Windows 2000
Product family
(Week 3, Monday 1/23/2006)
© Abdou Illia, Spring 2006
1
Learning Objective
Understand basic functions of OS
 Describe features of Windows 2000
 Detail differences between Windows 2000
product family members

2
Operating Systems?

Program initially loaded into computer
memory

Program that manages hardware & software
resources:
 Disks,
memory, processors, application
programs, etc.

Key functions:



Ensures that each application gets necessary resources
Handles Input/Output operations
Provides resource security (directory & file security, users
profiles & rights)
3
Operating Systems?

System software routines that sits between
application programs and hardware to provide:


Interface function
Key support services
User
Examples of support services:
-Communications w/peripheral devices
-Launching a program
-Copying a file
-Creating a directory
-Opening a file

Application program
Interfaces
Operating system
Hardware



User communicates w/App. Prg.
App. Prg communicates w/OS
OS communicates w/Hardware
All App. Prg access Hardware
through OS according to rules
imposed by OS
4
OS: Primary components
User interface
(shell)
File
management
Device
management
Processor
(or process)
management
Memory
management
Communication
services
Shell
Provides mechanism for user and App. Prg to
communicates w/OS and request OS support
File management
Allows the user to create, delete, modify, and
manipulate files.
Device management
Controls communications w/peripheral devices
Processor management
Manages processor’s time
Memory management
Manages system’s memory
Communication services
Manages comm. Between OS layers and
intercomputer communications.
5
OS at work
Operating System
User interface layer
Line
command
interface
Graphical User
interface
Voiceactivated
interface
Other OS layers
Open
Shell
File
management
Application
program
layer
Operating
system’s
layers
Steps for opening a file
1.
User select File/Open from menu
2.
App. Prg. calls the Open routine
in the OS’s Shell
3.
Shell passes the Open request to
File management layer
4.
File management layer
determines where the requested
file is located
5.
If file on local computer, request
is passed to Device management
layer
6.
Device management
communicates with Hardware
layer.
Device
management
Hardware
6
Windows 2000 Family

A family of Operating Systems from Microsoft:




Windows 2000 Professional
Windows 2000 Server
Windows 2000 Advanced Server
Windows 2000 DataCenter
Workstation A
Server
Workstation B Workstation C
7
Features in Windows 2000







Active Directory (AD) services
Enhanced security (using Kerberos version 5)
Encrypting file system (EFS)
Fault-tolerance (disk, configuration errors recovery, etc.)
Clustering support
Load balancing support
FAT32, NTFS, CDFS, UDF support
8
Difference between Win 2000 family
members



Common OS
functions
No Disk Faulttolerance
Good for
managing a
network with a
few computers
in a Workgroup
Windows 2000
Professional
Workstation OS
Disk Fault-Tolerance
Active Directory
Clustering
Network Load-Balancing
Windows 2000 Server
Windows 2000
Advanced Server
Network Operating systems
Windows 2000
DataCenter Server
9
Disk fault tolerance
Server’s capability to continue functioning in case of disk
failure


Fault tolerance achieved through disk redundancy
Disk redundancy can be accomplished:
 by installing backup disk
Through Software RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)
 by installing RAID drives (Hardware RAID)

RAID’s basic idea is
 To
mirror a disk (i.e. to have a disk and its identical
image) or
 To spread (or strip) data across many disks
Disk1
RAID Controller
Server
Disk1
Disk3
10
File
RAID
RAID 0




Strips data across multiple disk
No redundancy
Advantage: Fast data access through multiple reads
Disadvantage: Loosing one disk results in loosing data on all disks
File
RAID 1





Doesn’t strip data across many disk
Mirrors data between two disks
Data kept synchronized between two disks
Advantage: Fault-tolerance, i.e. If one disk fails, the other continue working until failed disk can be replaced
Disadvantage: Only half of available storage space is used.
11
Note: RAID 1 is called Mirrored volumes in W2K Server implementation of RAID
RAID
Data spread across these disks
Last disk contains
ECC* data for
disks 1-4
RAID 3



Spreads data across multiple disks and uses ECC bits for recovery purpose in case of problem
ECC bits determined based on data stored on data disks
If one data disk fails, disk controller automatically regenerates missing data
Note: RAID 3 is called RAID-5 volumes in W2K Server implementation of RAID
* Error Checking and Correcting
12
W2K Disk-Fault tolerance
Disk 1
Disk 2
Disk 3
Parity
Parity
Data
Parity
Parity
Parity
Parity
C:
Ftdisk.sys
G:
RAID-5 volume
Mirrored volume
13
Directory Service

Provides: Single login and Resource lookup.
14
Active Directory


Central Database that store information about all Network resources
Tools for performing central management of users, groups, security
services, and network resources (create, find, add, remove, configure etc.)
Win 2000 Pro Workstation
user
Win 98 Workstation
Win 2000 Pro Workstation
Active Directory
Printer
group
Security Policies

Domain Controller
Win NT server
Win 2000 Server
Central Database used for:


Resource lookup (Searching for specific resources)
User authentication (login)
15
Active Directory



Individual resources are called objects
Objects belong to a Classes
Each Class has its own attributes & properties
Object classes
User accounts
Computers
Printers
• Object name
• Object unique Identifier
• Required attributes
• Optional attributes
• Parent relationship
Domains
Username: John
Full mane: Johnny Doe
Passord: 12#$ms
user
Description: Consultant in Sales depart.
• Username
• User’s full name
• Password
• Account description
• Remote access OK
16
Clustering





Technique for providing uninterrupted service (even in case of
hardware/software failure)
Combining two or more servers into one virtual server
Services installed on external storage
Users connect to the virtual server (167.10.11.5 in illustration)
One of the clustered servers provides the service at a time
Win 98 Workstation
Win 2000 Pro Workstation
Virtual server
167.10.11.5
SharedFolder
- Web service
- Email service
Hub
Hub
External Disk
Server
Server
17
Load Balancing






Load balancing = Distributing the load among multiple computers
No External disk containing services to be provided
Multiple independent servers configure to participate in the load balancing
Same service with the same content on each server
Users connect to the virtual server (167.10.11.5 in illustration)
Users’ requests are redirected to one server at a time so that the load is
distributed among all the servers
Virtual server
167.10.11.5
Webservice
Webservice
Server
Server
Webservice
Server
Webservice
Server
Webservice
Server
18
Hub
Windows 2000 Requirements
Windows 2000 Server
Windows 2000 Professional
Minimum Requirement:
Minimum Requirement:
- 32 MB of RAM
- 650 MB of free hard drive space
Maximum Hardware specifications:
- Support up to 2 processors
- Support up to 4 GB of RAM
-128 MB of RAM
- 671 MB of free hard drive space
Maximum Hardware specifications:
- Support up to 4 processors
- Support up to 4 GB of RAM
Workstation A
Server
Workstation B Workstation C
19
Windows 2000 Requirements
Windows 2000 Advanced
Server
Minimum Requirement:
- 256 MB of RAM
- 2 GB HD with 1 GB free
Maximum Hardware specifications:
- Support up to 8 processors
- Support up to 8 GB of RAM
Windows 2000 DataCenter
Server
Minimum Requirement:
- 256 MB of RAM
- 2 GB HD with 1 GB
Workstation
A
Server
Workstation Workstation
C
B
Maximum Hardware specifications:
- Support up to 16 processors
- Support up to 64 GB of RAM
20
Summary Questions

Which of the following is a Workstation OS?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Windows XP Professional
Windows 2000 Professional
Windows 2000 DataCenter
Windows Me

T or F: All application programs access Hardware
through OS according to rules imposed by OS?

T or F: A user can communicate directly with the OS

T or F: Disk-Fault tolerance can be accomplished
through hardware RAID or through software RAID.
21
Summary Questions

You are setting up a network for a company. The major
concern of the company’s CEO is being able to provide
a continuous database service to its 300 employees as
well as a reliable web-based ordering service to its
customers all around the world.
a)
What feature(s) found in Windows 2000 family products
could help the company to provide uninterrupted database
and ordering services? Explain.
b)
Which Microsoft Windows 2000 operating system will you
use to implement the two services? Why?
c)
Using illustrations, show how each of the two services will
work.
22
Summary Questions

What are the differences between
Windows 2000 family products in terms of
the features they include?
23
I2O Architecture
 I2O
= Intelligent Input/Output
 Moves some I/O processing activities from
CPU to processors on peripherals designed
for I2O architectures (e.g. Hard drives)
 One general device driver for all I2Ocompliant devices
 Increased speed
Win 2000
Kermel
OS Service Module
Hardware Device Module
I2O Adapter
with processor
24
Disk Contention architecture
Disk Contention: # of simultaneous
Read/Write requests
 Could be handled through the design of
disk storage
 Primary design issues:

 Disk Access
Time (≤10 ms)
 Data Transfer Rate (in MBps)
 Type of Disk Controller (IDE, SCSI, Fiber Channel)
Disk Controller
Server
Disk Drive
25