Objectives
 Be
able to describe how carbon atoms
bond covalently to form organic
compounds
 Be able to identify the names and
structures of groups of simple organic
compounds and polymers
 Be able to identify what makes up the
polymers that are essential to life
and how they are essential
Important Vocabulary
 Organic
compound
 Hydrocarbon
 Alkanes
 Alkenes
 Alcohol
 Monomer
 Polymer
 Biochemical
compound
 Carbohydrate
 Protein
 Lipid
 Nucleic acid
Organic Compounds
 Are
compounds that originate from
living things
 They are covalently bonded molecules
 They always contain carbon, and almost
always hydrogen
 Oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus
are also found in organic compounds
Examples of Organic Compounds
Acetylsalicylic acid, C9H 8O4 is the effective
ingredient in aspirin
 Sugarless chewing gum also has organic
compounds as ingredients.
 The sweeteners sorbitol, C6H14O6, and
aspartame, C14H18N2O5

Organic Compounds
Carbon atoms form 4 covalent bonds in
organic compounds
 Compounds only made of carbon and hydrogen
are called hydrocarbons
 Carbon can form single, double and triple
bonds
 The type of bond that forms between carbon
atoms determines the name of its organic
compound

Alkanes



Are hydrocarbons
that have only single
covalent bonds
Methane, ethane &
propane all line up in a
row structurally
Above 3 carbons,
alkanes can have
branches or rings
Alkane Structures
More Alkane Structures
Alkenes





Are hydrocarbons with at least
one double covalent bond
Their names end in –ene instead
of –ane
Examples: ethylene and propylene
Ethylene is formed when fruit
ripens
Propylene is used to make rubbing
alcohol & plastics
Alcohols
Are organic compounds that are made up of
carbon, hydrogen & oxygen
 They have a hydroxyl groups ( –OH )
 Their names end in –ol
 Alcohol molecules behave similar to water
molecules:
 Alcohol molecules are attracted to each
other
 They are liquids at room temp.
 They also have high boiling points

Alcohols
Polymers





Are long chains of repeating subunits called
monomers
Some are natural and others are man-made
Rubber, wood, cotton, wool, starch, protein
and DNA are all natural polymers
Plastics & fibers are man-made polymers
The properties of a polymer are determined
by its structure
Hard Plastics
Nylon Fibers
Polyester Fibers
Polyethene
Biochemical Compounds


Are naturally occurring organic compounds
that are very important to living things
There are 4 types of biochemical compounds:
 Carbohydrates
 Proteins
 Lipids
 Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates

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
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Are made of monomers of simple sugars like
glucose and fructose
Glucose provides energy to living things
Glucose that is not needed right away for
energy is stored as glycogen
Starch is made of many bonded glucose
molecules in chains pack closely together
 Starch is stored by plants
Proteins





Are polymers of different amino acids in
chains
Amino acids are made of carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, and (some) sulfur
There are 20 different amino acids that can
make up proteins
The way that amino acids combine determines
which kind of protein is made
Most proteins are enzymes which break down
substances or speed up chemical reactions
Lipids
Are large, non-polar organic molecules
They do not dissolve in water
Include fatty acids, triglycerides,
phospholipids, steroids, waxes, and pigments
 Have a higher ratio of carbon and hydrogen
atoms to oxygen atoms than carbohydrates
 They store more energy


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Nucleic Acids
 Are
very large & complex molecules
 They store & transfer important
information in the cell
 2 types
DNA
RNA
DNA

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

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
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Is a polymer with a complex structure
DNA determines your genetic makeup
It contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and
phosphorus
It is made up of monomers called nucleotides
Each nucleotide is made of a sugar, a phosphate
and a nitrogen base
There are 4 types of nitrogen bases: adenine,
guanine, thymine, and cytosine
The nucleotides are paired together and form a 2stranded ladder-like structure that is twisted
This structure is called a double helix
DNA
Nucleotides
Know the three parts of a nucleotide:
A sugar, a phosphate & a nitrogen base
RNA

Ribonucleic Acid

Composed of nucleotides


Stores and transfers
information from DNA
to make proteins
It also act as enzymes