Windows 2003
Products family
(Week 3, Monday 1/22/2007)
© Abdou Illia, Spring 2007
1
Learning Objective
Understand basic functions of OS
 Describe features of Windows Server 2003
 Detail differences between Windows 2003
product family members

2
Operating Systems?

System software routines that sits between
application programs and hardware to provide:


Interface function
Key support services
User
Examples of support services:
-Communications w/peripheral devices
-Launching a program
-Copying a file
-Creating a directory
-Opening a file

Application program
Interfaces
Operating system
Hardware



User communicates w/App. Prg.
App. Prg communicates w/OS
OS communicates w/Hardware
All App. Prg access Hardware
through OS according to rules
imposed by OS
3
OS: Primary components
User interface
(shell)
File
management
Device
management
Processor
(or process)
management
Memory
management
Communication
services
Shell
Provides mechanism for user and App. Prg to
communicates w/OS and request OS support
File management
Allows the user to create, delete, modify, and
manipulate files.
Device management
Controls communications w/peripheral devices
Processor management
Manages processor’s time
Memory management
Manages system’s memory
Communication services
Manages comm. Between OS layers and
intercomputer communications.
4
OS at work
Operating System
User interface layer
Line
command
interface
Graphical User
interface
Voiceactivated
interface
Other OS layers
Open
Shell
File
management
Application
program
layer
Operating
system’s
layers
Steps for opening a file
1.
User select File/Open from menu
2.
App. Prg. calls the Open routine
in the OS’s Shell
3.
Shell passes the Open request to
File management layer
4.
File management layer
determines where the requested
file is located
5.
If file on local computer, request
is passed to Device management
layer
6.
Device management
communicates with Hardware
layer.
Device
management
Hardware
5
Common Features

Multiprocessing
 Ability
to support multiple processors (CPUs)
 Can simultaneously run as many processes (or threads)
as there are CPUs
 Administrator can adjust priority levels to give preferred
applications more processor time.
Cache
Cache
Processor
Processor
RAM
Dual CPU System
6
Common Features (Cont.)

Multithreading
A code design in which individual tasks can operate as separate
executable modules called threads*.
 Multiple applications (and multiple threads) can be active, but
technically, only one thread can be processed at a time in a SingleCPU system
 Switching between treads happens so quickly that multiple
applications seem to be running at the same time.

Active Threads
Thread 2
…....
Threads being
processed
Thread
Thread 3
3
Thread 1
Thread 4
Thread 4
Single CPU System
* Multi-Thread applications Versus Single-Tread applications
7
Common Features (Cont.)

Multitasking: Processing multiple tasks simultaneously
 Cooperative
Multitasking
 A mode of CPU operation in which individual applications
take control over the CPU as long as they like.
 Could
lead to a hung system, should an application fails to
release control over the CPU.
 Preemptive
Multitasking
 A mode of CPU operation in which the OS maintains strict
control over how long any thread can take possession of the
CPU.
8
Windows XP/2003 Family

A family of Operating Systems from Microsoft:





Windows XP Client Operating Systems
Windows Server 2003, Standard Edition
Windows Server 2003, Enterprise Edition
Windows Server 2003, DataCenter Edition
Windows Server 2003, Web Edition
Workstation A
Server
Workstation B Workstation C
9
Windows XP Product Family





XP Professional: optimized for 32-bit processors
XP 64-bit Edition: optimized for 64-bit processors
XP Media Center Edition: optimized to maximize users’
experience with video, audio, images, TV, CD/DVD playback
XP Tablet PC Edition: improved speech and pen capabilities
XP Home Edition. Same as XP Professional, but doesn’t
support: Encryption File System (EFS), Domain Client capability, Offline files,
Internet Protocol Security (IPSec), Remote Desktop, Internet Information Service.
Win XP Professional Features
10
Windows Server 2003 Features
Standard Edition
Enterprise Edition
11
Windows Server 2003 Features
DataCenter Edition
Web Edition
12
Other Windows 2003 versions

Windows Compute Cluster Server 2003
 Released
in June 2006
 Designed for computers to be clustered together to
achieve supercomputing speeds

Windows Storage Server 2003
 Optimized
for file and print sharing and for Storage
Area Network (SAN)

Windows Home Server
 Announced
on January 7, 2007 at the Consumer
Electronics Show by Bill Gates
 For homes with multiple connected PCs to offer file
sharing, automated backups, and remote access
Source: wikipedia.org
13
Features in Windows 2003







Active Directory (AD) services
Enhanced security (using Kerberos and IPSec)
Encrypting file system (EFS)
Fault-tolerance (disk, configuration errors recovery, etc.)
Clustering and Network Load balancing support
System Resource Management
FAT32, NTFS, CDFS*, UDF* support
* CD File System and Universal Disk Format for storing files on optical media
14
Difference between Win XP/2003 OS



Common OS
functions
No Disk Faulttolerance
Good for
managing a
network with a
few computers
in a Workgroup
Win XP/2000
Professional
Workstation OS
Disk Fault-Tolerance
Active Directory
Clustering
Network Load-Balancing
Standard & Web
Enterprise Edition
DataCenter Edition
Network Operating systems
15
Disk fault tolerance
Server’s capability to continue functioning in case of disk failure


Fault tolerance achieved through disk redundancy
Disk redundancy can be accomplished:
 by installing backup disk
Through Software RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)
The OS manages the disks of the array through normal disk controller
 Through Hardware RAID
Requires a special-purpose RAID controller

RAID’s basic idea is


To mirror a disk (i.e. to have a disk and its identical image) or
To spread (or strip) data across many disks
Disk1
RAID Controller
Server
Disk1
Disk3
16
File
RAID
RAID 0




Strips data across multiple disk
No redundancy
Advantage: Fast data access through multiple reads
Disadvantage: Loosing one disk results in loosing data on all disks
File
RAID 1





Doesn’t strip data across many disk
Mirrors data between two disks
Data kept synchronized between two disks
Advantage: Fault-tolerance, i.e. If one disk fails, the other continue working until failed disk can be replaced
Disadvantage: Only half of available storage space is used.
17
Note: RAID 1 is called Mirrored volumes in W2003 Server implementation of RAID
RAID
Data spread across these disks
Last disk contains
ECC* data for
disks 1-4
RAID 3



Spreads data across multiple disks and uses ECC bits for recovery purpose in case of problem
ECC bits determined based on data stored on data disks
If one data disk fails, disk controller automatically regenerates missing data
Note: RAID 3 is called RAID-5 volumes in W2003 Server implementation of RAID
* Error Checking and Correcting
18
W2003 Disk-Fault tolerance
Disk 1
Disk 2
Disk 3
Parity
Parity
Data
Parity
Parity
Parity
Parity
C:
Ftdisk.sys
G:
RAID-5 volume
Mirrored volume
19
Directory Service

Provides: Single login and Resource lookup.
20
Active Directory


Central Database that store information about all Network resources
Tools for performing central management of users, groups, security
services, and network resources (create, find, add, remove, configure etc.)
Win 2000 Pro Workstation
user
Win 98 Workstation
Win 2000 Pro Workstation
Active Directory
Printer
group
Security Policies

Domain Controller
Win NT server
Win 2000 Server
Central Database used for:


Resource lookup (Searching for specific resources)
User authentication (login)
21
Active Directory



Individual resources are called objects
Objects belong to a Classes
Each Class has its own attributes & properties
Object classes
User accounts
Computers
Printers
• Object name
• Object unique Identifier
• Required attributes
• Optional attributes
• Parent relationship
Domains
Username: John
Full mane: Johnny Doe
Passord: 12#$ms
user
Description: Consultant in Sales depart.
• Username
• User’s full name
• Password
• Account description
• Remote access OK
22
Clustering





Technique for providing uninterrupted service (even in case of
hardware/software failure)
Combining two or more servers into one virtual server
Services installed on external storage
Users connect to the virtual server (167.10.11.5 in illustration)
One of the clustered servers provides the service at a time
Win 98 Workstation
Win 2000 Pro Workstation
Virtual server
167.10.11.5
SharedFolder
- Web service
- Email service
Hub
Hub
External Disk
Server
Server
23
Network Load Balancing






Network Load balancing = Distributing the load among multiple servers
No use of External disk that contain the services
Multiple independent servers configured to participate in the load balancing
Same service with the same content on each server
Users connect to the virtual server (167.10.11.5 in illustration)
Users’ requests are redirected to one server at a time so that the load is
distributed among all the servers
Virtual server
167.10.11.5
Webservice
Webservice
Server
Server
Webservice
Server
Webservice
Server
Webservice
Server
24
Hub
Summary Questions
Technically, more than one executable module (thread) can run at
the same time in a single CPU system.
T
F
Preemptive Multitasking refers to mode of CPU operation in which
T
individual applications take control over the CPU as long as they like
F
Software RAID requires a RAID controller, whereas Hardware RAID
can be implemented with a conventional disk controller
T
F
A server with a Hardware RAID 0 type of disk system that includes
three physical disks cannot provide disk fault-tolerance
T
F
Two physical disks are usually used to implement hardware RAID 1
or software RAID 1, but it could be implemented using a single disk
T
F
With Network Load Balancing, the service is installed on an external
disk to which all participating servers are connected
T
F
A Windows Server 2003 Web Edition system could not be a domain
controller in a network with Active Directory services installed.
T
F
25
Summary Questions

Which of the following is a Workstation OS?
a)
b)
c)
d)

Windows XP Professional
Windows 2000 Professional
Windows 2003 DataCenter
Windows Me
You are setting up a network for a company. The major
concern of the company’s CEO is being able to provide
(1) a continuous database service to its 300 employees
as well as (2) a reliable web-based ordering service to
its customers all around the world whatever happens.
a)
What feature(s) found in Windows 2003 family products could help
the company to provide uninterrupted database and ordering
services? Explain.
b)
Which Microsoft Windows 2003 operating system will you use to
implement the two services? Why?
26
Summary Questions

Which of the following Windows Server 2003 OS could
be used to implement clustering with four nodes?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Windows Server 2003, Web Edition
Windows Server 2003, Standard Edition
Windows Server 2003, Enterprise Edition
Windows Server 2003, DataCenter Edition
27
I2O Architecture
 I2O
= Intelligent Input/Output
 Moves some I/O processing activities from
CPU to processors on peripherals designed
for I2O architectures (e.g. Hard drives)
 One general device driver for all I2Ocompliant devices
 Increased speed
Win 2000
Kermel
OS Service Module
Hardware Device Module
I2O Adapter
with processor
28
Disk Contention architecture
Disk Contention: # of simultaneous
Read/Write requests
 Could be handled through the design of
disk storage
 Primary design issues:

 Disk Access
Time (≤10 ms)
 Data Transfer Rate (in MBps)
 Type of Disk Controller (IDE, SCSI, Fiber Channel)
Disk Controller
Server
Disk Drive
29