DR. FOOTE’S PROPHESY
BOOK II
IMMIGRANTS
• 1865-1900
• 885,000-3.2
MILLION
• 26 MIL.
• 35%
POPULATION
3,500,00
0
3,000,00
0
2,500,00
0
2,000,00
East
West
North
0
1,500,00
0
1,000,00
0
500,000
0
1865
1900
IMMIGRANTS
• GREAT BRITAIN
• 1910-2 MIL.
CHILDREN
• TEXTILE MILLS
• 70 HRS./WEEK
• .10-.20/DAY
• FEMALE
WOMEN
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1880-1900
2.6-5 MILLION
NURSING
TEACHING
SOCIAL WORK
1900-70% TEXTILE WORKERS
LOWER WAGES
AFRICAN-AMERICANS
• FARMING
• BLACK
CODES
HORATIO ALGER
• 1868
• COMMON THEME
• POOR, HARDWORKING YOUTH
• WEALTHY PERSON
• SELFLESS OR
HEROIC ACT
• SUCCESS
BUSINESS V. LABOR
• LAISSEZFAIRE
• SOCIAL
DARWINISM
• FEELING
THREATENED
• GROWING
CORPORATION
• MACHINES
• IMMIGRANTS
• MOTIVATION
BUSINESS ADVANTAGES
• PINKERTON DETECTIVE
AGENCY
• WEALTH
• CONNECTIONS
• SUPREME COURT
SUPREME COURT
• SANTA CLARA COUNTY V. SOUTHERN
PACIFIC RAILROAD-1886
• WABASH, ST. LOUIS AND PACIFIC
RAILROAD V. ILLINOIS-1886
• POLLACK V. FARMERS LOAN AND
TRUST
WORKERS ADVANTAGES
• MUNN V. ILLINOIS
• INTERSTATE COMMERCE
COMMISSION
• INTERSTATE COMMERCE ACT-1887
• FIRST FEDERAL REGULATORY
AGENCY
• PROHIBITED POOLS, REBATES,
DIFFERENT RATES ON HAULS
LABOR UNIONS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
CRAFT UNIONS
1866-CRAFT UNIONS & REFORMERS
NATIONAL LABOR UNION
MOST IMPORTANT AIM-8 HR. DAY
LASTED 6 YRS.
ADMITTED BLACKS & WOMEN
1870-NATIONAL LABOR REFORM
KNIGHTS OF LABOR
•
•
•
•
•
1869-PHILLY
TEXTILE WORKERS
URIAH STEPHENS
1878-TERRENCE V. POWDERLY
GREAT STRIKE OF 1877
GREAT STRIKE OF 1877
•
•
•
•
1873-ECONOMIC DEPRESSION
RAILWAY MEN CUT WAGES
1873-1877-WAGES FELL 1/3
WORKERS UNABLE TO ORGANIZE
STRIKE
• JULY 1877-ANOTHER WAGE CUT
• JULY 16-B&O STRIKES
GREAT STRIKE
(CONT.)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1873 WAGES
MARTINSBURG, WEST VIRGINIA
GOVERNOR CALLS MILITIA
FEDERAL TROOPS
TROOPS RESTORE OPERATIONS
STRIKE SPREADS
HITS PITTSBURG
GREAT STRIKE
(CONT.)
•
•
•
•
GOVERNOR CALLS PHILLY MILITIA
26 KILLED
$5 MILLION PROPERTY DAMAGE
STRIKE SPREADS TO SOUTH &
MIDWEST
• ST. LOUIS-GENERAL STRIKE
• $10 MILLION DAMAGE
RESULT
•
•
•
•
•
•
KNIGHT MEMBERSHIP ROSE
1879-1886
9,000-700,000
POWDERLY OPPOSED TO STRIKES
LOSING UNDERMINED UNION
ACT POLITICALLY
KNIGHT’S AIMS
•
•
•
•
•
BETTER HEALTH & SAFETY LAWS
8 HR. DAY
END TO CHILD LABOR
EQUAL PAY FOR EQUAL WORK
GRADUATED INCOME TAX
COOPERATIVES
• WORKERS & CONSUMERS SHARED
OWNERSHIP & MANAGEMENT
• 1878-1885-135 CREATED
• FAILED OR LACK OF CAPTAL, POOR
ORGANIZATION, AND COMPETITORS
HAYMARKET SQUARE
• 8 HR. DAY
• 1 MAY 1886-CHICAGO WORKERS
MARCH
• RELATIVELY PEACEFUL
• POLICE COME LATER
• STRIKER KILLED
• ANARCHISTS
HAYMARKET SQUARE
(CONT.)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
4 MAY-HAYMARKET SQUARE
POLICE COME AGAIN
POLICE BOMBED
ALL HELL BROKE LOOSE
8 POLICEMEN KILLED
4 ANARCHISTS HANGED
KNIGHTS PUT WITH ANARCHISTS
AMERICAN FEDERATION OF
LABOR
•
•
•
•
•
FOUNDED 1886
1ST PRESIDENT-SAMUEL GOMPERS
CIGARMAKERS UNION
SOCIALIST
AGE CHANGED HIS MIND
AFL V. KNIGHTS
• OUT OF
POLITICS
• STRIKES
CHIEF
WEAPON
• IN POLITICS
• OPPOSED
TO STRIKES
AFL MEMBERSHIP
1,000,00
0
900,000
800,000
700,000
600,000
500,000
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
0
East
West
North
1866
1900
• INITIALLY
150,000
• 1900-1
MILLION
LABOR UNDER SEIGE
• 1892-AMALGAMATED ASSOCIATION
OF IRON, STEEL, & TIN WORKERS
STRIKE BROKEN UP BY PINKERTONS
• 7 PINKERTON & 9 WORKERS KILLED
• 1893-PULLMAN STRIKE BROKEN UP
• TROOPS & INJUNCTION
THE GRANGE
• OLIVER KELLY OF DC
• NATIONAL GRANGE OF THE PARTONS
OF HUSBANDRY-1867
• MEMBERSHIP OPEN TO ALL 14+
• INITIALLY SOCIAL
• 1874-1 MILLION MEMBERS
THE GRANGE
(CONT.)
• 15 STATE LEGISLATURES
• GRANGER LAWS
• STANDARD FREIGHT & PASSENGER RATES
ON RAILROADS
• RAILROAD MEN CHALLENGE
• MUNN V. ILLINOIS-1877
• SUCCESS BROUGHT DOWNFALL
• GOING POLITICAL EXPOSED DIFFERENCES
AFTERMATH
• 1877-KNIGHTS OF RELIANCE
• 1890-MERGED WITH FARMERS’ CLUBS
& AGRICULTURAL WHEELS
• SOUTHERN ALLIANCE-ALL WHITE
• COLORED FARMERS NATIONAL
ALLIANCE
• NORTHWESTERN ALLIANCE
AFTERMATH
(CONT.)
•
•
•
•
•
TRIED TO UNITE NATIONALLY
TOO MUCH POST-WAR ANIMOSITY
VERY SUCCESSFUL LOCALLY
GENERAL ELECTIONS OF 1890
4 GOVERNORSHIPS, 9 STATEHOUSES,
44 CONGRESSMEN, 3 SENATORS
• 1892-POPULIST PARTY
POPULIST PARTY
•
•
•
•
JULY 1892-OMAHA
JAMES B. WEAVER-PRESIDENT
GRADUATED INCOME TAX
NATIONAL OWNERSHIP OF RAILROAD,
TELEGRAPH, & TELEPHONE SYSTEMS
• UNLIMITED COINAGE OF SILVER
POPULIST PARTY
(CONT.)
• POPULAR ELECTION OF US
SENATORS
• DENUNCIATION OF PINKERTON
TACTICS
• 8 HR. DAY
• RESTRICTION OF “UNDESIRABLE”
IMMIGRANTS
• SUBTREASURY PLAN
POPULIST PARTY
(CONT.)
• GENERAL ELECTIONS OF 1892
• 8.5% POPULAR VOTE
CLEVELAND ADMINISTRATION
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
ECONOMIC DEPRESSION
SILVER V. GOLD DEBATE
1837-16:1
BIMETALISM
WAR BETWEEN THE STATES
COINAGE ACT OF 1873-SILVER DROPPED
COMPETE WITH GREAT BRITAIN &
GERMANY
CLEVELAND
(CONT.)
•
•
•
•
•
NEW DEPOSITS
“CRIME OF ’73”
NO SUCCESS
ALLIANCE WITH FARMERS
BLAND-ALLISON ACT OF 1878-$2-$4
MIL./MONTH
• GOOD TIMES TO BAD TIMES
CLEVELAND
(CONT.)
• SHERMAN SILVER PURCHASE ACT OF 18904.5 MI. OZ./MONTH
• PANIC OF 1893
• 1894-DEPRESSION DEEPENED
• JACOB COXEY MARCH ON DC-1 MAY 1894
• PUBLIC WORKS
• 1895-$41 MILLION IN HARD GOLD
• WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN-DEM.
• WILLIAM McKINLEY-REP.
PLESSY V. FERGUSON
• SEPARATE
BUT EQUAL
PLESSY
(CONT.)
• HOMER A. PLESSY
• 1890-ACT TO PROMOTE THE
COMFORT OF PASSENGERS
• SOUTHERN WHITES
• NEW ORLEANS
• LOUIS A MARTINET
• CITIZENS’ COMMITTEE TO TEST THE
CONSTITUTIONALITY OF THE
SEPARATE CAR LAW
PLESSY
(CONT.)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
ALBION W. TOURGEE-N.Y.
SUBMISSION
CONSTANT RESISTANCE
RAILROAD MANAGEMENT
PUBLIC OPINION
EAST LOUISIANA RAILWAY
7 JUNE 1892-PLESSY
PLESSY
(CONT.)
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•
•
•
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•
•
JOHN H. FERGUSON
LOUISIANA STATE SUPREME COURT
14TH AMENDMENT
TOURGEE’S ARGUMENTS
MISIDENTIFICATION
WHITE SELF-CONCEPT
LAW INCOMPATIBLE WITH
CONSTITUTION
PLESSY
(CONT.)
•
•
•
•
JUSTICES’ SELF-CONCEPT
18 MAY 1896-7 TO 1
HENRY BILLINGS BROWN
REFERENCE TO ESTABLISHED
USAGES, CUSTOMES AND
TRADITIONS
• JOHN MARSHALL HARLANDESSENTING
WILLIAM McKINLEY
• ECONOMIC
RECOVERY
• DINGLEY
TARIFF-1897
• GOLD
STANDARD
ACT-1900