QuarkNet: Exploring the Frontiers
of High Energy Physics
Beth Beiersdorf
Fermilab
QuarkNet Presentation
B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center
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Notre Dame QuarkNet Center
• Vision
– A community of researchers including high school
teachers, faculty, postdoctoral, graduate and
undergraduate students and high school students.
• Location
- Just south of ND’s campus.
- Fully functional research lab.
- Houses offices, lab spaces, and
student experimental areas.
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QuarkNet Sites Nationwide
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Notre Dame QuarkNet Center
• Academic Structure*
– 3-8 week summer research
• PHYS 598Q (teachers) 1-3 credits
• PHYS 098Q (students) 1-3 credits
– academic year research
• PHYS 598R (teachers) 1 credit
• PHYS 098R (students) 1 credit
– discussion sections, laboratory activity
– *thanks to effort from K. Newman, J. Maddox, B. Bunker
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Science Alive
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Student Involvement
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Summer, 2000
1
2
3
Week
4
5
6
7
8
RET QN QN RET QN RET RET RET
QN – QuarkNet (3 weeks)
RET – Research Experience for
Teachers (8 weeks)
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QuarkNet – 3 Weeks
Mornings
Lunch
Afternoons
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QuarkNet Students
Summer ‘00
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Summer Student Research
1st Shift
Lunch
2nd Shift
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QuarkNet Staff and Teachers
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Fermilab
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Side View of CFT
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Support Cylinder for CFT
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Moving in . . .
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End View of CFT
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CFT Fiber/Waveguide Element
Scintillating Fiber
Optical Connector
Mirror
Waveguide Fiber
Electrical Signal Out
Photodetector Cassette
Cryostat
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Scintillating Fibers Under Test
Thin Flexible
Jig Plate
Curved Back
Plate
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Fiber Waveguide Map
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Waveguide Bundle Containing 256 Fiber Elements
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Sheathing Fiber Waveguides
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Optical Connectors
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Testing Optical Fibers
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Summer Productivity
Weekly Ribbon Production
( » 85% Overall Pass-Rate )
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
20-May
9-Jun
29-Jun
19-Jul
8-Aug
28-Aug
17-Sep
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Photo Sensors
A
C
A
B
B
A = VLPC die
B = Aluminum Nitride substrate
C = Solder preform
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Photo Sensors
SVX Readout (ADC Counts) of Cassette A (T=8.2K, V=7V)
600
500
400
3’
300
200
100
0
40
60
80 100 120 140 160 180 200
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Particle Paths
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QuarkNet - Summer 2000
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CMS Experiment
at LHC
CERN, Geneva,
Switzerland
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CMS Plans a “working
detector” in 2005
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The CMS Collaboration
CMS Collaboration
31 Countries
146 Institutes
1801 Physicists and Engineers
USA
Austria
Belgium
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Italy
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Spain
CERN
Switzerland
UK
Russia
Armenia
Belarus
Bulgaria
China
Croatia
Cyprus
Estonia
Georgia
India
Korea
Pakistan
Turkey
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
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CMS Detector Subsystems
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What and Where is CERN, LHC,
CMS?
European
Large
Center for
Nuclear
Research
(CERN)
Hadron
Collider
(LHC)
Compact Muon Solenoid
(CMS)
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CMS in the Collision Hall
Tracker
ECAL
HCAL
Magnet
Muon
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The Hadron Calorimeter
•
HCAL detects jets from quarks and gluons. Neutrinos
are inferred
from
Scintillator
+
WLS gives
missing Et.
“hermetic”
readout for
neutrinos
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Detection of Fundamental Particles
SM Fundamental Particle Appears As

 (ECAL shower, no track)
e
e (ECAL shower, with track)

 (ionization only)
g
Jet in ECAL+ HCAL
q = u, d, s
Jet (narrow) in ECAL+HCAL
q = c, b
Jet (narrow) + Decay Vertex
t --> W +b
W+b
e
Et missing in ECAL+HCAL
-->l +  +l
Et missing + charged lepton
W --> l + l
Et missing + charged lepton,
Et~M/2
Z --> l+ + lcharged lepton pair
--> l + l
Et missing in ECAL+HCAL
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Dijet Events at the Tevatron
•
The scattering of quarks inside the proton leads to a "jet" of particles
traveling in the direction of, and taking the momentum of, the parent
quark. Since there is no initial state Pt, the 2 quarks in the final state are
"back to back" in azimuth.
  ln[tan(  / 2)]
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QuarkNet - Is it for you?
For more information, contact:
Beth Beiersdorf
ND QuarkNet Center
Physics Department
Notre Dame, IN 46556
(219) 631-3773
Beiersdorf.1@nd.edu
Tom Jordan
Education Office
Fermilab, PO Box 500
Batavia, IL 60510
(630) 840-4035
jordant@fnal.gov
QuarkNet website: http://quarknet.fnal.gov
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Lead Teacher Institute at
Fermilab
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Student working with lead
teacher on CMS HCAL project
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September 1999: Initial Meeting for ND Center
& Weekly Meetings during the 99-00 Academic Year
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ND QuarkNet Center: Staff
• Mentors
•
•
•
•
Jim Bishop
Dan Karmgard
Randy Ruchti
Mitch Wayne
• QuarkNet Staff
• Pat Mooney
• CMS/DØ Staff
• Barry Baumbaugh
• Jeff Marchant
• Mark Vigneault
• Administration
• Lead Teachers
• LeRoy Castle, La Porte
• Dale Wiand, Adams
• Associate Teachers
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ken Andert, LaLumiere
Beth Beiersdorf, LaSalle
Jeff Chorny, LakeShore
Helene Douerty, St. Joseph
Maggie Jensen, Gavit
Tom Loughran, Trinity
Kevin Johnston*, Jimtown
Rick Roberts*, Clay
• Jennifer Maddox
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Adams HS visit to
ND QuarkNet Center
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Teacher Schedule
• Three week workshop
– Mornings: particle physics interactive
discussions
– Afternoons: classroom transfer and research
discussions and research activities
– Fermilab tours (one with students)
• Five week research experience
– Presentation on research work in RET forum
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Notre Dame QuarkNet Center
• Academic Structure*
– 3-8 week summer research
• PHYS 598Q (teachers) 1-3 credits
• PHYS 098Q (students) 1-3 credits
– academic year research
• PHYS 598R (teachers) 1 credit
• PHYS 098R (students) 1 credit
– discussion sections, laboratory activity
– *thanks to effort from K. Newman, J. Maddox, B. Bunker
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High School Students
• 1999
– D. Dickerson, Adams
– D. Saddawi, Adams
• 2000 (45 Applicants)
–
–
–
–
–
R. Bhavsar, Adams
R. Bourke, LaLumiere
M. Busk, Trinity
Z. Clark, Jimtown
P. Davenport, Trinity
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
A. DeCelles, Trinity
N. Garg, Clay
J. Martin, Clay
S. May, Adams
G. Outlaw, LaSalle
R. Ribeiro, Trinity
R. Smith, Jimtown
J. Tristano, LaLumiere
K. Whitaker, LaSalle
R. Wiltfong, Riley
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Student Schedule
• Morning Shift: 7:30am-1:00pm
• Afternoon Shift: 12:00pm-5:30pm
• work at QuarkNet Lab or Nieuwland Science Hall
• Luncheon interactive physics discussions
and/or seminars: 12:00pm-1:00pm
– At QuarkNet Lab
• discussions: Karmgard, Mooney, Ruchti
• seminars: Bigi, Cushing, Hildreth, Konigsberg
(UFL), Lynker (IUSB), Wayne
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LaSalle HS Visit to
Fermilab/D0
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Summary
• It has been an exciting period of growth for
QuarkNet nationally and locally.
• We have worked extensively with 11
teachers and 15 high school students.
• The program should grow, now that the
word is out.
• We are now in need of sustaining resources
to manage the local program properly.
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Sustaining the Effort
• NSF/DOE Funding
• QuarkNet out-year funding
• RET (research experiences for teachers)
• Experimental construction funds, DØ and CMS
• Endowment or Corporate Sponsorship
• AEP, Siemens, …?
• Other initiatives
• Nanotechnology Center proposal to NSF by the College of
Engineering
• New Particle Physics initiatives.
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CMS
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The Physics of the LHC
• The Compact Muon Solenoid at the
Large Hadron Collider
• Dan Green
• Fermilab
• US CMS Project Manager
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Outline
• Why do we go to the energy frontier?
• What is the CMS collaboration?
• What is the Standard Model? How do we detect
the fundamental particles contained in the SM?
• The Higgs boson is the missing object in the SM
“periodic table”. What is the CMS strategy to
discover it?
• What might we find at CMS in addition to the
Higgs?
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High Energy Physics-”Natural
Units”
• Dimensions are taken to be energy in HEP. Momentum and mass are given
the dimensions of energy, pc, mc2. The basic energy unit is the electron
Volt, the energy gained when an electron falls through a potential of 1 Volt
= 1.6 x 10 -19 Joule.
  h / 2  0.2 GeV * fm.
• The connection between energy and time, position and momentum is
supplied
by
constant,
, where 1 fm = 10 -13 cm.
xpx  E
tPlanck's

Thus, inverse length and inverse time have the units of energy. The
Heisenberg uncertainty relation is
/2
• Charge and spin are "quantized"; they only take discrete values, e or
.
Fermions have spin 1/2, 3/2 ..., while bosons have spin 0,1,.… The
statistics obeyed by fermions and bosons differs profoundly. Bosons can
occupy the same quantum state - e.g. superconductors, laser. Fermions
QuarkNet Presentation
cannot
(Pauli
Exclusion
Principle)
- e.g. the shell structure of atoms.
B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center
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Size and the Energy of the Probe
Particle
•
In order to "see" an object of size r one must use
c "light" with a wavelength
l < r. Thus, visible light with l ~ 3000 A ( 1 A = 10-8 cm, ~ size of an
atom) can resolve bacteria. Visible light comes from atomic transitions
with ~ eV energies (
= 2000 eV*A).
•
To resolve a virus, the electron microscope with keV energies was
developed, leading to an increase of ~ 1000 in resolving power.
•
To resolve the nucleus, 105 time smaller than the atom one needs probes in
the GeV (109 eV) range. The size of a proton is ~ 1 fm = 10-13 cm.
•
The large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the CERN will explore Nature at the
TeV scale or down to distances ~ 0.0002 fm.
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CMS Tracking System
•
The Higgs is weakly coupled to ordinary matter. Thus, high interaction
rates are required. The CMS pixel Si system has ~ 100 million elements so
Si pixels + Si
as to accommodate the resulting track densities..
Strips - an all
Si detector is
demanded
by the high
luminosity
required to
do the
Physics of
the LHC
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If MH < 160 GeV use H --> ZZ
--> 4e or 4
Fully active
crystals are
the best
resolution
possible
needed for
2 photon
decays of
the Higgs.
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Theory
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“Particle Physics” in the 20th
Century
•
The e- was discovered by Thompson ~ 1900. The nucleus was discovered by
Rutherford in ~ 1920. The e+, the first antiparticle, was found in ~ 1930. The  ,
indicating a second “generation”, was discovered in ~ 1936.
•
There was an explosion of baryons and mesons discovered in the 1950s and 1960s.
They were classified in a "periodic table" using the SU(3) symmetry group, whose
physical realization was point like, strongly interacting, fractionally charged
"quarks". Direct evidence for quarks and gluons came in the early 1970s.
•
The exposition of the 3 generations of quarks and leptons is only just, 1996,
completed. In the mid 1980s the unification of the weak and electromagnetic force
was confirmed by the W and Z discoveries.
•
The LHC, starting in 2005, will be THE tool to explore the origin of the breaking
of the electroweak symmetry (Higgs field?) and the origin of mass itself.
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Electro - Weak Unification
•
•
•
•
The weak interactions are responsible for nuclear beta decay. The observed rates
are slow, indicating weak effective coupling. The decays of the nuclei, n, and  are
parametrized as an effective 4 fermion interaction with coupling, G ~ 10-5 GeV-2, G
~ G2M5.
The weak SU(2) gauge bosons, W+ Zo W- , acquire a mass by interacting with the
"Higgs boson vacuum expectation value" of the field, while the U(1) photon,  ,
remains massless. MW ~ gW<f>
The SU(2) and U(1) couplings are "unified" in that e = gWsin(W). The parameter
W can be measured by studying the scattering of  + p, since this is a purely weak
interaction process.
The coupling gW can be connected to G by noting that the 4 fermion Feynman
diagram can be related to the effective 4 fermion interaction by the Feynman
"propagator", G ~ gW2/MW2. Thus, from G and sin(W) one can predict MW. The
result, MW ~ 80 GeV was confirmed at CERN in the pp collider. The vacuum Higgs
field has <f> ~ 250 GeV.
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The Standard Model of Elementary
Particle Physics
•
Matter consists of half integral spin fermions. The strongly interacting fermions are
called quarks. The fermions with electroweak interactions are called leptons. The
uncharged leptons are called neutrinos.
• The forces are carried by integral spin bosons. The strong force is carried by 8
(g), the electromagneticg,,
force
+,Zthe
o,W
photon
(), and the weak
interaction
by
J = gluons
1
Wby
Force
Carriers
the W+ Zo and W-. The g and  are massless, while the W and Z have ~ 80, 91 GeV
mass.
u
c
t
2/3
d
s
b
-1/3
J = 1/2
Quarks
Q/e=
e


1
e


0
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Leptons
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A FNAL Collider (D0)
Event
•
The D0 detector has 3 main detector systems; ionization tracking,liquid argon
calorimetry ( EM , e , and HAD , jets ,), and magnetized steel + ionization tracker
muon ,  , detection/identification. This event has jets, a muon, an electron and
missing energy , .
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A FNAL Collider (CDF)
Event
•
The CDF detector has 3 main detector systems; tracking - Si + ionization in a
magnetic field, scintillator sampling calorimetry, (EM - e,  and HAD - h), and
ionization tracking for muon measurements. Missing energy indicates  in the final
state.Si vertex detectors allow one to identify b and c quarks in the event.
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W --> e +  at the Tevatron
•
The W gauge bosons can decay into quark-antiquarks, e.g. u + d, or into
lepton pairs, e + e,  + , + . There can also be radiation associated
with the W, gluons which evolve into jets.
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Z --> e + e and  + Events at the
Tevatron
•
The e appear in the EM and not the HAD compartment of the calorimetry,
while the  penetrate thick material.
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The Generation of Mass by the
Higgs Mechanism
• The vacuum expectation value of the Higgs field, <f>, gives mass to the W
and Z gauge bosons, MW ~ gW<f>. Thus the Higgs field acts somewhat
like the "ether". Similarly the fermions gain a mass by Yukawa interactions
with the Higgs field, mf = gf<f>. Although the couplings are not predicted,
f, W, Z to generate all the masses in
the Higgs field gives us agcompact mechanism
the Universe.
H
f, W, Z


G(H->ff) ~ gf2MH ~ g2(Mf/MW)2MH , g = gW

3
2
2
2
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G(H->WW)
~ g2MPresentation
H /MW ~ g (MH/MW) MH

B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center
G ~ MH3 or G/MH ~ MH2 ==> G/MH ~ 1 @ MH ~ 1 TeV
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Higgs Cross section
CDF and D0 successfully
found the top quark,
which has a cross section ~
10-10 the total cross section.
A 500 GeV Higgs has a
cross section ratio of
~ 10-11, which requires
great rejection power
against backgrounds and a
high luminosity.
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CMS
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The CMS Muon System
•
The Higgs decay into ZZ to 4 is preferred for Higgs masses > 160 GeV.
Coverage to || < 2.5 is required ( > 6 degrees)
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CMS Trigger and DAQ System
1 GHz interactions
40 MHz crossing
rate
< 100 kHz L1 rate
<10 kHz “L2” rate
< 100 Hz L3 rate to
storage medium
The telecomm
technology is
moving very
rapidly. A L2 and
L3 in software
using the full
event is possible
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Higgs Discovery Limits
The main final
state is ZZ --> 4l.
At high masses
larger branching
ratios are needed.
At lower masses
the ZZ* and 
final states are
used.
LEP II will set a
limit ~ 110 GeV.
B. Beiersdorf,
CMS will cover
the full range
from LEPII to 1
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South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre DameTeV.
QuarkNet Center
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LEP,CDF D0 Data Indicate Light
Higgs
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Higgs Mass - Upper Limit
Upper Limit on Higgs Mass
800
700
Higgs Mass(GeV)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
10
5
10
10
10
L (GeV)
15
10
20
10
In quantum field
theories the
constants are
altered in high
order processed
(e.g. loops).
Asking that the
Higgs mass be
well behaved up
to a high mass
scale (no new
Physics) implies
a low mass
Higgs.
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12 Unresolved Fundamental
Questions in HEP
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
How do the Z and W acquire mass and not the photon?
What is MH and how do we measure it?
Why are there 3 and only 3 light “generations”?
What explains the pattern of quark and lepton masses and mixing?
Why are the known mass scales so different? LQCD ~ 0.2 GeV << EW vev
~ 246 GeV << MGUT ~ 1016 GeV << MPL ~ 1019 GeV
Why is charge quantized?
Why do neutrinos have such small masses
Why is matter (protons) ~ stable?
Why is the Universe made of matter?
What is “dark matter” made of?
Why is the cosmological constant small?
How does gravity fit in with the strong, electromagnetic and weak forces?
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Progress in HEP Depends on Advancing
the Energy Frontier
Constituent CM Energy (GeV)
10
4
Accelerators
10
LHC
electron
hadron
3
Higgs boson
Tevatron
10
SppS
2
LEPII
SLC
TRISTAN
t quark
W, Z bosons
PEP
CESR
10
1
ISR
SPEAR
10
b quark
c quark
0
Prin-Stan
s quark
10
-1
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Starting Year
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Theory
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Grand Unified Theories
•
Perhaps the strong and electroweak forces are related. In that case leptons and
quarks would make transitions and p would be unstable. The unification mass scale
of a GUT must be large enough so that the decay rate for p is < the rate limit set by
experiment.
The coupling constants "run" inEvolution
quantum
due to vacuum fluctuations.
of Couplingfield
Constantstheories
in the SM
70
For example, in EM the e charge is shielded by virtual  fluctuations into e+e- pairs
on a distance scale set60 by, le ~ 1/me. Thus a increases as M decreases, a(0) =
1/137, a(MZ) = 1/128.
50
40
1/ a
•
30
20
a3
a2
a1
10
0
0
10
5
10
15
10
10
10
QuarkNet
Presentation
Mass(GeV)
B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center
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Why is charge quantized?
• There appears to be approximate unification of the couplings at
a mass scale MGUT ~ 1014 GeV.
• Then we combine quarks and leptons into GUT multiplets - the
simplest possibility being SU(5).
• [d1 d2 d3 e ] = 3(-1/3 ) + 1 + 0 = 0
• Since the sum of the projections of a group generator in a group
multiplet is = 0 (e.g. the angular momentum sum of m), then
charge must be quantized in units of the electron charge.
• In addition, we see that quarks must have 1/3 fractional charge
because there are 3 colors of quarks - SU(3).
QuarkNet Presentation
B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center
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GUT Predicts W
• A GUT has a single gauge coupling constant. Thus, a
and aW must be related. The SU(5) prediction is that
sin(W) = e/g = 3/8.
• This prediction applies at MGUT
• Running back down to the Z mass, the prediction
becomes; 3/8[1 - 109 a/18(ln(MGUT/MZ))]1/2
• This prediction is in ~ agreement with the
measurement of W from the W and Z masses.
QuarkNet Presentation
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Why is matter (protons) ~ stable?
• There is no gauge motivated conservation law making protons
stable.
• Indeed, SU(5) relates quarks and leptons and possesses
“leptoquarks” with masses ~ the GUT mass scale.
• Thus we expect protons (uud) to decay via uu --> e+d , ud -->
d. Thus p --> e+ o or +
• Looking at the GUT extrapolation, we find 1/a ~ 40 at a GUT
mass of ~ 1014 GeV.
• One dimensional grounds, the proton lifetime should be
• Gp = 1/p ~ aGUT2(Mp/MGUT)4Mp or p ~ 4 x 1031 yr.
• The current experimental limit is 1032 yr. The limit is in
disagreement with a careful
QuarkNet estimate
Presentation of the p decay lifetime in
B. Beiersdorf,
South
Bend LaSalle
High Thus
School and
simple
SU(5)
GUT
models.
we Notre
needDame
to QuarkNet
look a Center
bit harder at96
the grand unification scheme.
9 - Why is the Universe made of
matter?
•
The present state of the Universe is very matter-antimatter asymmetric.
•
The necessary conditions for such an asymmetry are the CP is violated, that Baryon
number is not conserved, and that the Universe went through a phase out of thermal
equilibrium.
•
The existence of 3 generations allows for CP violation.
•
The GUT has, of necessity, baryon non-conserving reactions due to lepto-quarks.
•
Thus the possibility to explain the asymmetry exists in GUTs, although agreement
with the data, NB/N ~ 10-9, and calculation may not be plausible.
QuarkNet Presentation
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SUSY and Evolution of a
It is impossible to
maintain the big gap
Evolution of Coupling Constants in SUSY
70
between the Higgs mass
a
scale and the GUT mass
a
60
a
scale in the presence of
50
quantum radiative
40
corrections. One way to
restore the gap is to
30
postulate a relationship
20
between fermions and
10
bosons. Each SM
0
particle has a
10
10
10
10
10
Mass(GeV)
supersymmetric (SUSY)
partner with spin 1/2
difference. If the mass
of the SUSY partners is
~ 1 TeV, then the GUT
QuarkNet Presentation
unification is good - at 98
B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame
QuarkNet Center
1016 GeV
3
2
1/a
1
0
5
10
15
20
Galactic Rotation Curves
The rise of v as
r (Keplers law)
is observed, but
no falloff is
observed out to
60 kpc, well
beyond the
luminous
region of
typical galaxies.
There must be a
new “dark
matter”.
QuarkNet Presentation
B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center
99
Summary for CMS Physics
• CMS will explore the full (100 - 1000 GeV) allowed region of Higgs masses.
Precision data indicates that the Higgs is light.
• The generational regularities in mass and CKM matrix elements will probably not
be informed by data taken at CMS.
• There appears to be a GUT scale which indicates new dynamics. The GUT explains
charge quantization, the value of W and perhaps the matter dominance of the
Universe and the small values of the neutrino masses. However it fails in p decay
and quadratic radiative corrections to Higgs mass scales..
•
Preserving the scales, (hierarchy problem) can be accomplished in SUSY. SUSY
raises the GUT scale, making the p quasi-stable. The SUSY LSP provides a
candidate to explain the observation of galactic “dark matter”. A local SUSY GUT
naturally incorporates gravity. It can also possibly provide a small cosmological
constant. A common GUT coupling and preservation of loop cancellations requires
SUSY mass < 1 TeV. CMS will
fullyPresentation
explore this SUSY mass range either proving
QuarkNet
100
or B.
disproving
attractive
hypothesis.
Beiersdorf,this
South
Bend LaSalle
High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center
What will we find at the LHC?
• There is a single fundamental Higgs scalar field. This appears to be
incomplete and unsatisfying.
• Another layer of the “cosmic onion” is uncovered. Quarks and/or leptons
are composites of some new point like entity. This is historically plausible
– atoms  nuclei  nucleons  quarks.
• There is a deep connection between Lorentz generators and spin
generators. Each known SM particle has a “super partner” differing by ½
unit in spin. An extended set of Higgs particles exists and a whole new
“SUSY” spectroscopy exists for us to explore.
• The weak interactions become strong. Resonances appear in WW and WZ
scattering as in  +   . A new force manifests itself, leading to a new
spectroscopy.
QuarkNet Presentation
B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center
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Pictures +
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B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center
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• Teacher and Student Immersion in
Physics Research is Important.
• QuarkNet is a national program that
partners high school teachers and
students with particle physicists working
on experiments in hadron collider
physics.
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107
• Working in close association with
practitioners, teachers and students
become immersed in the process of
scientific research as it is actually
performed, rather than being observers
on the sidelines.
QuarkNet Presentation
B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center
108
• Why is the research experience
valuable to High School Teachers?
• How does participating in research
impact teaching?
• How does the research experience
impact students?
QuarkNet Presentation
B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center
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• Who is involved?
– High School Teachers
– High School Students
– Physicists
QuarkNet Presentation
B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center
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• Why is the research experience
valuable to High School Teachers?
– Provides a deeper understanding of
Physics
– Participation in historic research
– Teachers infused with greater
enthusiasm
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B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center
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A key equation:
E2 = p2c2 + m2c4
New Physics:
Higgs Bosons
Supersymmetry
String Theory
Hidden Dimensions
QuarkNet Presentation
B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center
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• How does participating in research
impact teaching?
– Brings new understanding to the classroom
instruction
– Current events have a personal connection
– Students have greater respect for the
teacher
– Positive interaction with other like-minded
teachers
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B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center
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FNAL
Collider
(DØ )
Event
QuarkNet Presentation
B. Beiersdorf, South Bend LaSalle High School and Notre Dame QuarkNet Center
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• How are students involved?
– Classroom visits
– Field trips
– FermiLab Saturday Physics
– Science Alive!
– Equipment Sharing
– Summer Research Experience
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Field Trips
QuarkNet Presentation
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• How are students chosen?
– Applications
– Participating High Schools
– Juniors
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• How does the research experience
impact students?
– Student questions take classroom
discussions to higher levels
– Increased interest in Particle Physics
research (Higgs)
– Deeper understanding of how Physics is
performed.
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• What are the benefits of Research
Experiences for Teachers?
– Feeling a part of current research
– Understanding of scientific research
– Greater student interest
– Revitalized teaching
– Camaraderie and support
QuarkNet Presentation
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Waveguides
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