological
rhythm by changing the level of
hormone Dopamine and alters the
Serotonin- Melatonin cycle.
Non Thermal Effects
• Increased cellular responses
Cells in the head especially those of
brain and internal ear becomes more
active when subjected to high energy
radiations.
• Leakage of Albumin
If the BBB of brain becomes more
sensitive, the permeability of blood
capillaries increase leading to
leakage of albumin from blood into
the intercellular space of brain cells.
Leakage of Albumin in Rat brain
followed by cell phone radiation
exposure
Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity
This is the unspecific symptoms
during and after the use of the cell
phone.
1.Tingling sensation 2. Fatigue,3.Dizziness
4.Loss of mental attention 5. Reduction in
reaction time 6. memory retentiveness,
7.tachycardia etc.
Effects on the Ear
• Heating effect
Heat in the fluid of internal ear
reduces the sensitivity of the sensory
hairs of the cochlea.
Sensory cells of the cochlea
becomes fatigue due to heating effect
and becomes less sensitive.
• The Piezo electric speaker of mobile
phone is designed to emit sound in
the range of 2-3 kHz ( ear drum is
more sensitive to this frequency) to
hear the ring tone in noisy
environment.
• Piercing sound from the speaker
causes irritability in the ear drum and
associated ear ossicles.
Human Ear
Phantom Pain
• Pain of unknown reason
• Pain in the internal ear without any visible
symptoms like infection or inflammation.
• It may be due to excess air pressure
applied to the tympanum or muscle fatigue
or excessive stimulation of sensory cells in
the cochlea.
Genotoxic effect
• Studies in animals showed that there
is chance for
1.Reduction in reproductive capacity
2.DNA fragmentation
3.Boosted rate of cell division
Effect of Mobile Radiation on Mitosis
Study on Onion Root Tip
Chromosome Aberrations
Onion Root cells
• Boosted cell division may cause
tumors like 1.Begnin brain tumor
2.Meningioma 3.Glioma etc
Acoustic Neuroma
• Tumor in the Auditory nerve is
Called Acoustic Neuroma.
• Experts says ….One hour use of
Mobile phone per day can
increase the tumor risk after 10
years
Acoustic Neuroma
Sleep and EEG Effects
• The pattern of alpha beta ,delta
Brainwaves will be seriously affected
when exposed to Pulsed Electro
Magnetic Radiation (PEMR) from
Computer monitor, TV, Mobile phone
etc since the way of propagation of
these waves and PEMR is the same.
Brain waves
• Do not keep Mobile phone near the body
while sleeping.
• Do not keep Computer and TV in the bed
room.
• Even after these devices are switched off,
PEMR will persists more than six hours in
the room.
• Sleep rhythm will be seriously affected by
PEMR.
This will alter sleep physiology
change Melatonin – Serotonin cycle
Microwave Auditory Effect
• Microwave induces
• 1.Clicks and Buzzing sound in the head
• 2.Electric current in the hearing centre of
the brain causes Auditory illusion
• This may happen if music is heard using
ear phone or Bluetooth for long time
Other Effects of Microwave
Hair fall
Excessive radiation on the scalp may
reduce the health of hair roots through
heating effect.
Aging of Skin
Normal antioxidant formation in the skin will
be seriously affected by the microwave
radiation.
After Call Symptoms
•
•
•
•
•
Burning sensation in the ear pinna
Irritation in the scalp
Confusion
Lethargy
Auditory illusion
Social Problems
Mobile Phone in public places
creates social problems like
1.In attention blindness
2.Cognitive load and Accidents
3.E-Waste
Cognitive load
Mobile phone use in public places
makes the user overloaded and
become unaware of the details of
communicative behavior of colocated individuals as well as other
relevant features of the social
situation
Accidents
• Mobile phone use while driving may
cause accidents due to inattention
blindness and cognitive load
• Cell phone conversation distracts the
driver’s attention, increases reaction
time, and reduces visual field
attention.
Cognitive Loading
• Extremely dangerous
When he talk… cognitive load increases…
Visual input decreases… Reflex ceases….
and He cannot assess the distance between
the vehicles…. His reaction time
increases….
Inattention blindness
• Cell phone use in public places
makes the user “ blind “ to local cues
due to cognitive overload
• Local interaction and remote
interaction demands certain attention
and the cognitive load increases.
The user becomes blind to local
situations.
Inattention Blindness
When he talk while crossing the road, he will
not see an approaching vehicle due to in
attention blindness….. He will not get time
to move away.
• Reduced attention of the user to local
situation may disturb others since they are
forced to observe the user.
Public Nuisance
• Use of Mobile phones in gatherings,
meetings, entertainment places,
Hospitals etc disturb others since
the user is giving priority to mobile
phone than the local situation.
e-Waste
• More than 1 million mobile phones
become obsolete in 2010-11 as per
reports.
• These contain toxic chemicals like,
cadmium, lead, mercury, brominated flame
retardants, etc.
• These cause environmental pollution and
health hazards.
Ethical issues
• Pseudo social behaviour
Giving priority to mobile phone in social
situations. Playing with mobile phone in
public places . Irritating body language
during mobile use.
Stupid ring tones in Hospitals and Silent
Zones
• Exploitation – Sending Miscalls. Value of
money is same for all.
Psychological Problems
• Heavy use of Mobile phones introduced
two new generation psychological
problems.
• A survey revealed that around 40% men
and 50% women are facing these
problems frequently or occasionally.
NoMophobia
• No Mobile phobia- The fear of losing cell
phone contact
• A panic symptom that develops when we
run out of credit or battery, lose of phone
or are in an area with no reception.
• Being phone-less can create panic
symptoms referred to as NoMo Phobia or
No Mobile phobia
• Symptoms include increased heart rate,
elevated BP, sweating, mood alteration,
fear etc.
Ringxiety
Ringtone anxiety or Phantom Ringing
The term introduced by David Laramie
California to explain the unusual behavior
of people addicted to mobile phones.
• Ringxiety is the sensation and false belief
that the mobile phone is ringing or
vibrating.
• Habit of frequently checking the phone for
mis calls and messages.
Tech addiction
• Over use of Internet and Mobile phone
leads to Tech addiction
• Online chatting
• Video gaming
• Internet gambling
• Over use of Mobile phone, Frequently
changing cell phones, sim cards etc.
Precautions
• Do not use mobile phone more than 15
minutes per day
• Do not allow others to click photos without
your permission
• Do not reply to SMS (Short Messaging
Service) and MMS (Multimedia Messaging
Service) from strangers
• Do not send obscene text or images
though SMS or MMS
• Do not give your numbers to
strangers while chatting online
• Do not keep the Bluetooth open to all
• Do not give mobile to unauthorized
service centre to avoid ‘Cloning”
• Use security pin code to avoid misuse
• Use mobile phone only for
communication
• Avoid using it in public places,
hospitals, trains, buses etc for
long time.
• Do not hear Songs or Music from
mobile phone speaker for long time. It
will create auditory illusion and
reduces the sensitivity to natural
sounds.
• Remove irritant ring tones and
replace it with soft standard ring tones
• Do not share your photos to strangers
to avoid misuse such as Morphing
• Consider Mobile phones similar to
your land phone. So that you will use
it only for communication. All the
problems mentioned are not in land
phone use.
Safety Measures
Do not use mobile Phone while it is
plugged in for charging. A sudden voltage
spike in the power line can burn your head
through battery explosion.
Safety Measures
• Do not use mobile phones when there is
lightning. Mobile phone will accept charge
from lightning and pass current into the
body
Safety Measures
• Do not use Mobile phone near Petrol
outlet. The Static electricity in the air may
break by the mobile radiation. It can cause
fire and explosion.
Safety Measures
• Do not use Mobile phone near LPG
cylinder. The Static electricity in the air
may break by the mobile radiation. It can
cause fire and explosion.
Laptop Use
• Do not use Laptop like this. About 70
degree heat passes from the laptop to
your lower abdomen. It is dangerous
especially in Men.
• Laptop is not for
the lap.
Cell phone abuse is a world
wide epidemic which is now
affecting millions of men
,women and children
especially teen age students
To the cell phone abusers we
say …………..
Try a little cell phone
courtesy…. and do not burden
others with your pseudo social
behavior.
On behalf of the millions of us who suffer cell phone abuse
everyday
Thank you
For more information visit
www.dmohankumar.wordpress.com
electronicshomepage.wordpress.com
Prepared by
D.Mohankumar
Associate Professor & Head
Dept. of Zoology, Govt. College for Women ,Trivandrum, Kerala, India.